DOCSLIB.ORG

A Range-Wide Restoration Strategy for Whitebark Pine (Pinus Albicaulis)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

United States Department A Range-Wide Restoration Strategy for of Agriculture Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station Whitebark Pine (Pinus albicaulis) General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-279 June 2012 Keane, Robert E.; Tomback, D.F.; Aubry, C.A.; Bower, A.D.; Campbell, E.M.; Cripps, C.L.; Jenkins, M.B.; Mahalovich, M.F.; Manning, M.; McKinney, S.T.; Murray, M.P.; Perkins, D.L.; Reinhart, D.P.; Ryan, C.; Schoettle, A.W.; Smith, C.M. 2012. A range-wide restoration strategy for whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis). Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-279. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 108 p. ABSTRACT Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis), an important component of western high- elevation forests, has been declining in both the United States and Canada since the early Twentieth Century from the combined effects of mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) outbreaks, fire exclusion policies, and the spread of the exotic disease white pine blister rust (caused by the pathogen Cronartium ribicola). The pine is now a candidate species for listing under the Endangered Species Act. Within the last decade, with major surges of pine beetle and increasing damage and mortality from blister rust, the cumulative whitebark pine losses have altered high-elevation community composition and ecosystem processes in many regions. Whitebark pine is a keystone species because of its various roles in supporting community diversity and a foundation species for its roles in promoting community development and stability. Since more than 90 percent of whitebark pine forests occur on public lands in the United States and Canada, maintaining whitebark pine communities requires a coordinated and trans-boundary effort across Federal and provincial land management agencies to develop a comprehensive strategy for restoration of this declining ecosystem. We outline a range-wide strategy for maintaining whitebark pine populations in high mountain areas based on the most current knowledge of the efficacy of techniques and differences in their application across communities. The strategy is written as a general guide for planning, designing, implementing, and evaluating fine-scale restoration activities for whitebark pine by public land management agencies, and to encourage agency and inter-agency coordination for greater efficiency. The strategy is organized into six scales of implementation, and each scale is described by assessment factors, restoration techniques, management concerns, and examples. Keywords: whitebark pine, ecosystem restoration, fire regime, blister rust, mountain pine beetle, grizzly bear, Clark’s nutcracker, seed dispersal, regeneration, red squirrels, upper subalpine communities, climate change The use of trade or firm names in the publication is for reader information and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture of any product or service. You may order additional copies of this publication by sending your mailing information in label form through one of the following media. Please specify the publication title and series number. Publishing Services Telephone (970) 498-1392 FAX (970) 498-1122 E-mail [email protected] Website http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/publications Mailing address Publications Distribution Rocky Mountain Research Station 240 West Prospect Road Fort Collins, CO 80526 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) forests are declining across most of their range in North America because of the combined effects of mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) outbreaks, fire exclusion policies, and the exotic pathogen Cronartium ribicola, which infects five-needle white pines and causes the disease white pine blister rust. The loss of this high-elevation tree species poses serious consequences for upper subalpine ecosystems, both in terms of impacts on biodiversity and losses in ecosystem processes; whitebark pine is now a candidate species for listing under the Endangered Species Act. Large, nutritious seeds produced by whitebark pine are an important food for many bird and small mammal species, as well as grizzly (Ursus arctos horribilis) and black bears (Ursus americanus), and whitebark pine communities provide habitat for many additional wildlife species. Whitebark pine seed dispersal by Clark’s nutcrackers (Nucifraga columbiana) combined with hardy seedlings results in early whitebark pine community development after fire and other disturbances; whitebark pine seedlings survive on harsh, arid sites and may act as nurse trees to less hardy conifers and vegetation. Whitebark pine at higher elevations, where it is common in many regions, helps regulate snow melt and reduce soil