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Unholy Alliance. the Connection Between the East German Stasi and the Right-Wing Terrorist Odfried Hepp
Unholy Alliance. The Connection between the East German Stasi and the Right-Wing Terrorist Odfried Hepp Bernhard Blumenau Introduction On 18 February 1983, a young man, aged 23, suspected that the police were keeping his apartment under surveillance and took his rucksack, climbed onto an adjacent balcony to hide there until the police were gone. In the depth of night, he left the building and ran ceaselessly through the streets of West Berlin. Finally, to confuse his pursuers, he took several taxis, as well as the U-Bahn, to the Friedrichstraße checkpoint between West Berlin and the German Democratic Republic (GDR), where he arrived just before 6 am. Announcing himself to the East German border guards, he waited in a backroom until he was finally picked up by an officer of the East German State Security, the Stasi.1 This man, Odfried Hepp (aka ‘Friedrich’ in the Stasi files), was one of the most wanted right-wing terrorists2 in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) in the 1980s. What sounds like an extract from a spy novel is only one of the highlights of a story that has all the basic ingredients of a thriller: murders and bank robberies, a young man driven by – however abhorrent – political and idealistic beliefs, Cold War politics, Palestinian ‘freedom fighters’, boot camps in the Middle East, spies, and fake identities. Yet this story, which is at the centre of this article, is not fiction – it is the very real account of the life of Odfried Hepp as well as a glimpse at radicalisation and political extremism as well as right-wing terrorism in West Germany, the dimensions of the German- German Cold War struggle and the GDR’s relationship with terrorism. -
Black Hands / Dead Section Verdict
FRINGE REPORT FRINGE REPORT www.fringereport.com Black Hands / Dead Section Verdict: Springtime for Baader-Meinhof London - MacOwan Theatre - March 05 21-24, 29-31 March 05. 19:30 (22:30) MacOwan Theatre, Logan Place, W8 6QN Box Office 020 8834 0500 LAMDA Baader-Meinhof.com Black Hands / Dead Section is violent political drama about the Baader-Meinhof Gang. It runs for 3 hours in 2 acts with a 15 minute interval. There is a cast of 30 (18M, 12F). The Baader-Meinhof Gang rose during West Germany's years of fashionable middle-class student anarchy (1968-77). Intellectuals supported their politics - the Palestinian cause, anti-US bases in Germany, anti-Vietnam War. Popularity dwindled as they moved to bank robbery, kidnap and extortion. The play covers their rise and fall. It's based on a tight matrix of facts: http://www.fringereport.com/0503blackhandsdeadsection.shtml (1 of 7)11/20/2006 9:31:37 AM FRINGE REPORT Demonstrating student Benno Ohnesorg is shot dead by police (Berlin 2 June, 1967). Andreas Baader and lover Gudrun Ensslin firebomb Frankfurt's Kaufhaus Schneider department store (1968). Ulrike Meinhof springs them from jail (1970). They form the Red Army Faction aka Baader-Meinhof Gang. Key members - Baader, Meinhof, Ensslin, Jan- Carl Raspe, Holger Meins - are jailed (1972). Meins dies by hunger strike (1974). The rest commit suicide: Meinhof (1976), Baader, Ensslin, Raspe (18 October 1977). The play's own history sounds awful. Drama school LAMDA commissioned it as a piece of new writing (two words guaranteed to chill the blood) - for 30 graduating actors. -
Die Schrecklichen Kinder: German Artists Confronting the Legacy of Nazism
Die Schrecklichen Kinder: German Artists Confronting the Legacy of Nazism A Division III by A. Elizabeth Berg May 2013 Chair: Sura Levine Members: Jim Wald and Karen Koehler 2 Table of Contents Introduction . 3 Heroic Symbols: Anselm Kiefer and the Nazi Salute . 13 And You Were Victorious After All: Hans Haacke and the Remnants of Nazism . 31 “The Right Thing to the Wrong People”: The Red Army Faction and Gerhard Richter’s 18. Oktober 1977 . 49 Conclusion . 79 Bibliography . 