Status of the Whitebark Pine (Pinus Albicaulis) in Alberta
Status of the Whitebark Pine (Pinus albicaulis) in Alberta
Alberta Wildlife Status Report No. 63 Status of the Whitebark Pine (Pinus albicaulis) in Alberta
Prepared for: Alberta Sustainable Resource Development (SRD) Alberta Conservation Association (ACA)
Prepared by: Brendan Wilson This report has been reviewed, revised, and edited prior to publication. It is an SRD/ACA working document that will be revised and updated periodically.
Alberta Wildlife Status Report No. 63
November 2007
Published By:
i Publication No. T/151 ISBN: 978-0-7785-6533-8 (Printed Edition) ISBN: 978-0-7785-6534-5 (On-line Edition) ISSN: 1206-4912 (Printed Edition) ISSN: 1499-4682 (On-line Edition)
Series Editors: Sue Peters, Robin Gutsell, Nyree Sharp and Lisa Matthias Illustrations: Brian Huffman Maps: Nicole Hopkins
For copies of this report, visit our web site at: KWWS VUGDOEHUWDFD¿VKZLOGOLIHVSHFLHVDWULVN and click on “Detailed Status”
OR
Contact: Information Centre - Publications Alberta Sustainable Resource Development Main Floor, Great West Life Building 9920 - 108 Street Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T5K 2M4
Telephone: (780) 944-0313 or 1-877-944-0313
This publication may be cited as:
Alberta Sustainable Resource Development and Alberta Conservation Association. 2007. Status of the Whitebark Pine (Pinus albicaulis) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development, Wildlife Status Report No. 63, Edmonton, AB. 22 pp.
ii PREFACE
(YHU\¿YH\HDUVWKH)LVKDQG:LOGOLIH'LYLVLRQRI$OEHUWD6XVWDLQDEOH5HVRXUFH'HYHORSPHQW reviews the general status of wildlife species in Alberta. These overviews, which have been conducted in 1991 (The Status of Alberta Wildlife), 1996 (The Status of Alberta Wildlife), 2000 (The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2000), and 2005 (The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 DVVLJQLQGLYLGXDOVSHFLHV³UDQNV´WKDWUHÀHFWWKHSHUFHLYHGOHYHORIULVNWRSRSXODWLRQV that occur in the province. Such designations are determined from extensive consultations with professional and amateur biologists, and from a variety of readily available sources of population data. A key objective of these reviews is to identify species that may be considered for more detailed status determinations.
The Alberta Wildlife Status Report Series is an extension of the general status exercise, and provides comprehensive current summaries of the biological status of selected wildlife species in Alberta. Priority is given to species that are At Risk or May Be At Risk in the province, that are of uncertain status (Undetermined), or that are considered to be at risk at a national level by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC).
Reports in this series are published and distributed by the Alberta Conservation Association and the Fish and Wildlife Division of Alberta Sustainable Resource Development. They are intended to provide detailed and up-to-date information that will be useful to resource professionals for managing populations of species and their habitats in the province. The reports are also designed to provide current information that will assist Alberta’s Endangered Species Conservation Committee in identifying species that may be formally designated as Endangered or Threatened under Alberta’s Wildlife Act. To achieve these goals, the reports have been authored and/or reviewed by individuals with unique local expertise in the biology and management of each species.
iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) is found in high elevation forests in the mountainous regions of western North America. This hardy tree is a “keystone” species, as its seeds provide an important food source for a number of animals including squirrels, bears and, in particular, Clark’s nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana). In Alberta, the species is found in isolated populations in the Rocky Mountains from Willmore Wilderness Park south to the Canada-U.S. border. However, exact QXPEHUVRILQGLYLGXDOVDUHGLI¿FXOWWRHVWLPDWHEHFDXVHRIOLPLWHGVWDQGLQYHQWRU\WKURXJKRXWLWV provincial distribution.
There are four main human-caused threats to whitebark pine throughout its range: 1) white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola), an introduced fungus species; 2) increased presence of mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae SURORQJHGZLGHVSUHDG¿UHVXSSUHVVLRQ DQG 4) rapid global climate change. In Alberta, the greatest threat is white pine blister rust. The vast majority of whitebark pine stands in Alberta are infected with this introduced fungus, which has DOUHDG\FDXVHGVLJQL¿FDQWPRUWDOLW\LQPDQ\VWDQGVZLWKWKHJUHDWHVWHIIHFWVHYLGHQWLQVRXWKHUQ Alberta.
