V
OMPHALINISSN 1925-1858
Foray registration & information issue
Vol. VI, No 3 Newsletter of Apr. 16, 2015
OMPHALINA OMPHALINA, newsletter of Foray Newfoundland & Labrador, has no fi xed schedule of publication, and no promise to appear again. Its primary purpose is to serve as a conduit of information to registrants of the upcoming foray and secondarily as a communications tool with members.
Issues of OMPHALINA are archived in: is an amateur, volunteer-run, community, Library and Archives Canada’s Electronic Collection
OMPHALINA V Vol. VI, No 3 OMPHALIN ISSN 1925-1858 Apr. 16, 2015
CONTENT
Editor’s comments ...... 2
Foray matters ...... 3 Genus Gyromitra in NL Miller et al...... 4 G. esculenta ...... 7 G. gigas ...... 8 G. gigas—species or complex? ...... 10 G. ambigua ...... 11 G. ancilis ...... 12 G. leucoxantha ...... 13 Gyromitra KEY for NL ...... 15 Hydnotrya cubispora Henry Mann ...... 16 Foray 2015 Registration Form ...... 18 Suillus bresadolae Moreau et al...... 20 Partners ...... inside back cover Notice ...... back cover
This issue and all previous issues available for download from the Foray Newfoundland & Labrador website
OMPHALINA Welcome to our Gyromitra issue, timed the same information this year as last. to help you identify these spring species. Please refer to our website
ForayForay 20152015 inin GrosGros MMorne!orne! huhhundredsndndreedds ooff vovvolunteerolulunntteeeer coccollectorsollllece tot rsrs wwhohhoo hhaveaave scscouredcoureed thtthee prprovinceovinncec dduringurining ththehe lalaststst ttwelvewelve foforays.rays Each ofofuswhohasb us who has broughtrought bacbackk a I’ve lived and worked in the Gros Morne mushroom for identifi cation during a foray National Park area for more than 25 years. has contributed to the fungal herbarium, I know many parts of the park as intimately the photograph collection, and the as I know my own garden. I’ve hiked specimen database that FNL has amassed. and climbed and skied and boated and Those specimens have been shipped to helicoptered to places that few visitors researchers around the globe, and have will ever experience. But I still do not really helped them clarify the murky world of understand Gros Morne—there is so much fungal relationships. that goes on out of sight, and so much of it is fungal. With each foray we learn a bit more about the diversity and distribution of mushrooms Until Foray Newfoundland and Labrador and lichens in this province. With each held its fi rst event in Gros Morne in 2003, foray we make a small contribution to almost no work had been done on the fungi the worldwide understanding of fungi. of the area. Lichens had been collected by With each foray, someone gains an Teuvo Ahti, Stephen Clayden, and others, appreciation of organisms that they had and some forest fungi had been identifi ed, completely overlooked in the past. but apart from that, the mycota of the park was unknown. We have now held four Perhaps a rare mushroom that you fi nd forays in Gros Morne, and our fi fth will occur will be the star of Foray 2015, but even in September. According to the cumulative a common species can add to our species curve that Andrus compiles each knowledge of the park and the province. year, we are nowhere near exhausting the Forays are fun, the people who attend are potential of Gros Morne to provide new fascinating, and the results are scientifi cally species. And I don’t just mean new to us. important. As the title almost says: Forays Several fungi collected in the park area Matter. have turned out to be previously unknown to science. Four years of forays in Gros Please note that as last year, we will begin Morne have only scratched the surface. the foray with a mycoblitz at Sir Richard Squires Memorial Provincial Park, leaving Foray Newfoundland and Labrador has the parking lot at exactly 11:00 am, Friday raised the profi le of fungi and lichens September 25th. If you can join us, please throughout this province. The work that we bring your own lunch! do during forays is fun and educational, and it is also extremely valuable. No Our website
Andrew N. Miller, Abraham Matlak, Daniel Raudabaugh, Kadri Pärtel, Heidi Tamm, Andrew S. Methven, Andrus Voitk
Inves ga on of Newfoundland and Labrador (NL) Gyromitra ABSTRACT revealed six species (including Hydnotrya) in the province, adding two new molecularly confi rmed species to what has been reported for the con nent. The phylogeny for G. gigas suggests that globally it may be a species complex; further study is required. Molecular data are reported for the fi rst me for G. ambigua, dis nct from G. infula, and for G. leucoxantha.