85 3 Introduction After the end of World War II, they were known as the Fatherless Generation. The children of postwar Germany—the children of Nazis—had lost their fathers in the war, though not always as a result of their death. For many members of this generation, even if their fathers did survive the war and perhaps even years in POW camps, they often returned irreparably physically and psychologically damaged. Once these children reached adolescence, many began to question their parents’ involvement with Nazism and their role during the war. Those who had participated in the atrocities of the war and those whose silence betrayed their guilt were problematic role models for their children, unable to fulfill their roles as parents with any moral authority.1 When these children came of age in the 1960s and entered universities, there was a major shift in the conversation about the war and the process of coming to terms with the past. The members of the postwar generation made themselves heard through large-scale protest and, eventually, violence. In this series of essays, I will look at the ways in which artists of this generation created work in response to their troubled history and the generational politics of the 1960s and 70s. -
Ideology and Terror in Germany
An Age of Murder: Ideology and Terror in Germany Jeffrey Herf It is best to begin with the obvious. This is a series of lectures about murder, indeed about an age of murder. Murders to be sure inspired by politi- cal ideas, but murders nevertheless. In all, the Rote Armee Fraktion (Red Army Faction, hereafter the RAF) murdered thirty-four people and would have killed more had police and intelligence agencies not arrested them or prevented them from carrying out additional “actions.” Yesterday, the papers reported that thirty-two people were killed in suicide-bomb attacks in Iraq, and thirty-four the day before, and neither of those war crimes were front-page news in the New York Times or the Washington Post. So there is an element of injustice in the amount of time and attention devoted to the thirty-four murders committed by the RAF over a period of twenty- two years and that devoted to the far more numerous victims of radical Islamist terror. Yet the fact that the murders of large numbers of people today has become horribly routine is no reason to dismiss the significance of the murders of a much smaller number for German history. Along with the murders came attempted murders, bank robberies, and explosions at a variety of West German and American institutions. The number of dead could have been much higher. If the RAF had not used pistols, machine guns, bazookas, rocket-propelled grenades (RPGs), remote-controlled . This article was originally delivered as the opening lecture of the lecture series “The ‘German Autumn’ of 977: Terror, State, and Society in West Germany,” held at the German Historical Institute in Washington, DC, on Thursday, September 7, 007. -
A True Story by Emil Hakl
A true story by Emil Hakl Translated by David Short Tossing the Coffin Kájik – Party down the local on Monday, would you come? I write and click send. Wouldn’t say no, comes her reply. Who’s gonna be there? No idea. We can turn up, say hello to Mat and Chris, then we’ll see. But suppose you go and say ‘Hi Mat!’ to Chris again… Engines firing up, must go. Safe flight! As soon as we reach flight level I dig my book out of my bag. I try to get stuck in. Hanns Martin Schleyer came to the notice of the German public during the sixties and seventies thanks chiefly to his tough stand against the unions. He was born in 1915 in Offenburg. Having taken a law degree, he joined the SS in 1933 and the NSDAP four years later. There he made quite a name for himself, which saw him transferred all the way to Prague. In 1943 he landed the job of presiding over the Central Industrial Association for Bohemia and Moravia. The smooth surface of the water is glinting far below the wing’s trailing edge. Herman Melville, Karel Zeman, Jules Verne, Arthur Gordon Pym, The Black Corsair plus the diving adventures of some Russian or other (the underwater Red Army man made short work of anything he ran across down below: Hunnish torpedoes, mines, electric eels, submarines) – these had been cardinal encounters. On the other hand, I have this recurring dream – of sinking into the depths, losing first the light, then oxygen, finally my mind. -
