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Sugar Pine and Its Hybrids Sonderdruck aus: Silvae Gene tic a Sugar Pine and its Hybrids By W. B. Critchfield and B. B. Kinloch J, D. Sauerlanders Verlag, Frankfurt a M> Silvae Genetica 35 (1986) Silvae Genetica Silvae Genetica Silvae Genetica is edited from the . herausgegeben von der 6dite par Bundesforschungsaristalt fur Fqrst- und Bundesforschungsahstalt fiir Forst- und Bundesforschungsanstalt fiir Forst- und Holzwirtschaft Hamburg Holzwirtschaft Hamburg Holzwirtschaft Hamburg - . in collaboration with - unter Mitwirkung von avec la cooperation de D.G.Nikles W. T. Adams M. Hagman Dept. of Forestry bis Dezember 86 Forest Research Institute c/o R. Griffin RillitielO Division of Technical Services {R&U) P. O. Box 631 CSIRO SF-01300 Vantaa 30 Division of Forest Research Finland Indooroopilly 4068 P. O. Box 4008 Queensland H. H, Hattemer Queen Victoria Terrace Australia Institut fur Forstgenetik A. C. T. 2600 und Forstpflanzenztichtung, K. Ohba Australia Forstliche Biometrie und Informatik University of Tsukuba, if. Arbez der UniversitSt GOttingen Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Laboratoire d'Amelioration Biisgenweg 2 Sakura-mura, des Arbres Forestiers de Bordeaux D-3400. Go"ttingen-Weende Ibaraki-ken 305, Recherches Forestieres Bundesrepublik Deutschland Japan Domaine de l'Hermitage-Pierroton 33610 Cestas Principal R. C.Kellison M.QuijadaR. North Carolina State University France Universidad de los Andes School of Forest Resources Facultad de Ciencias Forestales R. D. Barnes Dept. of Forestry Instituto de Silvicultura University of Oxford Box 5488 . Apartado No. 305 Dept. of Agricultural Raleigh, N. C. 27650 M6rida and Forest Sciences U. S. A. Venezuela South Parks Road Oxford OX13RB F. T. Ledig C. J. A. Shelboume England USDA Forest Service Forest Research Institute Pacific Southwest Forest Private Bag W. H. G. Barrett and Range Experiment Station Rotorua Fiplasto Forestal SA P. Oi Box 245 New Zealand Alsina 756 - Piso 8» Berkeley, California 94701 R. H. Silen 1087 Buenos Aires U.S.A. USDA Forest Service Argentina D. Ltndgren Pacific Northwest Forest I. K. Brown The Swedish University and Range Experiment Station University of Aberdeen of Agricultural Sciences Forestry Sciences Laboratory Dept. of Forestry The Faculty of Forestry 3200 Jefferson Way St. Machar Drive Dept. of Forest Genetics CorvalliB, Oregon 97331 Old Aberdeen AB9 2UU • and Plant Physiology U.S.A. Scotland S-901 83 Umea Sweden R. F. Stettler K. G. Eldtidge University of Washington CSIRO C. Mdtyds Biological Sciences Division Division of Forest Research Hungarian Forest Research Institute, College of Forest Resources P.O. Box 4008 Kamon Arboretum 115 Anderson Hall Canberra A. C. T. 2600 H-9707 Szombathely Seattle, Washington 98195 Australia Hungary U.S.A. D. P. Fowler H.J.Muhs J. W. Wright Marltimes Forest Research Centre Institut fiir Forstgenetik Michigan State University Canadian Forestry Service und Forstpflanzenztichtung Dept. of Forestry Tree Improvement Siekerlandstrafie 2 East Lansing, Michigan 48824 P.O. Box 4000 D-2070 GroBhansdorf 2-Schmalenbeck U. S. A. Frederictbn, N. B. E3B 5P7 Bundesrepublik Deutschland Canada G. Namkoong M.Giertych USDA Forest Service Instytut Dendrologii Southeastern Forest Experiment Station Polskiej Akademii Nauk North Carolina State University 63-120 K6rnik Dept. of Genetics ul.ParkowaS P. O. Box Poland Raleigh, N. C. 27695 U. S. A. Editorial Office: G. Heinrich Melchior Schriftleitung: G. Heinrich Melchior Maison d'Edition: G. Heinrich Melchior in co-operation with Siegfried Herrmann in Zusammenarbeit mit Siegfried Herr avec la coopgratoh de Siegfried Herr mann mann Address: SiekerlandstraBe 2' Adresse: SiekerlandstraBe 2 Adresse: SiekerlandstraBe 2 D-2070 Grosshansdorf 2 D-2070 GroBhansdorf 2 D-2070 Grosshansdorf 2 (Schmalenbeck), (Schmalenbeck), (Schmalenbeck) Federal Republic of Germany Bundesrepublik Deutschland Rgpublique federale d'Allemagne Rules for publishing a manuscript in Sil Richtlinien zur VerOffentliehung eines Ma- Des instructions pour publier un manus- vae Genetica can be requested from the nuskriptes in Silvae Genetica kannen von crit dans Silvae Genetica peuvent fetre publishing house or from the editorial der Redaktion Oder vom Verlag angefor- demandSes a la redaction ou a la maison office. dertwerden. d'6dition. Sugar Pine and its Hybrids By W. B. Critchfield and B. B. Kinloch Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Berkeley, CA 94701, USA (Received 7th August 1985) Summary with any other member of this morphologically coherent and otherwise highly crossable group, however. Verified Unlike most white pines, sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana) hybrids have been produced with only two other species, is severely restricted in its ability to hybridize