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2017 Wilson Catherine Faerlie 0975978 Ethesis This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ The Independent State and the State of Independence Chehabism’s Challenge to Lebanese Democratic Stability Wilson, Catherine Faerlie Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 28. Sep. 2021 The Independent State and the State of Independence: Chehabism’s Challenge to Lebanese Democratic Stability Catherine Faerlie Wilson King’s College London, Department of War Studies Student No. 0975978 Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Dr Reinoud Leenders, Supervisor For my family, whose love and support made this project possible Acknowledgments I cannot adequately express my gratitude to my wonderful supervisor, Dr Reinoud Leenders. His guidance, insight, and feedback were instrumental in the development and expression of this thesis, while his enthusiasm and sense of humour helped me maintain my own. Thank you, Reinoud, for your mentorship and your friendship. My research was facilitated by the lovely people I encountered at each archive and collection, and I am deeply grateful to them all. However, special tribute is due to the inimitable Mme Bernadette Huger at the Centre Lebret – IRFED in Paris, who was so generous with her time, assistance, and monographs! Finally, I would like to thank my brilliant, thoughtful friends for their love and patience, especially Lisa Wright, Iman Azzi, Andrew Delatolla, Karim Chedid, Selma Shawkat Mohammed, Corinne Miller, Laurie Benson, Maria Asseily, and Salem Osseiran. 2 Abstract In a country ruled by traditions, Lebanon’s third president General Fouad Chehab was a moderniser with a radical, progressive vision. His unique political approach, Chehabism, developed out of a belief that socio-economic inequalities, not confessional differences, were at the root of Lebanon’s civil conflicts. In order to secure a stable, prosperous future, Chehab believed his imperatives were to promote national unity and social justice among a divided and disillusioned public. The Chehabists harnessed the full resources of the Lebanese state to advance stability, unity, and equality, but by the late 1960s, the country was more fractured than ever. They channelled their forces into strengthening and rationalizing state institutions, but ultimately left them weaker. They wanted to build a more meritocratic and democratic Lebanon, but in the end, they undermined Lebanese democracy. This thesis seeks to make sense of these apparent paradoxes. In essence, it contends that the principles which underpinned Chehabism as a political approach were anathema to the integrity of Lebanon’s existing political system. Independence-era Lebanon, in both law and practice, followed a consociational-democratic model whose stability depended upon elite cooperation and segmental autonomy. On the other hand, Chehab’s vision for the country was drawn from an idealised western liberal-democratic model, which stressed centralised power, competition, modernisation, unity, and equality in ways that directly threatened and compromised consociational principles. President Chehab mistook the objective of his program for its object: He believed that he was working to reform or strengthen the Lebanese state, but in fact, to fully implement his program he would have had to rebuild it from the ground up. President Chehab and his followers and allies were, in effect, unwitting state-challengers rather than state- builders. 3 Table of Contents Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................... 2 Abstract .......................................................................................................................... 3 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 7 Chehabism.................................................................................................................................. 9 Novelty & General Relevance ................................................................................................... 12 Research Questions .................................................................................................................. 22 Overview of chapters ................................................................................................................ 22 Lebanon’s Political Tradition .................................................................................................... 25 Origins of the Lebanese system ............................................................................................. 25 Lebanism & Arabism ................................................................................................................ 30 Lebanism .............................................................................................................................. 31 Arabism ................................................................................................................................ 32 Clashing national ideas ........................................................................................................ 33 Lebanon’s Constitutional Documents ........................................................................................ 36 The Lebanese Approach ........................................................................................................... 41 2. Theoretical Framework .......................................................................................... 42 Consociational Democracy ....................................................................................................... 43 What is consociational democracy? ...................................................................................... 45 The ‘Democracy’ Factor ...................................................................................................... 46 The Conditions of Consociational (In)Stability ......................................................................... 49 Majoritarianism ................................................................................................................... 51 Nationalism .......................................................................................................................... 52 Modernisation ...................................................................................................................... 53 Preconditions ....................................................................................................................... 53 Criticism & Responses ............................................................................................................. 56 Shortcomings........................................................................................................................ 58 The Origins of Consociational Democracies ............................................................................. 60 Consociational Lebanon ........................................................................................................... 61 The State of the Consociation – Pre-Independence................................................................ 63 Alternative approaches ......................................................................................................... 71 Chehabism vs. Consociationalism ......................................................................................... 82 A breakdown of analytical criteria ............................................................................................ 83 3. Chehabism............................................................................................................. 86 4 General Fouad Chehab.............................................................................................................. 87 Chehab’s origins .................................................................................................................. 89 Temperment ....................................................................................................................... 107 The emergence and evolution of ‘Chehabist’ thought .............................................................. 113 Ideological influences ............................................................................................................
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