Terrorism and Language: a Text-Based Analysis of the German Case by Bowman H
Conflict Quarterly Terrorism and Language: A Text-Based Analysis of the German Case by Bowman H. Miller "The pen is mightier than the sword." Edward Bulwer-Lytton, Richelieu, 1839. INTRODUCTION In his film role as General George Patton, George C. Scott appears in triumphant glee overlooking the sandy plain where Erwin Rommel's decimated tanks lie ablaze. He gloats: "Rommel, you bastard, I read your goddamn book!" Elsewhere, reflecting on that same dark period of German history, many have claimed the Allies would have done well to anticipate, and perhaps might even have pre-empted, Hitler's rise to power and aggression, had they read and carefully analyzed his Mein Kampf. Writing recently in the Washington Post from the perspective not of analysis but of politics, former United States U.N. Ambassador Jeane Kirkpatrick has argued that there are "no excuses" for terrorism: The issue that should concern us is not whether in their heart of hearts, gunmen seek goals beyond the violence they perpetrate. The issue that should concern us is the violence itself. Terrorist acts are the issue, not the motives or sincerity of those who commit them.1 While her underlying political premise is open to argument in the minds of many, the fact is that, objectively, one of the keys to understanding terrorism in its varied manifestations is the analysis of these "excuses" cited by the terrorists themselves. Terrorism is, after all, a set of tactics, not a belief system. The following discussion argues that a careful reading and analysis of what today's terrorists are saying can reveal unique and essential data with which to assess and perhaps to help anticipate their actions and in tentions. -
RAF) Und Ihrer Kontexte: Eine Chronik (Überarbeitete Chronik Aus Dem Jahr 2007) Von Jan-Hendrik Schulz
Zur Geschichte der Roten Armee Fraktion (RAF) und ihrer Kontexte: Eine Chronik (Überarbeitete Chronik aus dem Jahr 2007) von Jan-Hendrik Schulz 08.03.1965 Die ersten amerikanischen Bodentruppen landen in Vietnam. Damit verbunden ist die bis 1968 dauernde „Operation Rolling Thunder“, in deren Verlauf die US- amerikanische Luftwaffe den von der „Front National de Libération“ (FNL) – später vereinfacht als „Vietcong“ bezeichnet – organisierten Ho-Chi-Minh-Pfad bombardiert. In der Folgezeit wird die Luftoffensive gegen die Demokratische Republik Vietnam weiter ausgeweitet. Kommentar: Der Vietnam-Konflikt bekam seit Mitte der 1960er-Jahre eine starke Relevanz in der internationalen Studentenbewegung. Besonders prägend für die bundesdeutsche Studentenbewegung war dabei die deutsche Übersetzung von Ernesto Che Guevaras Rede „Schafft zwei, drei, viele Vietnam“. Verantwortlich für die Übersetzung und Veröffentlichung im Jahr 1967 waren Rudi Dutschke und Gaston Salvatore. Ende Oktober 1966 In Frankfurt am Main tagt unter dem Motto „Notstand der Demokratie“ der Kongress gegen die Notstandsgesetze. Eine breite Bewegung von Sozialdemokraten, Gewerkschaftlern und Oppositionellen der Neuen Linken versucht daraufhin mit Sternmärschen, Demonstrationen und anderen Protestformen die geplanten Notstandsgesetze zu verhindern. 01.12.1966 Unter Bundeskanzler Kurt Georg Kiesinger konstituiert sich die Große Koalition. Vizekanzler und Außenminister wird der ehemalige Bürgermeister West-Berlins und Vorsitzende der Sozialdemokratischen Partei Deutschlands, Willy Brandt. Dezember 1966 Rudi Dutschke ruft auf einer Versammlung des Sozialistischen Deutschen Studentenbundes als Protest gegen die Konstituierung der Großen Koalition zur Gründung einer Außerparlamentarischen Opposition (APO) auf. 19.02.1967 Die „Kommune I“ gründet sich in West-Berlin in der Stierstraße 3. Ihr gehören unter anderem Dieter Kunzelmann, Fritz Teufel, Rainer Langhans und Ulrich Enzensberger an. -
The Lasting Legacy of the Red Army Faction