A number of initiatives is needed for effective conservation and restoration of Alberta whitebark pine. Such initiatives include a detailed inventory of the species (the Alberta Vegetation Inventory poorly documents the occurrence and abundance of whitebark pine), a long-term rust-resistant WUHH LGHQWL¿FDWLRQ DQG VHHG FROOHFWLRQ SURJUDP DQG OLDLVRQ ZLWK ODQG PDQDJHUV ZRUNLQJ LQ whitebark pine forests in order to identify best operating practices to ensure continued recruitment opportunities for the species.
iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to acknowledge a number of people who assisted in the preparation of this report. Bev Wilson (Forest Management Branch, Alberta Sustainable Resource Development [ASRD]) provided a large amount of the provincial distribution data. Hideji Ono, Brooks Horne (Forest Management Branch, ASRD), Keith Ainsley, Alan Benner (Resource Information and Management Branch, ASRD), and Joyce Gould (Alberta Tourism, Parks, Recreation and Culture) SURYLGHG H[WUD VWDQG ORFDWLRQ LQIRUPDWLRQ 7KLV UHSRUW JUHDWO\ EHQH¿WHG IURP WKH FRPPHQWV provided by Peter Achuff and Cyndi Smith (Parks Canada), Sue Peters (Alberta Conservation Association) and Lisa Matthias (ASRD). Lonnie Bilyk (ASRD) also provided help with area of occupancy and extent of occurrence calculations.
Preparation of this report was funded by the Alberta Conservation Association and the Fish and Wildlife Division of Alberta Sustainable Resource Development.
v TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE ...... iii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...... iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...... v
INTRODUCTION ...... 1
HABITAT...... 1
CONSERVATION BIOLOGY...... 2
DISTRIBUTION...... 3 1. Alberta...... 3 2. Other areas ...... 5
LIMITING FACTORS...... 7 1. White pine blister rust...... 7 2. Mountain pine beetle...... 8 3. Fire suppression ...... 8 4. Climate change...... 9
POPULATION SIZE AND TRENDS ...... 9 1. Population estimate...... 9 2. Population trends ...... 10
STATUS DESIGNATIONS ...... 12 1. Alberta...... 12 2. Other areas ...... 12
RECENT MANAGEMENT IN ALBERTA...... 12
SYNTHESIS...... 13
LITERATURE CITED...... 14
$SSHQGL['H¿QLWLRQVRIVHOHFWHGOHJDODQGSURWHFWLYHGHVLJQDWLRQV ...... 21
vii TABLE OF CONTENTS cont.
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 The continental distribution of whitebark pine...... 4
Figure 2 Estimate of the distribution of whitebark pine in Alberta...... 6
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Extent of occurrence for whitebark pine...... 5
Table 2 Stems per hectare for live whitebark pine cohorts in Alberta...... 10
Table 3 Estimates of mature whitebark pine population decline for Waterton Lakes National Park region over 100 years...... 11
viii INTRODUCTION HABITAT
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Estimate of the distribution of whitebark pine in Alberta. Polygon data are derived from Corns and Achuff (1982) and the Alberta Vegetation Inventory. Point data are from Smith et al. 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The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 after Alberta Sustainable Resource Development 2007b 2005 Rank 1996 Rank 'H¿QLWLRQV $W5LVN Red $Q\VSHFLHVNQRZQWREHAt Risk after formal detailed status assessment and designation as Endangered or Threatened in $OEHUWD 0D\%H$W5LVN %OXH $Q\VSHFLHVWKDWPD\EHDWULVNRIH[WLQFWLRQRUH[WLUSDWLRQDQGLV WKHUHIRUHDFDQGLGDWHIRUGHWDLOHGULVNDVVHVVPHQW Sensitive ([RWLF$OLHQ QD $Q\VSHFLHVWKDWKDVEHHQLQWURGXFHGDVDUHVXOWRIKXPDQDFWLYLWLHV ([WLUSDWHG([WLQFW QD $Q\VSHFLHVQRORQJHUWKRXJKWWREHSUHVHQWLQ$OEHUWD Extirpated) RUQRORQJHUEHOLHYHGWREHSUHVHQWDQ\ZKHUHLQWKHZRUOG Extinct $FFLGHQWDO9DJUDQW QD $Q\VSHFLHVRFFXUULQJLQIUHTXHQWO\DQGXQSUHGLFWDEO\LQ$OEHUWD LHRXWVLGHLWVXVXDOUDQJH B. Alberta Wildlife Act/Regulation 6SHFLHVGHVLJQDWHGDV(QGDQJHUHGXQGHU$OEHUWD¶VWildlife Act include those listed as Endangered or Threatened in the :LOGOLIH5HJXODWLRQ Endangered $VSHFLHVZKRVHSUHVHQWH[LVWHQFHLQ$OEHUWDLVLQGDQJHURIH[WLQFWLRQZLWKLQWKHQH[W GHFDGH 7KUHDWHQHG $VSHFLHVWKDWLVOLNHO\WREHFRPHHQGDQJHUHGLIWKHIDFWRUVFDXVLQJLWVYXOQHUDELOLW\ DUHQRWUHYHUVHG C. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (after COSEWIC 2006) ([WLQFW $VSHFLHVWKDWQRORQJHUH[LVWV ([WLUSDWHG $VSHFLHVWKDWQRORQJHUH[LVWVLQWKHZLOGLQ&DQDGDEXWRFFXUVHOVHZKHUH Endangered $VSHFLHVIDFLQJLPPLQHQWH[WLUSDWLRQRUH[WLQFWLRQ 7KUHDWHQHG $VSHFLHVWKDWLVOLNHO\WREHFRPHHQGDQJHUHGLIOLPLWLQJIDFWRUVDUHQRWUHYHUVHG Special Concern $VSHFLHVWKDWPD\EHFRPHWKUHDWHQHGRUHQGDQJHUHGEHFDXVHRIDFRPELQDWLRQRI ELRORJLFDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDQGLGHQWL¿HGWKUHDWV 1RWDW5LVN $VSHFLHVWKDWKDVEHHQHYDOXDWHGDQGIRXQGWREHQRWDWULVNJLYHQFXUUHQW FLUFXPVWDQFHV 'DWD'H¿FLHQW $category that applies when the available information is insufficient to a) resolve a species' eligiblity for DVVHVVPHQWor b) permit assessment of a species/ risk of extinction 21 Appendix 1FRQWLQXHG D. Heritage Status Ranks: Global (G), National (N), Sub-National (S) DIWHU$OEHUWD1DWXUDO+HULWDJH,QIRUPDWLRQ &HQWUH6a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ot yet UDQNHG, or rank tentatively DVsigneG E. United States Endangered Species Act DIWHU1DWLRQDO5HVHDUFK&RXQFLO Endangered $Q\VSHFLHVZKLFKLVLQGDQJHURIH[WLQFWLRQWKURXJKRXWDOORUDVLJQL¿FDQWSRUWLRQRI LWVUDQJH 7KUHDWHQHG $Q\VSHFLHVZKLFKLVOLNHO\WREHFRPHDQHQGDQJHUHGVSHFLHVZLWKLQWKHIRUHVHHDEOH IXWXUHWKURXJKRXWDOORUDVLJQL¿FDQWSRUWLRQRILWVUDQJH 22 List of Titles in This Series (as of November 2007) No. 1 Status of the Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus) in Alberta, by David R. C. Prescott. 19 pp. (1997) No. 2 Status of the Wolverine (Gulo gulo) in Alberta, by Stephen Petersen. 17 pp. (1997) No. 3 Status of the Northern Long-eared Bat (Myotis septentrionalis) in Alberta, by M. Carolina Caceres and M. J. Pybus. 19 pp. (1997) No. 4 Status of the Ord’s Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys ordii) in Alberta, by David L. Gummer. 16 pp. (1997) No. 5 Status of the Eastern Short-horned Lizard (Phrynosoma douglassii brevirostre) in Alberta, by Janice D. James, Anthony P. Russell and G. Lawrence Powell. 20 pp. (1997) No. 5 Update 2004. Status of the Short-horned Lizard (Phrynosoma hernandesi) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development. 27 pp. (2004) No. 6 Status of the Prairie Rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis viridis) in Alberta, by Sheri M. Watson and Anthony P. Russell. 26 pp. (1997) No. 7 Status of the Swift Fox (Vulpes velox) in Alberta, by Susan E. Cotterill. 17 pp. (1997) No. 8 Status of the Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus anatum) in Alberta, by Petra Rowell and David P. Stepnisky. 23 pp. (1997) No. 9 Status of the Northern Leopard Frog (Rana pipiens) in Alberta, by Greg Wagner. 46 pp. (1997) No. 9 Update 2003. Status of the Northern Leopard Frog (Rana pipiens) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development. 61 pp. (2003) No. 10 Status of the Sprague’s Pipit (Anthus spragueii) in Alberta, by David R. C. Prescott. 14 pp. (1997) No. 11 Status of the Burrowing Owl (Speotyto cunicularia hypugaea) in Alberta, by Troy I. Wellicome. 