erosion. For these collective functions, whitebark pine is considered both a keystone species for promoting community diversity and a foundation species for promoting community stability. Since more than 90 percent of whitebark pine forests exist on public land in the United States and Canada, it is important that government natural resource management agencies play an important role in ensuring future presence of this tree species by initiating concerted, coordinated, and comprehensive restoration efforts. This is best accomplished through a coordinated, trans-boundary restoration strategy that includes shared infrastructure and expertise for conserving seeds, growing blister rust-resistant seedlings, protecting trees, restoring ecosystem processes, and promoting natural regeneration. We detail a multi-scale strategy for restoring whitebark pine across its range in the western United States and Canada. The strategy was compiled by researchers, land managers, and resource specialists for use as a reference for prioritizing, designing, and implementing successful whitebark pine restoration activities across many scales from stands to landscapes to its entire range. The whitebark pine restoration strategy consists of the following principles: (1) promote rust resistance, (2) conserve genetic diversity, (3) save seed sources, and (4) employ restoration treatments. These guiding principles are then used to implement the whitebark pine restoration strategy using a set of possible actions: 1. assess condition, 2. plan activities, 3. reduce pest impacts, 4. gather seed, 5. grow seedlings, 6. protect seed sources, 7. implement restoration treatments, 8. plant burned areas, 9. support research, and 10. monitor activities. The strategy is also organized by six spatial scales of analysis and organization: 1. range-wide, 2. region (National Forest Region or Provincial Regions), 3. forest (National Forest, National Park, and Canadian Forest District), 4. landscape (watershed or landform), 5. stand, and 6. tree. At each scale, we present four important factors in the restoration strategy: (1) assessment, (2) restoration actions, (3) management concerns, and (4) an example. Strategic restoration plans are presented for the coarse-scale strategies, while illustrated examples are presented for the finer scales (tree, stand, and landscape). i AUTHORS Robert E. Keane is a Research Ecologist with the U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station at the Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory in Missoula, Montana. His most recent research includes (1) developing ecological computer simulation models for exploring landscape, fire, and climate dynamics, (2) sampling, describing, modeling, and mapping fuel characteristics, and (3) investigating the ecology and restoration of whitebark pine. He received his B.S. degree in Forest Engineering from the University of Maine, Orono; his M.S. degree in Forest Ecology from the University of Montana, Missoula; and his Ph.D. in Forest Ecology from the University of Idaho, Moscow. Diana F. Tomback is a Professor in the Department of Integrative Biology University of Colorado Denver, an Evolutionary Ecologist and Conservation Biologist, and volunteer Director of the Whitebark Pine Ecosystem Foundation, a non-profit organization based in Missoula, Montana. Her current research examines several aspects of the interaction between Clark’s nutcrackers and whitebark pine, including: (1) timeframe of post-fire regeneration of whitebark pine, (2) detecting changes in nutcracker seed dispersal services as whitebark pine declines, and (3) the role of whitebark pine in vegetation dynamics at treeline. She received her B.A. and M.A. degrees in Zoology from the University of California at Los Angeles, and her Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from the University of California at Santa Barbara. Carol A. Aubry is a Forest Geneticist with the U.S. Forest Service, Olympic National Forest in Olympia, Washington. She works on National Forests in the Pacific Northwest, and her work focuses on the protection and management of forest genetic resources, including (1) whitebark pine conservation and restoration, and (2) climate change adaptation strategies for forest tree species. She received her B.S. degree in Biology from the University of Hartford, Connecticut; her M.S. degree in Forestry from Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies; and her Ph.D. in Forest Genetics from Oregon State University, Corvallis. Andrew D. Bower is a Forest Geneticist with the U.S. Forest Service, Olympic National Forest in Olympia, Washington. Andrew is the U.S. Forest Service Pacific Northwest Region Whitebark Pine Restoration Program Lead and has been involved in research on genetic issues with whitebark pine since 2001. He received his B.S. degree in Forestry from the University
Recommended publications
  • NATURESCAPE BRITISH COLUMBIA Caring for Wildlife Habitat at Home