WEST GERMAN TERROR: THE LASTING LEGACY OF THE RED ARMY FACTION Christina L. Stefanik A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS August 2009 Committee: Dr. Kristie Foell, Advisor Dr. Christina Guenther Dr. Jeffrey Peake Dr. Stefan Fritsch ii ABSTRACT Dr. Kristie Foell, Advisor In the 1970s, West Germany experienced a wave of terrorism that was like nothing known there previously. Most of the terror emerged from a small group that called itself the Rote Armee Fraktion, Red Army Faction (RAF). Though many guerrilla groupings formed in West Germany in the 1970s, the RAF was the most influential and had the most staying-power. The group, which officially disbanded in 1998, after five years of inactivity, could claim thirty- four deaths and numerous injuries The death toll and the various kidnappings and robberies are only part of the RAF's story. The group always remained numerically small, but their presence was felt throughout the Federal Republic, as wanted posters and continual public discourse contributed to a strong, almost tangible presence. In this text, I explore the founding of the group in the greater West German context. The RAF members believed that they could dismantle the international systems of imperialism and capitalism, in order for a Marxist-Leninist revolution to take place. The group quickly moved from words to violence, and the young West German state was tested. The longevity of the group, in the minds of Germans, will be explored in this work. -
An Examination of Gerhard Richter's 18. Oktober 1977 in Relation to the West
Trinity College Trinity College Digital Repository Senior Theses and Projects Student Scholarship Spring 2019 Gewalt und Gedächtnis: An Examination of Gerhard Richter’s 18. Oktober 1977 in Relation to the West German Mass Media Matthew McDevitt [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/theses Part of the Contemporary Art Commons, European History Commons, Fine Arts Commons, Modern Art and Architecture Commons, Other German Language and Literature Commons, and the Theory and Criticism Commons Recommended Citation McDevitt, Matthew, "Gewalt und Gedächtnis: An Examination of Gerhard Richter’s 18. Oktober 1977 in Relation to the West German Mass Media". Senior Theses, Trinity College, Hartford, CT 2019. Trinity College Digital Repository, https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/theses/760 Gewalt und Gedächtnis: An Examination of Gerhard Richter’s 18. Oktober 1977 in Relation to the West German Mass Media A Senior Thesis Presented By Matthew P. McDevitt To the Art History Department in Fulfillment of the Requirements for Honors in Art History Advisor: Professor Michael FitzGerald Trinity College Hartford, Connecticut Spring 2019 2 Table of Contents Acknowledgements………...………………………………………………………3 Chapter I: History and Ideology of the Red Army Faction………………………...4 Chapter II: Gerhard Richter: Beginnings, Over and Over Again……………........40 Chapter III: 18. Oktober 1977 and the West German Mass Media……………….72 Appendix of Images……………………………………………………………… 96 Bibliography………………………………………………………………….… 132 3 Thank You Thank you, Mom and Dad, for supporting me unrelentingly and trusting me unsparingly, even in times when I’m wrong. Thank you for those teaching moments. Thank you to Ryan and Liam for never changing, no matter how scattered we are. -
0020071017 0.Pdf
2 deutscher herbst Mittwoch, 17. Oktober 2007, Nr. 241 junge Welt Unser Titelfoto zeigt ein Wandbild in der Ham- »An die Massenagitation haben burger Hafenstraße. Es entstand 1986 in »Solida- wir nicht geglaubt. Wir haben rität mit der RAF« zum neunten Jahrestag des dieses Revolutionskonzept der »Deutschen Herbstes«. Der Senat der Freien und diversen K-Gruppen nicht für Hansestadt ließ es unter massivem Polizeischutz Helmut Pohl übermalen. voll genommen.« Neben Andreas Baader, Gudrun Ensslin und Jan immer wieder auf, um das gleich heraus- war absolut kein Terrain für eine Stadt- Raspe (siehe Fußnote 5) zugreifen, wie die angebliche Geschichte guerilla, wie wir sie wollten. Sie kamen wird auch Ingrid Schubert von Ulrike 3 verbraten wird. Schon von also nach Westdeutschland, und ich ge- (geb. 1944) erwähnt. Die Anfang an, seit 1970/71, wird behauptet, hörte dann zu den ersten, die von Ulrike Mitbegründerin der RAF Ulrike hätte aussteigen wollen aus dem angesprochen wurden. Sie fragte mich, war an der Befreiung von bewaffneten Kampf. Das ist völliger Un- wie ich zum bewaffneten Kampf stehe. Andreas Baader beteiligt sinn. Es ist psychologische Kriegsfüh- Na ja, ich bin gleich mitgegangen und ha- und wurde im Oktober rung und Propaganda und man muß das be mit ihr in der ersten Zeit zu Beginn der 1970 verhaftet. Sie war in Zusammenhang mit den späteren An- Siebziger eng zusammengearbeitet. seit 1976 im siebenten griffen bringen: Isolationsfolter im toten Ulrike Meinhof wurde in bürger- Stock in Stammheim, bis Trakt, der Versuch einer Zwangsunter- lich-aufgeklärten Verhältnissen zur Zwangsverlegung am suchung ihres Gehirns. 4 Es war in allem groß – und es mag auf sie und viel- 18.8.1977 nach München- der Versuch, die Revolutionärin Ulrike zu leicht auch auf die Pfarrerstochter Stadelheim. -