21 pp. (1997) No. 11 Update 2005. Status of the Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development and Alberta Conservation Association. 28 pp. (2005) No. 12 Status of the Canadian Toad (Bufo hemiophrys) in Alberta, by Ian M. Hamilton, Joann L. Skilnick, Howard Troughton, Anthony P. Russell, and G. Lawrence Powell. 30 pp. (1998) No. 13 Status of the Sage Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus urophasianus) in Alberta, by Cameron L. Aldridge. 23 pp. (1998) No. 14 Status of the Great Plains Toad (Bufo cognatus) in Alberta, by Janice D. James. 26 pp. (1998) No. 15 Status of the Plains Hognose Snake (Heterodon nasicus nasicus) in Alberta, by Jonathan Wright and Andrew Didiuk. 26 pp. (1998) No. 16 Status of the Long-billed Curlew (Numenius americanus) in Alberta, by Dorothy P. Hill. 20 pp. (1998) No. 17 Status of the Columbia Spotted Frog (Rana luteiventris) in Alberta, by Janice D. James. 21 pp. (1998) No. 18 Status of the Ferruginous Hawk (Buteo regalis) in Alberta, by Josef K. Schmutz. 18 pp. (1999) No. 18 Update 2006. Status of the Ferruginous Hawk (Buteo regalis) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development and Alberta Conservation Association. 22 pp. (2006) No. 19 Status of the Red-tailed Chipmunk (7DPLDVUX¿FDXGXV) in Alberta, by Ron Bennett. 15 pp. (1999) No. 20 Status of the Northern Pygmy Owl (Glaucidium gnoma californicum) in Alberta, by Kevin C. Hannah. 20 pp. (1999) No. 21 Status of the Western Blue Flag (Iris missouriensis) in Alberta, by Joyce Gould. 22 pp. (1999) No. 21 Update 2005. Status of the Western Blue Flag (Iris missouriensis) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development and Alberta Conservation Association. 29 pp. (2005) No. 22 Status of the Long-toed Salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum) in Alberta, by Karen L. Graham and G. Lawrence Powell. 19 pp. (1999) No. 23 Status of the Black-throated Green Warbler (Dendroica virens) in Alberta, by Michael R. Norton. 24 pp. (1999) No. 24 Status of the Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus) in Alberta, by David R. C. Prescott and Ronald R. Bjorge. 28 pp. (1999) No. 25 Status of the Plains Spadefoot (Spea bombifrons) in Alberta, by Richard D. Lauzon. 17 pp. (1999) No. 26 Status of the Trumpeter Swan (Cygnus buccinator) in Alberta, by M. Lynne James. 21 pp. (2000) 1R 6WDWXVRIWKH3\JP\:KLWH¿VK Prosopium coulteri) in Alberta, by William C. Mackay. 16 pp. (2000) No. 28 Status of the Short-eared Owl ($VLRÀDPPHXV) in Alberta, by Kort M. Clayton. 15 pp. (2000) No. 29 Status of the Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii) in Alberta, by Bryan Kulba and W. Bruce McGillivray. 15 pp. (2001) No. 30 Status of the Woodland Caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) in Alberta, by Elston Dzus. 47 pp. (2001) No. 31 Status of the Western Spiderwort (Tradescantia occidentalis) in Alberta, by Bonnie Smith. 12 pp. (2001) No. 32 Status of the Bay-breasted Warbler (Dendroica castanea) in Alberta, by Michael Norton. 21 pp. (2001) No. 33 Status of the Cape May Warbler (Dendroica tigrina) in Alberta, by Michael Norton. 20 pp. (2001) No. 34 Status of the Whooping Crane (Grus americana) in Alberta, by Jennifer L. White. 21 pp. (2001) No. 35 Status of Soapweed (Yucca glauca) in Alberta, by Donna Hurlburt. 18 pp. (2001) No. 36 Status of the Harlequin Duck (Histrionicus histrionicus) in Alberta, by Beth MacCallum. 38 pp. (2001) No. 37 Status of the Grizzly Bear (Ursus arctos) in Alberta, by John L. Kansas. 43 pp. (2002) No. 38 Status of the Wood Bison (Bison bison athabascae) in Alberta, by Jonathan A. Mitchell and C. Cormack Gates. 