The ascomata (fruit bodies) of the genus Gyromitra been shown to be gyromitras. The aim of this study are of three types: s pitate (cap and stem), discoid is to use morphologic examina on and nuclear (fl at, cup or disc-like, with or without a rudimentary analysis to determine and describe the species of stem) and hypogeous (underground). Most are the genus that sporulate in NL. spring mushrooms, many frui ng at snowmelt. Both Method a recent review of the genus in North America1 and a recent book of North American ascomycetes2 All specimens of the genus from collec ons made listed 10 species of the genus on this con nent. by AV over a decade were examined by standard To these must be added the species of Hydnotrya, methods and then subjected to molecular analysis, a hypogeous genus, which has been shown to using techniques published previously.1 Several fall en rely within the genus Gyromitra through collec ons from Europe were used for comparison. phylogene c analysis. Several other genera have Sequences from this study were deposited in also been placed in or removed from the genus, GenBank. most signifi cantly Discina, whose members have 4 OMPHALINA LSU-based phylogeny of North American (mostly) species of Gyromitra, rooted with Morchella. Species found in NL in colour panels, showing individual collections. New molecularly confi rmed species for North America from this study marked with gold star. Gray panels show species not found here (at least to date). We also added two Eurasian species, Gyromitra infula var. apiculatispora and G. splendida. One collection of the former separated as a good species clade, while the other, the holotype, nestled comfortably in the G. ambigua clade. The single G. splendida collection clustered with G. esculenta. Note that species of the former Discina are subsumed into Gyromitra. Note also, that Hydnotrya is completely within the genus Gyromitra—the article on p. 16 may be the last time you read about it under that name. Or maybe not…
OOMPHALINAMPMPHALINAHALINA 5 Results assumed in the other species. MMH is a cytotoxin that kills liver cells, causing death from liver failure. A total of six species were iden fi ed. There were Should you escape that, it is also a carcinogen, so it three s pitate species: G. ambigua, G. esculenta, may get you later. and G. gigas. Two discoid species were iden fi ed: G. ancilis and G. leucoxantha. One hypogeous The amount of MMH varies by species, season, species, Hydnotrya cubispora, was also iden fi ed locality and other factors, but its presence in morphologically. G. ambigua had not been harmful, nay, lethal, quan es must always be iden fi ed in either recent review of North American assumed. MMH is heat labile, “boiling off ” at gyromitras,1, 2 and G. leucoxantha may have been about 96°C. People who eat these mushrooms misiden fi ed; our iden fi ca on was made with a take advantage of that and parboil them (bring to match to a collec on from the Tyrol, the type region a boil 5-10 min., discard water, repeat) to remove for the species. The phylogeny of the genus is shown the toxin. In theory this should work perfectly. In on the previous page. prac ce, deaths from ea ng gyromitras are documented each year. You may say Discussion that those people did not take the proper This study shows the value of exploring regional precau ons, but if the mushrooms were mycota. Global and con nental studies are avoided altogether, the deaths would have unable to probe the full diversity of been avoided. Just for the record, death every region under study, and such from liver failure has even been studies depend on regional reported for people inhaling the material for completeness. steam from the parboiling Material collected over a pot. decade in our province Take delight, but do not added 20% to the known bite! diversity of molecularly confi rmed North American species of Acknowledgments Gyromitra. This is not We thank Gro Gulden, a provincial overview: Esteri Ohenoja, Ilmi Parmasto and Bellis collec ons come Kullmann for providing primarily from the west addi onal European coast of Newfoundland material for this study. and a few collec ons from limited regions of References Labrador. 1. Methven AS, Zelski SE, In the descrip ons, we report Miller AN: A molecular phylogene c observa ons and measurements assessment of the genus Gyromitra in on our own material, not that from the North America. Mycologia 105:1306-1314. 