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Etude Des Champignons Dans La Reserve Speciale D'analamazaotra Andasibe

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Etude Des Champignons Dans La Reserve Speciale D'analamazaotra Andasibe UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO DOMAINE SCIENCES ET TECHNOLOGIES MENTION DE BIOLOGIE ET ECOLOGIE VEGETALES Mémoire pour l’obtention du diplôme de MASTER Parcours : SYSTEMATIQUE ET GESTION DURABLE DE LA DIVERSITE VEGETALE (SYGEDUR) ETUDE DES CHAMPIGNONS DANS LA RESERVE SPECIALE D’ANALAMAZAOTRA ANDASIBE Présenté par Anna Berthe RALAIVELOARISOA Soutenu publiquement le 19 Décembre 2016 Devant le jury composé de: Président : Pr Bakolimalala RAKOUTH Rapporteurs : Dr Agnès RADIMBISON Dr. Bako Harisoa RAVAOMANALINA Examinateur : Dr. RALALAHARISOA RAMAMONJISOA UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO DOMAINE SCIENCES ET TECHNOLOGIES MENTION DE BIOLOGIE ET ECOLOGIE VEGETALES Mémoire pour l’obtention du diplôme de MASTER Parcours : SYSTEMATIQUE ET GESTION DURABLE DE LA DIVERSITE VEGETALE (SYGEDUR) ETUDE DES CHAMPIGNONS DANS LA RESERVE SPECIALE D’ANALAMAZAOTRA ANDASIBE Présenté par Anna Berthe RALAIVELOARISOA Soutenu publiquement le 19 Décembre 2016 Devant le jury composé de: Président : Pr Bakolimalala RAKOUTH Rapporteurs : Dr Agnès RADIMBISON Dr. Bako Harisoa RAVAOMANALINA Examinateur : Dr. RALALAHARISOA RAMAMONJISOA Photos sur la page de couverture : Oudemansiella mucida Vue inférieure Crédits photos : RALAIVELOARISOA Anna Berthe (RALAIVELO, 2016) REMERCIEMENTS JE RENDS GRACE A DIEU TOUT PUISSANT Au terme de cette étude, j’aimerais adresser ma profonde reconnaissance à toutes les personnes qui ont participé à ce travail. Je tiens à remercier sincèrement tous les membres du jury : 1/ Docteur Agnès RADIMBISON, Maître de Conférences à la Mention Biologie et Ecologie Végétales qui, malgré ses lourdes responsabilités, a accepté de veiller au bon déroulement de l’encadrement de cette étude, qu’elle soit assurée de mes sentiments les plus respectueux 2/ Docteur Bako Harisoa RAVAOMANALINA, Maître de Conférences à la Mention Biologie et Ecologie Végétales qui, malgré ses multiples activités, n’a ménagé ni son temps, ni son aide précieuse pour me diriger et me conseiller durant la préparation de ce travail. 3/ Professeur Bakolimalala RAKOUTH, Enseignant chercheur à la Mention Biologie et Ecologie Végétales, pour le grand honneur qu’elle nous a fait en acceptant la présidence du jury de ce mémoire malgré ses nombreuses occupations. Veuillez trouver ici, l’expression de ma profonde gratitude. 4/ Docteur RALALAHARISOA RAMAMONJISOA, Maître de Conférences à la Mention Biologie et Ecologie Végétales, qui a voulu assumer la lourde responsabilité de juger ce travail malgré ses multiples fonctions. Qu’elle reçoive mes remerciements les plus sincères. Mes sincères remerciements à Dr. Emile RANDRIANJOHANY et Dr. Jaona RANAIVO, chercheurs mycologues au Centre National de Recherches sur l’Environnement, pour leurs diverses contributions : encadrement durant les relevés mycologiques sur le terrain, apport des principaux ouvrages de références utilisés aux déterminations taxonomiques, et autres enseignements utiles sur la connaissance des champignons. C’est un honneur d’avoir travaillé avec vous. Je remercie tout particulièrement mes parents RALAIVELO Charles et RAVELOARISOA Julienne Berthe, mes frères Michel et Hery et ma sœur Malala de m’avoir écouté et soutenue tout au long de ce travail. Enfin un grand merci à mes camarades de promotion qui ont su créer une ambiance conviviale maintenue dans un esprit de collaboration et de solidarité tout au long de ma vie à l’Université et à tous ceux qui ont contribué de près ou de loin à la réalisation de ce travail. ii TABLE DES MATIERES REMERCIEMENTS ................................................................................................................. iv LISTE DES FIGURES ............................................................................................................. vii LISTE DES TABLEAUX ......................................................................................................... ix LISTE DES ANNEXES ............................................................................................................ ix LISTE DES ABREVIATIONS ................................................................................................. ix GLOSSAIRE .............................................................................................................................. x I- INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 1 I-1. GENERALITES ......................................................................................................... 3 I . 1. 1 - Historique des champignons ........................................................................ 3 I . 1. 2 - Caractères morphologiques des champignons ............................................. 