32 pp. (2002) No. 39 Status of the Bull Trout (6DOYHOLQXVFRQÀXHQWXV) in Alberta, by John R. Post and Fiona D. Johnston. 40 pp. (2002) No. 40 Status of the Banff Springs Snail (Physella johnsoni) in Alberta, by Dwayne A.W. Lepitzki. 29 pp. (2002) No. 41 Status of the Shortjaw Cisco (Coregonus zenithicus) in Alberta, by Mark Steinhilber. 23 pp. (2002) No. 42 Status of the Prairie Falcon (Falco mexicanus) in Alberta, by Dale Paton. 28 pp. (2002) No. 43 Status of the American Badger (Taxidea taxus) in Alberta, by Dave Scobie. 17 pp. (2002) No. 44 Status of the Yucca Moth (Tegeticula yuccasella) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development. 21 pp. (2002) No. 45 Status of the White-winged Scoter (Melanitta fusca deglandi) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development. 15 pp. (2002) No. 46 Status of the Lake Sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development. 30 pp. (2002) No. 47 Status of the Western Silvery Minnow (Hybognathus argyritis) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development. 24 pp. (2003) 1R 6WDWXVRIWKH6PDOOÀRZHUHG6DQG9HUEHQD Tripterocalyx micranthus) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development. 24 pp. (2003) No. 49 Status of the Brown Creeper (Certhia americana) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development. 30 pp. (2003) No. 50 Status of the Mountain Plover (Charadrius montanus) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development. 25 pp. (2003) No. 51 Status of the St. Mary Shorthead Sculpin (provisionally Cottus bairdi punctulatus) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development. 24 pp. (2003) No. 52 Status of the Stonecat (1RWXUXVÀDYXV) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development. 22 pp. (2003) No. 53 Status of the Sage Thrasher (Oreoscoptes montanus) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development. 23 pp. (2004) No. 54 Status of the Tiny Cryptanthe (Cryptantha minima) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development. 39 pp. (2004) No. 55 Status of the Slender Mouse-ear-cress (Halimolobos virgata) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development. 27 pp. (2005) No. 56 Status of the Barred Owl (Strix varia) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development. 15 pp. (2005) No. 57 Status of the Arctic Grayling (Thymallus arcticus) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development. 41 pp. (2005) No. 58 Status of the Weidemeyer’s Admiral (Limenitis weidemeyerii) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development and Alberta Conservation Association. 13 pp. (2005) No. 59 Status of the Porsild’s Bryum (Bryum porsildii) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development and Alberta Conservation Association. 30 pp. (2006) No. 60 Status of the Western Grebe (Aechmophorus occidentalis) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development and Alberta Conservation Association. 29 pp. (2006) No. 61 Status of the Westslope Cutthroat Trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisii) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development and Alberta Conservation Association. 34 pp. (2006) No. 62 Status of the Limber Pine (3LQXVÀH[LOLV) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development and Alberta Conservation Association. 17 pp. (2007) No. 63 Status of the Whitebark Pine (Pinus albicaulis) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development and Alberta Conservation Association. 22 pp. (2007)