    NATURESCAPE BRITISH COLUMBIA Caring for Wildlife Habitat at Home

    The Stewardship Series NATURESCAPE BRITISH COLUMBIA Caring for Wildlife Habitat at Home Native Plant and Animal Booklet, Coast and Mountains Naturescape British Columbia IS FUNDED BY For More information, call 1-800-387-9853 National Library of Canada Cataloguing in Publication Data Main entry under title: Naturescape British Columbia. Native plant and animal booklet, coast & mountains. – [Stewardship series] Consists of 2 v. in 1. Title on v. [2]: Naturescape British Columbia. Resource booklet, coast & mountains. Vol. [2] compiled by Saila Hull. Also available on the Internet. ISBN 0-7726-5179-5 1. Animals - British Columbia. 2. Plants - British Columbia. 3. Biotic communities - British Columbia. 4. Coastal ecology - British Columbia. 5. Nature conservation - Bibliography. 6. Nature conservation - British Columbia – Information resources. 7. Pacific Coast (B.C.) – Environmental conditions. I. MacDonald, Andrew, 1965- II. Hull, Saila. III. Naturescape British Columbia. IV. Title: Naturescape British Columbia. Resource booklet, coast & mountains. QH77.C3 N37 2004 578’.097111 C2004-960069-9 Notice: The information contained in the Naturescape British Columbia Guide and booklets is true and complete to the best of our knowledge. All recommendations are made without any guarantees on the part of the authors and Naturescape British Columbia sponsors. Because the means, materials and procedures followed by home- owners are beyond our control, the authors and Naturescape British Columbia disclaim all liability in connection with the use of this
  • Garibaldi Provincial Park M ASTER LAN P

    Garibaldi Provincial Park M ASTER LAN P

    Garibaldi Provincial Park M ASTER LAN P Prepared by South Coast Region North Vancouver, B.C. Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data Main entry under title: Garibaldi Provincial Park master plan On cover: Master plan for Garibaldi Provincial Park. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-7726-1208-0 1. Garibaldi Provincial Park (B.C.) 2. Parks – British Columbia – Planning. I. British Columbia. Ministry of Parks. South Coast Region. II Title: Master plan for Garibaldi Provincial Park. FC3815.G37G37 1990 33.78”30971131 C90-092256-7 F1089.G3G37 1990 TABLE OF CONTENTS GARIBALDI PROVINCIAL PARK Page 1.0 PLAN HIGHLIGHTS 1 2.0 INTRODUCTION 2 2.1 Plan Purpose 2 2.2 Background Summary 3 3.0 ROLE OF THE PARK 4 3.1 Regional and Provincial Context 4 3.2 Conservation Role 6 3.3 Recreation Role 6 4.0 ZONING 8 5.0 NATURAL AND CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 11 5.1 Introduction 11 5.2 Natural Resources Management: Objectives/Policies/Actions 11 5.2.1 Land Management 11 5.2.2 Vegetation Management 15 5.2.3 Water Management 15 5.2.4 Visual Resource Management 16 5.2.5 Wildlife Management 16 5.2.6 Fish Management 17 5.3 Cultural Resources 17 6.0 VISITOR SERVICES 6.1 Introduction 18 6.2 Visitor Opportunities/Facilities 19 6.2.1 Hiking/Backpacking 19 6.2.2 Angling 20 6.2.3 Mountain Biking 20 6.2.4 Winter Recreation 21 6.2.5 Recreational Services 21 6.2.6 Outdoor Education 22 TABLE OF CONTENTS VISITOR SERVICES (Continued) Page 6.2.7 Other Activities 22 6.3 Management Services 22 6.3.1 Headquarters and Service Yards 22 6.3.2 Site and Facility Design Standards
  • Review of British Columbia's Contemporary and Projected

    Review of British Columbia's Contemporary and Projected

    Review of British Columbia’s contemporary and projected western larch seed planning zones in light of climate change. Barry Jaquish Research and Knowledge Management Branch, B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre, Vernon, B.C. February 26, 2010 Background The catastrophic effects of mountain pine beetle on the forests of central British Columbia combined with the projected effects of climate change have stimulated intense debate over forest management throughout the region. One commonly suggested approach to mitigating these effects is to increase the region’s ecosystem complexity through the planting of either exotic tree species or native species whose distribution lies outside the central Interior. While the benefits of introducing exotic species remains controversial and speculative, the assisted, or facilitated, migration of native species presents a valuable tool for enhancing ecological complexity and ensuring the species’ pace of migration matches the expected rate of climate change. Western larch (Larix occidentalis Nutt), a species native to the upper Columbia River basin in southeastern B.C. (Fig. 1), is often suggested as a desirable candidate for introduction because of its rapid early growth, desirable wood properties, and generalist mode of adaptation. Indeed, western larch is already commonly planted north of its native range in southeastern B.C. (Plate 1) and over the last three decades numerous small operational and research plantings have demonstrated western larch’s reforestation potential on many sites throughout the central Interior (Plates 2, 3, 4, and 5). Ecologically, it appears that western larch’s fundamental niche exceeds its realized niche. Climate envelope modelling also suggests that the future climate space amenable to western larch lies far north of its contemporary distribution.
  • Stuart, Trees & Shrubs