2014. literature. In some cases these observa ons are 2. Beug MW, Besse e AE, Besse e AR: Ascomycete fungi of limited, and may diff er with more material from other North America. University of Texas Press, Aus n, TX. 2014. regions. Characters useful to dis nguish species in 3. Raitviir A: Once more on Neogyromitra caroliniana. Tartu Riikliku Ülikooli Toime sed, Botaanika-alased tööd 268, NL may not apply to regions with more or diff erent Bot. 9: 364–373. (Summary in Russian.)1970. species. 4. Harmaja H: Amendments of the limits of the genera Edibility Gyromitra and Pseudorhizina, with the descrip on of a new species, Gyromitra montana. Karstenia 13: 48-58. NONE of these mushrooms should be eaten. 1973. Gyromitras are very tasty, of an enjoyable texture 5. Abbo SB, Currah RS: The Helvellaceae: systema c and fl avour. AV has eaten two of the species revision and occurrence in northern and northwestern described (at a me the toxin story was not well North America. Mycotaxon 62:1-125. 1997. known). Gyromitra gigas is the favourite edible 6. Voitk A: A li le illustrated book of common mushrooms mushroom in Finland, ahead of morels and probably of Newfoundland and Labrador. Gros Morne Co-opera ng even ahead of most fall mushrooms. A serious toxin, Associa on. Rocky Harbour, NL. 2007. monomethylhydrazine (MMH), has been found in 7. Harmaja H: A neglected species, Gyromitra ambigua G. esculenta and G. gigas, and its presence can be (Karst.) Harmaja, n. comb., and G. infula s. str. in Fennoscandia. – Karstenia 9: 13-19. 1969. 6 OMPHALINA GYROMITRA ESCULENTA
OVERALL: Up to 16 cm tall, knobbly, wrinkled cap about 50% of height and up to 14 cm in wide, common in springtime coniferous woods.
CAP: Greatest diameter up to 14 ✕ 12 cm wide, 9 cm tall; variously described as knobbly, wrinkled or brain-like, often in asymmetrical lobes, fl owing down to but not attached to stem, chambered; velvety brown to very dark brown with dark purplish overtones. STEM: Up to 14 cm long ✕ 25 mm wide, smooth, cylindrical, becoming wrinkled, hollow or slightly chambered, downy to grainy, light tan, becoming dark brown, often with purplish overtones, covered by short, white tomentose layer in advanced age. CONTEXT: Friable, up to 6 mm thick. MICROSCOPIC: Ascospores 16–28 ✕ 9.6–12.1 μm, smooth, apiculus lacking; paraphyses branched, clavate. HABITAT: Coniferous forest areas with dappled light; plentiful after forest fi re. SUBSTRATE: Sandy soil, usually rich in coniferous duff. PHENOLOGY: Beginning of May to end of June.
COMMENTS: Thin, hollow, taller stem, dark brown, purplish hue and coniferous habitat distinguish it Top: Mature fruit body in situ. Middle: Chambered cap, not attached to stem. from G. gigas. Spring fruiting separates it from G. Bottom: Spore print on blue background, white for most ambigua, which fruits in the fall. gyromitras, as here, and light yellow for a few. OMPHALINA 7 GYROMITRA GIGAS SUBSTRATE: Sandy soil, limestone bedrock, usually rich in deciduous litter. PHENOLOGY: Snowmelt, OVERALL: Up to 14 cm tall, chunky, squat mushroom middle of April to middle of May. with knobbly, wrinkled cap at least 75% of height and up to 12 cm wide, uncommon, in springtime COMMENTS: White, solid, chunky stem, yellowish tan deciduous or mixed deciduous-coniferous woods, hue, deciduous habitat and appearance at snowmelt close to snowmelt. CAP: Greatest diameter up 12 distinguish it from G. esculenta. Spring fruiting ✕ 12 cm wide, 12 cm tall; variously described separate it from G. ambigua. Relationship with the as knobbly, wrinkled or brain-like, relatively former Discina and Gyromitra is evident: ascomata symmetrical, fl owing down to but not attached to fi rst appear as a fl at, discoid structures with virtually stem, chambered; velvety, yellowish tan. STEM: Up no stem, akin to species of the former Discina, and to 10 cm long ✕ 60 mm wide, cylindrical, wrinkled, then assume their characteristic shape as they grow solid or densely chambered, downy to grainy, white. (see photos, next page). CONTEXT: Friable, up to 9 mm thick. MICROSCOPIC: Raitviir3 and Harmaja4 described two species in Ascospores 19-36.6 ✕ 9.5-17.4 μm, truncated North America. These were synonymized with G. apiculus up to 3 μm; paraphyses slender, cylindric gigas after microscopic reassessment,5 but DNA to subclavate. HABITAT: Deciduous (birch) or mixed analysis may restore the three species (see p. 10). deciduous-coniferous forest with dappled light. 8 OMPHALINA Above: Habitat, fruit bodies circled. Note patches of remaining snow. Our species thrives in birch and mixed coniferous-deciduous forests. The European species is said to prefer coniferous woods, again raising the possibility of a species complex. Below: Cross section to show thick, solid but chambered stem and relatively thin, convolute cap.