3 I.1.2.1. Partie végétative ou mycélium ......................................................... 3 I.1.2.2. Partie reproductrice ou sporophore .................................................. 4 I . 1. 3 - Mode de reproduction (Courtecuisse et Duhem, 2011) ............................... 4 I . 1. 4 - Mode de vie ................................................................................................. 5 I . 1. 5 - Importance écologique ................................................................................ 6 I . 1. 6 - Utilisations ................................................................................................... 7 I . 1. 7 - Méfaits des champignons ............................................................................ 7 I . 1. 8 - Menaces pour les champignons ................................................................... 8 I . 1. 9 - Classification des champignons .................................................................. 8 I.1.9.1 - CHITRIDIOMYCOTA ................................................................ 8 I.1.9.2 ZYGOMYCOTA ............................................................................ 9 I.1.9.3 - ASCOMYCOTA ........................................................................ 10 I.1.9.4 - BASIDIOMYCOTA .................................................................. 10 I.2- MILIEU D’ETUDE ................................................................................................. 11 I . 2 .1 - Localisation géographique ......................................................................... 11 I . 2 .2 - Milieu abiotique ......................................................................................... 12 I.2.2.1- Topographie ................................................................................... 12 I.2.2.2- Hydrographie ................................................................................. 12 I.2.2.3- Géologie et Pédologie .................................................................... 13 iii I.2.2.4- Climat ............................................................................................ 13 a/ Précipitation ....................................................................................... 13 b/ Température ...................................................................................... 13 c/ Diagramme ombrothermique de GAUSSEN .................................... 13 I . 2 .3 - Milieu biotique .......................................................................................... 14 I.2.3.1- Flore et végétation ......................................................................... 14 II- METHODOLOGIE ............................................................................................................. 16 II . 1.1 - Etudes préliminaires .................................................................................. 16 II.1.1.1- Recherches bibliographiques et webographiques ......................... 16 II.1.1.2- Choix et description des parcelles ................................................ 16 II . 1.2 - Montage des placettes ................................................................................ 16 II . 1.3 - Méthode d’inventaire et de collecte des échantillons ................................ 17 II . 1.4 - Méthode d’identification ........................................................................... 18 II.1.4.1- Description morphologique .......................................................... 18 II.1.4.2- Collecte des sporées ..................................................................... 19 II.1.4.3- Mise en herbier du sporophore ..................................................... 19 II . 1.5 - Analyses des données ................................................................................ 20 III- RESULTATS ET INTERPRETATIONS .......................................................................... 21 III . 1 - Richesse fongique de la Réserve Spéciale d’Analamazaotra ....................... 21 III . 1. 1 -Richesse fongique dans les deux parcelles ............................................... 21 III.1.1.1. Familles recensées .................................................................... 21 a/ Répartition des familles en fonction des genres ................................ 21 b/ Répartition des familles en fonction des espèces .............................. 21 c/ Répartition des familles en fonction des individus ............................ 22 III.1.1.2. - Genres rencontrés ................................................................... 23 III.1.1.3. Espèces inventoriées ................................................................. 23 III . 1. 2 -Richesse fongique dans la parcelle sans Uapaca ..................................... 24 III . 1. 3 -Richesse
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