Klaus Hempel SÜDWESTRUNDFUNK Martin Roeber STUDIO KARLSRUHE Sarah Renner ARD-Rechtsredaktion Hörfunk Bernd Wolf Radioreport R
Klaus Hempel SÜDWESTRUNDFUNK Martin Roeber STUDIO KARLSRUHE Sarah Renner ARD-Rechtsredaktion Hörfunk Bernd Wolf RadioReport Recht Aus der Residenz des Rechts Dienstag, den 04. April 2017 http://www1.swr.de/podcast/xml/swr1/radioreport-recht.xml Der Deutscher Herbst – Vor 40 Jahren wurde Generalbundesanwalt Siegfried Buback ermordet Tagesschau: Hier ist das Erste Deutsche Fernsehen mit der Tagesschau. Guten Abend meine Damen und Herren. Generalbundesanwalt Buback ist heute ermordet worden. Bei dem Anschlag in Karlsruhe wurde auch sein Fahrer getötet. Ein Sicherheitsbeamter liegt mit schweren Verletzungen in Krankenhaus. Von den Tätern fehlt offenbar trotz bundesweiter Fahndung jede Spur. Klaus Hempel: Viele haben sicher noch die Fernsehbilder im Kopf: Die Opfer, die zugedeckt auf der Straße liegen; der zerschossene Mercedes, mit dem sie unterwegs waren. Kommenden Freitag, am 7. April, jährt sich dieses Attentat. Vor 40 Jahren machte sich ein Killer-Kommando der RAF auf den Weg, um den damaligen Generalbundesanwalt Buback zu erschießen. Es war der Auftakt zum sogenannten Deutschen Herbst, der die gesamte Republik monatelang in Atem hielt. Martin Roeber fasst die Ereignisse von damals zusammen. Martin Roeber: 7. April 1977, 9 Uhr morgens: Generalbundesanwalt Siegfried Buback ist in seinem blauen Dienst-Mercedes auf dem Weg zu seinem Arbeitsplatz. Das Ziel: der Bundesgerichtshof in Karlsruhe. Am Steuer: 1 sein Fahrer Wolfgang Göbel. Auf der Rückbank: Justizhauptwachtmeister Georg Wurster. Als der Wagen an einer roten Ampel auf der Linkenheimer Landstraße hält, nähert sich von hinten rechts ein von Günther Sonnenberg angemietetes Motorrad Suzuki GS 750. Als die Ampel auf Gelb springt, feuert der Beifahrer mit einem Selbstladegewehr Heckler & Koch 43 mindestens 15 Schüsse auf die Insassen des Dienstwagens. -
The End of the Baader Meinhof Group the Long Goodbye of the Raf Between 1977 and 1998
THE END OF THE BAADER MEINHOF GROUP THE LONG GOODBYE OF THE RAF BETWEEN 1977 AND 1998 Jacco Pekelder Utrecht University/Netherlands Institute for Advance Study in the Humanities and the Social Sciences AN END AFTER THIRTY YEARS From 1970 until 1998, the Federal Republic of Germany was confronted by a left-wing terrorist organization that called itself the Rote Armee Fraktion (RAF, Red Army Faction) and was referred to by others as the Baader Meinhof Group. Members of this organization performed dozens of attacks, many of them deadly, targeting mainly American soldiers, stationed on German soil, and representatives of Germany‟s business and political elites, but also police officers, judges and prosecutors. In total 34 people lost their lives at the hands of members of the RAF and many more were wounded, some of them maimed for life. 16 terrorists lost their lives, too, seven of them in prison, mostly by suicides, and most of the others in shoot-outs with the police. For a terrorist organization, the Baader Meinhof Group lasted a relatively long time: nearly thirty years. It by far outlived similar terrorist groups of the radical left in Germany that were also founded in the early 1970s, like the Bewegung 2. Juni (Movement 2 June) or the Revolutionäre Zellen (Revolutionary Cells). Compared to other social-revolutionary groups in Western countries like the American Weatherman Underground Organization, France‟s Action Directe (Direct Action) or Italy‟s Brigate Rosse (Red Brigades) the RAF as an organization was a survivor. At different moments in time, it seemed beaten, but then again it managed a successful resurrection.