Ascoma development from discoid to stipitate. Top down: April 10, 14 and 23. Further development undocumented, because the specimen had become dislodged by some passing animal. Confi rmed by sequencing.
OMPHALINA 9 Gyromitra gigas—a species or a species complex?
Enter the era of phylogeny. * Our molecular studies were done using the genetic marker LSU (large subunit ribosomal DNA). All specimens of G. gigas s.l. fell into one clade, as expected. But note on the illustration, from an earlier phylogram, that all the European collections, identifi ed as G. gigas, cluster as one group (top).* Another cluster is formed by collections from eastern NA (Pennsylvania, Michigan and Illinois), all identifed as G. korfi i (bottom). This leaves a group in the middle with various identifi cations, primarily from the west, but with some from elsewhere—including all our collections. Most of these come from the northern edge of the boreal forest or Gyromitra gigas was described in 1834 by Kromholz from high elevations. from Bohemian collections. Similar mushrooms in This raises the possibility that the three species, North America were initially known by the same postulated by Raitviir and Harmaja, have been name. Closer studies by Raitviir and Harmaja led to confi rmed by phylogenetic analysis. The European 3 the descriptions of G. korfi i in 1970 and G. montana species would likely be G. gigas, and the one in 4 in 1973 as the North American relatives of the eastern NA, G. korfi i. The northern species could European G. gigas. Gyromitra korfi i was thought to turn out to be G. montana. Thus, the split between be the eastern species and G. montana the western G. korfi i and G. montana need not be a matter of taxon. Harmaja also reported G. montana from the east–west, but also north–south, with northern Austrian Alps. species being transcontinental, and also found at This situation persisted until Abbot and Curragh higher altitudes a bit southwards. NL collections reviewed the group microscopically and synony- could logically be expected in that group (as could mized all three as one species, G. gigas, because they collections from the Austrian Alps). could not confi rm the different spore characters Our results suggest this as a distinct possibility, 5 used to defi ne them. The ascospores of the spe- making a good argument for an ITS or a multilocus cies found in this province resemble those described study of this complex. Parenthetically, the same may for G. montana, not the G. korfi i expected in eastern apply to G. esculenta, although not as convincingly 6 North America. Were it not that the three were presented in our results. That is the trouble with considered one, the NL collections would have been science: it does not produce answers, but more identifi ed as G. montana, not G. gigas. questions!
*Not only investigators contribute to results. Had our European colleagues not sent us specimens, the apparent three-clade relationship would not have been evident. Without a clear upper clade, 10 OMPHALINA separation of North American collections into two potential clades may not have been as apparent. GYROMITRA AMBIGUA from our other stipitate gyromitras, which are vernal.
OVERALL: Up to 55 mm tall, bi- or trilobed cap about We have only two collections of this species, the one 60% of height and up to 60 mm wide, uncommon illustrated on the cover, and the one shown above. in the fall on coniferous wood. CAP: Bi- or trilobed, Both come from Labrador, one on chips from local lobes up to 24 mm long × 45 mm wide, with an softwood on a ski trail near Goose Bay, and the other upper seam; surface uneven to slightly wrinkled, from a walking trail to Overfalls Brook near Forteau. covered by fi ne hairs, becoming knobbly with Their macroscopic difference is likely due to age; maturity; velvety brown to dark brown with purplish microscopically they are virtually indistinguishable. overtones. STEM: Up to 35 mm long × 18 mm wide, Ascospores measure 21.2—27.5 × 7.7—9.6 μm cylindrical, often ridged, may be branched, hollow, with an apiculus projecting 1-3.5 μm at each end downy to hairy, lilac to dark purple, turning brown of the spore, as described by Harmaja in his review with age, often covered by dense white tomentum. of this species.7 Compared to G. infula (not found CONTEXT: Friable, up to 4 mm thick. MICROSCOPIC: here to date), G. ambigua is smaller, has a smoother Ascospores (without apiculi) 21.2-27.5 × 7.7-9.6 cap, more purple colouration (particularly the stem), μm, apiculi 1–3.5 μm; paraphyses slender, clavate to larger spores with larger apiculi, thinner paraphyses, subcapitate. HABITAT: Coniferous forest. SUBSTRATE: and has a more northerly distribution. Both have Coniferous wood or debris. PHENOLOGY: August- been identifi ed morphologically from both sides of September. North America.
