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Essai Taxinomique Sur Le Genre Gyromitra Fr. Sensu Lato (Pezizales) 1

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Essai Taxinomique Sur Le Genre Gyromitra Fr. Sensu Lato (Pezizales) 1 Essai taxinomique sur le genre Gyromitra Fr. sensu lato (Pezizales) 1. Le genre Gyromitra Fr., sous-genre Gyromitra Nicolas VAN VOOREN 59 avenue du Point du Jour F-69005 LYON [email protected] Pierre-Arthur MOREAU Laboratoire de botanique - Faculté des sciences pharmaceutiques et biologiques 3 rue du Professeur Laguesse B. P. 83 F-59006 LILLE CEDEX [email protected] Ascomycete.org, 1 (1), p. 7-14. Résumé : les auteurs présentent les espèces du sous-genre Gyromitra, caractéri- Avril 2009 sées par des apothécies toujours stipitées, cérébriformes à mitriformes, à spores lisses ou très rarement finement verruqueuses. Mots-clés : Ascomycota, Discinaceae, Gyromitra. Summary: the authors present the species of the subgenus Gyromitra, distingui- shed by their apothecia always stipitate, cerebriform to mitriform, with smooth or ra- rely delicately verrucose spores. Keywords: Ascomycota, Discinaceae, Gyromitra. Introduction à surface paraissant lisse au microscope optique, à peine rugueuse ou finement verruqueuse, sans apicules polaires Gyromitra esculenta, ou gyromitre « comestible », est le re- ou avec un épaississement en forme de calotte. présentant typique du sous-genre Gyromitra. Il en est même Pour faciliter le regroupement, par affinités, des espèces du l’espèce type. Étant un champignon ne posant a priori pas sous-genre Gyromitra, nous avons récemment proposé un de problème de détermination, ajouté au fait qu’il fut long- découpage supraspécifique complémentaire (VAN VOOREN, temps consommé (rappelons qu’il est fortement toxique 2009). Il consiste simplement à séparer en deux sections voire mortel dans certaines conditions et même reconnu les espèces à spores nettement verruqueuses et celles à cancérigène), vous disposez d’une espèce connue de prati- spores sans verrue (observées sous le microscope optique). quement tous les mycologues. C’est sans doute pour cela qu’elle est tantôt considérée Sous-genre Gyromitra, section Gyromitra. comme cosmopolite ou tantôt comme trop collective pour Type : G. esculenta (Pers. : Fr.) Fr. être honnête… Nous tenterons donc d’apporter des éclair- Comprend, outre l’espèce type et ses variétés, G. ambigua cissements sur les taxons appartenant au sous-genre Gyro- (P. Karst.) Harmaja, G. antarctica Rehm, G. chirripoensis mitra, afin de mieux cerner leurs affinités. Gómez Pignataro, G. columbiana Harmaja, G. discinoides (Imai) Imai, G. infula (Schaeff. : Fr.) Quél., G. longipes Har- Systématique maja, G. splendida Raitv. et G. tasmanica (Berk.) Berk. & Cooke. Contrairement aux autres sous-genres, le sous-genre Gyro- mitra ne comporte que des espèces stipitées. Ainsi, il se ca- Sous-genre Gyromitra, section Verrucispora Van Vooren ractérise, outre les apothécies stipitées, par un chapeau Type : G. sichuanensis Korf & Zhuang. irrégulièrement lobé à cérébriforme et par des spores ellip- Comprend, outre l’espèce type, G. xinjiangensis J. Z. Cao, L. soïdales à subfusoïdes, généralement biguttulées, Fan & B. Liu. 7 Clé de détermination des espèces du sous-genre Gyromitra 1. Espèces printanières, à chapeau généralement cérébriforme, sans lobes distincts ....................................................... 2 1*. Espèces estivales ou automnales, à chapeau généralement mitriforme à lobé .............................................................. 5 2. Spores sans calotte apicale ou peu distincte ........................................................................................................................3 2*. Spores avec calotte apicale distincte .....................................................................................................................................4 3. Chapeau brun sombre, pied court. Spores 13–18 × 7,5–8,5 µm, à grosses guttules × 4,5-6 µm, périspore à peine épaissie aux extrémités. Zone boréoarctique sous conifères, subnival dans les Alpes ..................... columbiana 3*. Chapeau brun-rouge, pied blanc, bien développé. Spores 18–25 × 8–10 µm, périspore non sensiblement épaissie. Habitat variable : pinèdes, pessières, forêts sablonneuses mêlées, etc. ............................................ esculenta 3*. Idem à spores plus petites (en moyenne), hyménium fauve ................................................................. esculenta var. fulva 3*. Idem à spores supérieures à 27 µm de long (moyenne) ................................................................... esculenta var. bubaci 3*. Idem précédent mais « blanchâtre à ivoire » (forme albinos) ................................................................. esculenta var. alba 3*. Idem précédent mais à port plus grêle. Sous feuillus .............................................................................................neuwirthi 4. Chapeau hémisphérique, brun-rouge, à marge libre. Stipe blanc, robuste, ponctué de méchules brunes. Sous Pinus ............................................................................................................................................................... tasmanica Sous Nothofagus, on trouve G. antarctica, très similaire. 