with other species. It has not been successfully crossed with any other both white pines native to eastern Asia: P. armandii North American white pine, nor with those Eurasian white Franch. and P. koraiensis Sieb. and Zucc. (Stone and Duf- pines it most closely resembles. Crosses with the dissimilar field 1950). Shaw (1914), in his landmark monograph of the P. koraiensis and P. armandii, both native to eastern Asia, pines, used just two characteristics to segregate the white have produced one and a few hybrids respectively. These pines into groups: presence or absence of seed wings and Asian species are highly resistant to white pine blister opening or "indehiscence" of mature cones. Both Asian rust (Cronartium ribicola), and hybrids and hybrid deriva species differ from sugar pine in having wingless seeds, tives of sugar pine X P. armandii show some enhancement and the indehiscent cone of P. koraiensis has scales that of resistance to this disease. fail to separate sufficiently to permit seed shedding. Shaw Key words: Pinus lambertiana, white pines, blister rust, Cronar placed each of these species in a different group within tium ribicola, resistance. section Strobus: sugar pine in Strobi, P. koraiensis in Cem- Zusammenfassung brae, and P. armandii in Flexiles. This classification is still widely used, often with minor modifications (e.g. Little and Anders als die meisten Kiefernarten der Sektion Strobus Critchfield 1969), but the crossing behavior of sugar pine ist Pinus lambertiana in ihrer Fahigkeit, mit anderen Ar- and its Asian relatives has helped to undermine the as ten zu hybridisieren, stark eingeschrankt. Es gibt keine er- sumptions on which the classification is based. folgreichen Kreuzungen, weder mit irgendeiner anderen nordamerikanischen Kiefernart, noch mit den eurasischen The reproductive barriers that restrict or prevent cros Arten, denen sie am meisten ahnelt. Kreuzungen mit den sing between species are quite different in the two prin unahnlichen Arten Pinus koraiensis und Pinus armandii, cipal groups of pines: the white pines of section Strobus beide in Ostasien beheimatet, ergaben einen bzw. wenige and the hard pines of section Pinus. According to Kriebel Hybriden. Diese asiatischen Arten sind in hohem Malte ge- (1972, 1975, pers. comm. Aug. 1981), there are no well-do gen Cronartium ribicola resistent und Hybriden, sowie Hy- cumented exceptions to the generalization that barriers be brid-Nachkommenschaften von P. lambertiana X P. ar tween hard pines are expressed before fertilization and mandii zeigten eine erhohte Resistenz gegen diese Krank- barriers between white pines after fertilization. Kriebel heit. emphasized histological evidence in establishing the devel Introduction opmental stage at which reproductive processes break down, but routine crossing data (numbers of female strobili, Among the white pines (genus Pinus, section Strobus), the least predictable in crossing behavior is sugar pine cones, sound seeds, and hollow seeds) can also be used to (P. lambertiana Dougl.), a valuable timber species native determine whether breakdowns occur before or after ferti to the Pacific Slope of North America between central lization. This is possible because the seeds of pines (Buch- Oregon and Baja California. Within section Strobus, sugar holz 1945), including sugar pine (Krugman 1961), reach their pine is grouped with other American and Eurasian white final size by the time of fertilization and develop hard pines having winged seeds and cones that open and shed seedcoats then or shortly thereafter. Thus pre-fertilization their seeds at maturity. It has not been successfully crossed barriers, which cause the abortion of conelets or individual Silvae Genetica 35, 4 (1986) 138 ovules, reduce the numbers of mature cones or seed coats the cross P. armandii X P. koraiensis (Wright 1959). A cone- harvested. Post-fertilization barriers, which cause the abor bearing graft from this cross growing at the IFG is not a tion of embryo and female gametophyte within the seed hybrid, however. It is identical to P. armandii in several coat, increase the number of hollow seeds without affect features that distinguish that species from P. koraiensis ing the total number of seed coats extracted from a cone. (Shaw 1914): glabrous twigs, dehiscent cones with long (3- Most crosses summarized in this paper resemble other white cm) peduncles, apophyses that are not long and reflexed, a pine crosses in the timing of repreoductive breakdowns, but well-defined spermoderm confined to the dorsal (upper) one species combination was blocked partly by a pre-fertili- face of the seed, and a poorly defined hilum. Pollen from zation barrier producing significantly high levels of ovule P. lambertiana was used in hybridization attempts
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