COMMENTS: Fruiting in autumn separates this species This is the fi rst DNA report for G. ambigua.
OMPHALINA 11 GùÙÊîãÙ Ä®½®Ý chambered, downy to grainy, white. CÊÄãøã: Friable, up to 4 mm thick, layered. M®ÙÊÝÊÖù: OòÙ½½: Up to 70 mm diameter knobbly, purplish Ascospores 20.2–30.8 × 8.7–11.6 μm, mature spores brown disc with radial wrinkling, on a very squat re culate, reportedly with pointed apiculi (we did stem, common in spring me wet areas. CÖ: Up not fi nd any); paraphyses 7–9 μm wide, fi liform, to 70 mm wide; smooth, velvety surface soon uniformly subclavate with no capitate ends seen, becoming knobbly, developing radial wrinkling, granular, light brown. H®ãã: Wet ground in puckered at the centre; hymenial layer brown to coniferous or mixed coniferous-deciduous forest. dark brown with purplish tones; dries dark purple; SçÝãÙã: Soil, limestone bedrock, usually rich sterile undersurface tomentose to granular, beige. in deciduous li er. P«Äʽʦù: A er snowmelt, SãÃ: Up to 6 mm tall × 10 mm wide, solid or throughout May. CÊÃÃÄãÝ: Also known as Gyromitra / Discina perlata; ancilis is the older name and takes precedence. Obtaining mature spores can be very diffi cult. Diff ers from G. leucoxantha by its purplish hue and drying purple (see p. 15), wider disc, thinner and less layered context, beige underside, uniform, unbranching, subclavate paraphyses and pointed apiculi (if you can fi nd mature spores), slightly later frui ng me and preference for coniferous woods.
12 OMPHALINA GùÙÊîãÙ ½çÊøÄã«
OMPHALINA 13 GùÙÊîãÙ ½çÊøÄã« CÊÃÃÄãÝ: Diff ers from Gyromitra ancilis by its yellowish hue, lack of purple, drying a warm brown, OòÙ½½: Up to 45 mm wide somewhat irregular, almost pure white underside, thicker obviously yellowish brown disc with radial wrinkling, on a very layered context, wider spores, somewhat squared squat stem, common in wet areas at snowmelt. apiculi (if you can fi nd mature spores), wider, CÖ: Up to 45 mm wide; smooth, velvety surface branching and even capitate paraphyses, earlier becoming somewhat knobbly, developing radial frui ng me and preference for deciduous woods. wrinkling, puckered at the centre; hymenial layer yellowish brown with no purplish tones; dries This is the fi rst report of Gyromitra leucoxantha dark brown; sterile undersurface tomentose to in North America confi rmed by molecular studies, granular, white. SãÃ: Up to 6 mm tall × 10 mm and the fi rst report of its DNA. The DNA of our wide, solid or densely chambered, downy to grainy, collec ons matches that of G. leucoxantha collected white. CÊÄãøã: Friable, up to 7 mm thick. Note from the Tyrol, the type locality from which rudimentary chambering of rudimentary stem Bresadola fi rst described the species. The likelihood (photo, previous page). M®ÙÊÝÊÖù: Ascospores of an unknown similar species in the type locality is 20.2–38.6 × 9.6–17.4 μm, apiculi with squared extremely remote sugges ng that DNA in an earlier ends, at mes asymmetrical, up to 4 μm long; study1 referred to this taxon came from misiden fi ed paraphyses 7–12 μm wide, fi liform, branched, collec ons. See p. 24 for another Tyrolean species subclavate, occasionally subcapitate, granular, just discovered here—another fi rst for North yellowish. H®ãã: Wet ground in deciduous or America—named a er the same Bresadola. mixed coniferous-deciduous forest at snowmelt. It is interes ng to note that G. leucoxantha shares SçÝãÙã: Soil, limestone bedrock, usually rich with its sister species, Gyromitra gigas, the same in deciduous li er. P«Äʽʦù: At and just a er yellowish colour and lack of purple, a preference for snowmelt, middle of April to middle of May. deciduous woods, and an early frui ng me, usually in the presence of mel ng snow. 14 OMPHALINA G. aanancilisciillis G. lleleucoxanthaucucoxoxananththa KEY TO NL GYROMITRAS Stipitate (cap and stem) Autumn...... G. ambigua Spring Purplish brown, thin, tall stem, coniferous woods, after mid-May...... G. esculenta Yellowish tan, stout stem, deciduous or mixed conif.-decid. forest, late April...... G. gigas Discoid (fl at, with rudimetary stem) Yellowish brown, dries brown, white undersurface, deciduous or mixed deciduous-coniferous woods, snowmelt...... G. leucoxantha Dark brown, purplish hue, dries dark purple, beige undersurface, conifer. woods, mid May.....G. ancilis Underground Spores becoming cuboid...... Hydnotrya cubispora