4*. Chapeau brun sombre. Spores subfusoïdes, 23–28 × 11,5–13,5 µm................................................................ splendida 4*. Idem mais stipe très allongé. Spores 19–28 × 9–13 µm ....................................................................................... longipes 5. Spores strictement elliptiques, à sommets arrondis, 19–24 × 7–8,5 µm.................................................................. infula G. sichuanensis est une « miniature » du précédent possédant des spores finement verruqueuses, connue uniquement de Chine. G. chirripoensis, décrit du Costa Rica, est proche mais à spores non calottées. 5*. Spores à tendance losangique, à sommets plus étranglés, plus grandes que la précédente ; teintes violettes présentes ........................................................................................................................................ ambigua Tableau de synthèse des caractères sporaux Dimensions sporales Espèce Ornementation Apicules (sans les apicules) ambigua 22–33 (37) × 7,5–12 µm Lisse En calotte arrondie ± tronquée antarctica 19,5–23,5 (25) × 10,6–13 µm Lisse chirripoensis 23,7 (27) × 8,9 (10,5) µm Lisse columbiana 13–18 × 7,5–8,5 µm Sublisse Bassement calottés discinoides 21–28 × 11–15 µm Lisse esculenta 20–27 × 9–12,5 µm Lisse esculenta var. bubacii 25–30 (35) × 10,5–12,5 µm Lisse infula 19–24 (26) × 7–10 µm Lisse En calotte arrondie longipes 19–28 × 9–13 µm Lisse En calotte arrondie Finement verruqueuse, for- sichuanensis 16,8–20,2 × 7–8,3 µm mant des petites crêtes splendida 22–30 × 10–12,5 µm Lisse En calotte arrondie tasmanica 19–25 × 9–12 µm Lisse xinjiangensis 20–25 × 9–11 µm Finement verruqueuse Taxons acceptés ≡ Physomitra esculenta (Pers.) Boud., Icon. mycol., liste prélim., p. [2] (1904). Gyromitra esculenta = Helvella mitra Schaeff., Fung. Icon., 2, pl. 160 (1763). , espèce type et ses variétés = Gyrocephalus aginnensis Pers., Mém. Soc. linn. Paris, 3, p. 77 (1824). Gyromitra esculenta (Pers. : Fr.) Fr., Summa Veg. Scand., = Helvella sinuosa Brondeau, in Pers., Mém. Soc. linn. Paris, sect. post., p. 346 (1849). 3, p. 77 (1824). = Gyromitra suspecta (Krombh.) Fr., Summa Veg. Scand., Basionyme : Helvella esculenta Pers., Comment. fung. Bav., sect. post., p. 346 (1849), d’après NANNFELDT (1932). p. 64 (1800) ; Helvella esculenta Pers. : Fr., Syst. mycol. II ≡ Helvella suspecta Krombh., Naturgetr. Abbild. (1), p. 16 (1822). Schwämme 3, pl. 16 (1834). 8 ≡ Gyromitra suspecta (Krombh.) Rehm, Rabenhorst’s esculenta var. fragilis Kryptog.-Fl., 1 (3), p. 1194 (1896), comb. superflue. Voir sous l’épithète neuwirthi. ≡ Gyromitra suspecta (Krombh.) J. Schröt., Schles. Kryp- tofl. III, 2, p. 27 (1908), comb. superflue. esculenta var. fulva ≡ Maublancomyces suspecta (Krombh.) Herter, Rev. Basionyme : Gyromitra esculenta var. fulva J. Moravec, Sudam. Bot., 10 (1), p. 17 (1951). Česká Mykol., 40 (1), p. 15 (1986). = Gyromitra queletii (Schulzer) Sacc., Syll. fung., 8, p. 17 MORAVEC (1986) a décrit cette variété pour une récolte de (1889), d’après KOTLABA & POUZAR (1974). G. esculenta plus pâle que le type, « yellow-brown to ochra- ≡ Helvella queletii Schulzer, Hedwigia, 24 (4), p. 149 ceous » et possédant des spores plus petites. La description (1885). pourrait peut-être correspondre à la variété aurantiaca de Iconographie (sélection) : COOKE (1878, fig. 328) ; BOUDIER BENEDIX (1969) mais ce dernier ne donne aucune mesure de (1905-1910, pl. 224) ; BRESADOLA (1927-1933, pl. 1165) ; spores. Il faudrait donc comparer les holotypes pour corro- MARCHAND (1971, n° 97, photo en haut) ; CETTO (1976, borer ou non cette hypothèse. n° 362) ; BREITENBACH & KRÄNZLIN (1981, n° 11) ; LINCOFF (1981, n° 714) ; ARORA (1986, n° 206) ; MENDAZA & MONTOYA Les espèces de la section Gyromitra (1987, p. 725) ; IMASEKI et al. (1988, p. 560) ; FERRARI (1991, p. 43) ; PHILLIPS (1991, p. 302) ; DÄHNCKE (1993, p. 1106) ; ambigua WEBER (1995, p. 23 et p. 145) ; BESSETTE et al. (1997, Gyromitra ambigua (P. Karst.) Harmaja, Karstenia, 9, p. 17 p. 478) ; HUFFMAN & TIFFANY (2001, p. 9) ; BUREL (2004, photo (1969). 1) ; KUO (2005, p. 194) ; ROUX (2006, p. 1169). Basionyme : Helvella ambigua P. Karst., Medd. Soc. Fauna Littérature : HARMAJA (1979) ; JALKANEN & JALKANEN (1981). Fl. Fenn., 5, p. 53 (1879). Distribution : largement répandue en Europe, en Asie et en = Helvella infula var. similis P. Karst., Bidr. Känned. Finl. Amérique du Nord. Natur. Folk, 19, p. 34 (1871). Très polymorphe
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