The key works well with the species identifi ed from NL to date. If you have trouble, turn to the descriptions for more details. Should additional species be identifi ed, the key may need to be altered. Caution is advised about using it elsewhere—it may not work. So far, we have found only one hypogeous species, so its identifi cation (provided you realize it is a Gyromitra!) is not problematic. The stipitate gyromitras are relatively distinct. The disc-like ones can be diffi cult to identify, especially if you have a single specimen. Looking at many collections, the variation in colour becomes evident, but it also becomes evident that G. ancilis (left column on the illustration) always has a purplish cast. G. sp. TN-1 (right column) always has a yellow hue, and no sign of purple. If there is doubt, dry the collections. G. ancilis always turns a dark purple, whereas G. leucoxantha becomes dark brown. The dried specimens of the top two mushrooms are at the bottom. As opposed to the variable colour of each species in situ, all dried specimens of each species looked the same, and there was no mistake about the difference in colour for the two species.
OMPHALINA 15 HHydnotryaydnotrya ccubisporaubispora —tthehe PasadenaPasadena mmooseoose ttruffleruffle
Henry Mann
In the Newfoundland autumn pushed up soil not associated with was Hydnotrya cubispora—an talk invariably turns to moose moose tracks, so I took a poke at ascomycete related to the false at some point, so those walking one and discovered an erupting morels (Gyromitra)—that largely the woodland trails tend to mushroom beneath. Nothing remains underground except for keep an eye out for moose or startling, as mushrooms do pop up some pushed up loose soil above. fresh moose sign even when from underground. Luckily there Spores are produced inside the only hunting mushrooms. So it was still a tiny ounce (~28.35 grams) enclosed inner cups on their was, that beautiful September of curiosity left and I dug out the white felty surfaces in elongated day wandering the trails of the “mushroom” with my fi nger. To sacs called asci, 8 spores in each. Pasadena Ski and Nature Park. my surprise what appeared was a Young spores appear rounded On a bare section of trail fresh misshaped lumpy mass about 6 cm inside the asci, but as they mature moose tracks were noted, and across with internal cavities and no they take on a cubical appearance immediately beside one print was a evidence of a stalk. characteristic of this species and small amount of disturbed soil with Not having seen anything like this the source of the specifi c name, what appeared to be a mushroom before, I rushed my “rarie” home cubispora. Does it, like true truffl es, fragment. for examination and determined it depend on spore dispersal by Now, I have been noted to was a hypogeous (underground) being dug up and eaten by some occasionally front-kick, back- Ascomycete, a cup fungus with animal (squirrel, vole, slug, insect, kick or side-kick the odd internal cups. A few of the lumps etc.)? I don’t know. This species is mushroom just for kicks, but I near the exposed surfaces had reported from across the forested know that moose don’t side-kick holes that looked like they might boreal region of Canada and mushrooms. This was one of have been slug-chewed, but southward into the mid U.S., but those curious observations that perhaps they do open normally. because of its subterranean habit are usually quickly passed off as With some help and the 2014 is probably rarely encountered and an unexplainable quirk of nature. “Ascomycete Fungi of North reported. Then, two or three steps further America” by Beug et al., it was So you see, in this discovery I noticed little mounds of freshly determined that the lumpy mass there was a moose connection
16 OMPHALINA which resulted in a puzzling observation (possible moose side-kick), which led to a subsequent observation (little disturbed soil mounds), which spurred a further investigation (fi nger probing), which resulted in a new fi nd (at least for me) of the Pasadena Moose Truffl e, which is not really a “true” truffl e, but sort of behaves like one. It is also a lesson in how local common names are born. To me “Moose Truffl e” makes a lot of sense considering the process of discovery as explained above. And as I tell and retell this story (no doubt in ever embellished form) others will pick up on the name, and so on. Taxonomists, tear your hair out!
Illustrations Title banner: Small mushroom in situ beside moose track. R Top: Hydnotrya cubispora removed from the ground. A reputed saprobe, it was found growing in soil containing balsam fi r debris. R Middle: Cut section to show cavities in this convoluted ascocarp. R Bottom: Mature spores with the characteristic cuboidal shape. Immature round spores a week earlier in insert. L Below: Freshly dug holes in the path at the growth site, found three months later, during a thaw in December. Are the truffl es eaten and their spores spread by a rodent vector? Maybe we should hire these squirrels for the next soil survey—they seem to be able to fi nd the mushrooms in our soil that elude the scientists.
26 OOMPHALINAMPHALINA 17 Gros Morne National Park, September 25 to 27, 2015 1. Please note: registrations must be received by August 28. 2. Spaces are limited, so registrations are accepted on a first- come first-served basis. We can only accept payment by
cheque or cash. A Registration is only recorded when full Very Important! payment and a signed Acknowledgement have been Before registering, please read the received. Please submit a completed Registration and information about the foray Acknowledgement form for each participant. posted on our website 3. Please print out both pages of this form, fill out, sign, and www.nlmushrooms.ca send along with a cheque to: Mr. Geoff Thurlow, 16 Hammond Drive Corner Brook, NL, A2H 2W2, CANADA
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Expertise preference Willing to (co)lead a field trip ______Willing to identify specimens______Wish to help in other ways (please suggest) ______
* Database team members with organizational support please pay full fee. Contact M. Burzynski if you have questions: [email protected] ** PLEASE NOTE: Bring soap, shampoo, and a towel. If you wish, you can pay $3.50 to Killdevil Camp and it will supply them. 18 OMPHALINA I understand that during necessary to deal with the I&D to unenforceable for any reason, the my participation in the events that which I may be exposed. remainder of this Agreement shall not together make up the Annual Fall In consideration for my ac- be affected thereby and shall remain Mushroom Foray, henceforth known ceptance as a participant on the Foray valid and fully enforceable. as “the Foray” of MUSHROOM and the services and amenities to be To the fullest extent allowed FORAY NEWFOUNDLAND & provided by FNL Organizers and by law, I agree to WAIVE, DIS- LABRADOR, INC., henceforth Faculty in connection with the Foray, CHARGE CLAIMS, AND RE- known as “FNL”, I may be exposed I confi rm that: LEASE FROM LIABILITY FNL, its to a variety of hazards and risks, I have read these and any other terms, offi cers, directors, employees, agents, foreseen or unforeseen, which are rules, information and conditions faculty and leaders, from any and all inherent in the Foray and cannot be applicable to the Foray, made liability on account of, or in any way eliminated without destroying the available to me directly or on the resulting from I&D, even if caused unique character of the Foray. These FNL website; by negligence of FNL, its offi cers, events include, but are not limited I will pay any costs and fees for the directors, employees, agents, faculty to: accommodations, identifi cation Foray; and leaders, or any other parties in outings, scientifi c presentations and I choose to participate in the Foray of any way connected with FNL or investigations, meals, including as a my free will, being fully aware of the Foray. I further agree to HOLD food course mushrooms selected by the risks involved; and HARMLESS FNL, its offi cers, direc- participants, leaders, including FNL I acknowledge my participation is at tors, employees, agents, faculty and Organizers and Faculty, and travel the discretion of the leaders. leaders from any claims, damages, to and from the outings and meals. The Foray offi cially begins injuries or losses caused by my own The inherent risks include, but are and ends at the times and location(s) negligence while a participant in the not limited to: the dangers of seri- designated by FNL Organizers and event. I understand and intend that ous personal injury, property dam- Faculty. The Foray does not include this Assumption of Risk and Release age, and death, henceforth known as carpooling, transportation, or transit of Liability is binding upon my heirs, “I&D”, from exposure to the hazards to and from the Foray (including executors, administrators and assigns, of travel; moving in the wilderness, ferry) or trails during the Foray, and and includes any minors accompany- including uneven or insecure terrain, I am personally responsible for all ing me on the outing. actions of fellow participants, wild risks associated with this travel. This I have read this document in animals or third parties, including is meant to include transportation its entirety and I freely and voluntari- hunters; mushrooms that may be provided by FNL Organizers and ly assume all risks of such I&D and poisonous, toxic, or cause unforeseen Faculty or participants during the notwithstanding such risks, I agree to allergic or other adverse reactions in Foray, including transport or carpool- participate in the Foray. individuals, both independently and ing to trails during the Foray and in conjunction with other substances, between the accommodations and the Signed: including wine or other alcoholic Foray trails. spirits. FNL Organizers and Faculty If I decide to leave early and have not tried to deny or minimize not to complete the Foray as planned, my understanding of these risks. I I assume all risks inherent in my de- Date:______know that I&D can occur by natural cision to leave and waive all liability causes or activities of other persons, against FNL Organizers and Faculty If you are a minor (under age 18), FNL Organizers and Faculty, animals, arising from that decision. Likewise, your parent or legal guardian must trip members, trip leaders and assis- if the leaders have concluded the sign this Agreement on your behalf. tants or third parties, either as a result Foray, and I decide to go forward I hereby agree and consent to the of negligence or because of other rea- without the leaders, I assume all risks foregoing Acknowledgment on be- sons. I understand that risks of such inherent in my decision to go forward half of the minor named here: I&D are involved in adventure travel and waive all liability against lead- such as the Foray and I appreciate ers including FNL Organizers and ______that I may have to exercise extra care Faculty arising from that decision. for my own person or others around This Agreement is intended me in the face of such hazards. I to be as broad and inclusive as is per- Relationship: ______further understand that the Foray may mitted by law. If any provision or any not have, or be readily accessible to, part of any provision of this Agree- Signed: ______rescue, medical facilities, or expertise ment is held to be invalid or legally Date:______OMPHALINA 19 SUUILLUSILLUS BBRESADOLAERESADOLAE
Pierre-Arthur Moreau, Christiane Corbeil, Andrus Voitk
Yes, you saw this photo before! In you suggest, fi ts much better. are similar. Supposedly good the last issue it bore the name Suillus differentiating macroscopic We have had great diffi culty sibiricus. That article generated the characters also seemed to overlap, identifying some of the species in following e-mail: and after several attempts to sort the Suillus them out, discussions with Dave To answer Christiane Corbeil about Malloch and Greg Thorn led us her nice (and odd) fi nd of Suillus to believe that we could not tell sibiricus without Pinus, I think she them apart with consistency. We found the fi rst American record decided to lable all of them Suillus of Suillus bresadolae, a Larix serotinus. The exception has been associate I am quite familiar S. grisellus, which we believe with from the French Alps. It we can differentiate. And now is a member of the S. viscidus/ S. bresadolae, because of the serotinus complex, but distinct distinct yellow ring, which none by the yellow and dry cotton- of the others have. like ring. This whole group deserves With best wishes, careful morphologic and Pierre-Arthur Moreau phylogenetic review. Thank you, Pierre-Arthur. Such The image is painted by Father commentary makes it worthwhile Bresadola of the mushroom to publish new fi nds. We were named in his honour by Lucien puzzled by this mushroom until Quélet, so in a way it is an Christiane found a solution. But the autoportrait. Bresadola lived his solution was still a bit uncomfortable, whole life in his native Tyrol, where because a few fi nds in northeastern he collected and described much. At North America would then be the least two of his mushrooms are also only ones in all the world not growing serotinus complex. found in NL, both in this issue—this with pine. A known larch associate, as Microscopically these species one and Gyromitra leucoxantha, p. 14. 20 OMPHALINA OOURUR PPARTNERARTNER OORGANIZATIONSRGANIZATIONS
People of Newfoundland and Labrador, through Department of Environment and Conservation Parks and Natural Areas Division Wildlife Division Forestry and Agrifoods Agency Center for Forest Science and Innovation People of Canada, through Parks Canada Terra Nova National Park Gros Morne National Park Gros Morne Co-operating Association Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John’s Campus Grenfell Campus Tuckamore Lodge Quidi Vidi Brewing Company Rodrigues Winery
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GROS MORNE NATIONAL PARK A UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITE Headquarters: Killdevil Camp, Lomond, NL September 25-27, 2015 GGUESTUEST FFACULTY*ACULTY*
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