    Stuart, Trees & Shrubs

    Excerpted from ©2001 by the Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. May not be copied or reused without express written permission of the publisher. click here to BUY THIS BOOK INTRODUCTION HOW THE BOOK IS ORGANIZED Conifers and broadleaved trees and shrubs are treated separately in this book. Each group has its own set of keys to genera and species, as well as plant descriptions. Plant descriptions are or- ganized alphabetically by genus and then by species. In a few cases, we have included separate subspecies or varieties. Gen- era in which we include more than one species have short generic descriptions and species keys. Detailed species descrip- tions follow the generic descriptions. A species description in- cludes growth habit, distinctive characteristics, habitat, range (including a map), and remarks. Most species descriptions have an illustration showing leaves and either cones, flowers, or fruits. Illustrations were drawn from fresh specimens with the intent of showing diagnostic characteristics. Plant rarity is based on rankings derived from the California Native Plant Society and federal and state lists (Skinner and Pavlik 1994). Two lists are presented in the appendixes. The first is a list of species grouped by distinctive morphological features. The second is a checklist of trees and shrubs indexed alphabetically by family, genus, species, and common name. CLASSIFICATION To classify is a natural human trait. It is our nature to place ob- jects into similar groups and to place those groups into a hier- 1 TABLE 1 CLASSIFICATION HIERARCHY OF A CONIFER AND A BROADLEAVED TREE Taxonomic rank Conifer Broadleaved tree Kingdom Plantae Plantae Division Pinophyta Magnoliophyta Class Pinopsida Magnoliopsida Order Pinales Sapindales Family Pinaceae Aceraceae Genus Abies Acer Species epithet magnifica glabrum Variety shastensis torreyi Common name Shasta red fir mountain maple archy.
  • Pines in the Arboretum

    Pines in the Arboretum

    UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA MtJ ARBORETUM REVIEW No. 32-198 PETER C. MOE Pines in the Arboretum Pines are probably the best known of the conifers native to The genus Pinus is divided into hard and soft pines based on the northern hemisphere. They occur naturally from the up­ the hardness of wood, fundamental leaf anatomy, and other lands in the tropics to the limits of tree growth near the Arctic characteristics. The soft or white pines usually have needles in Circle and are widely grown throughout the world for timber clusters of five with one vascular bundle visible in cross sec­ and as ornamentals. In Minnesota we are limited by our cli­ tions. Most hard pines have needles in clusters of two or three mate to the more cold hardy species. This review will be with two vascular bundles visible in cross sections. For the limited to these hardy species, their cultivars, and a few hy­ discussion here, however, this natural division will be ignored brids that are being evaluated at the Arboretum. and an alphabetical listing of species will be used. Where neces­ Pines are readily distinguished from other common conifers sary for clarity, reference will be made to the proper groups by their needle-like leaves borne in clusters of two to five, of particular species. spirally arranged on the stem. Spruce (Picea) and fir (Abies), Of the more than 90 species of pine, the following 31 are or for example, bear single leaves spirally arranged. Larch (Larix) have been grown at the Arboretum. It should be noted that and true cedar (Cedrus) bear their leaves in a dense cluster of many of the following comments and recommendations are indefinite number, whereas juniper (Juniperus) and arborvitae based primarily on observations made at the University of (Thuja) and their related genera usually bear scalelikie or nee­ Minnesota Landscape Arboretum, and plant performance dlelike leaves that are opposite or borne in groups of three.
  • Western Larch, Which Is the Largest of the American Larches, Occurs Throughout the Forests of West- Ern Montana, Northern Idaho, and East- Ern Washington and Oregon

    Western Larch, Which Is the Largest of the American Larches, Occurs Throughout the Forests of West- Ern Montana, Northern Idaho, and East- Ern Washington and Oregon

    Forest An American Wood Service Western United States Department of Agriculture Larch FS-243 The spectacular western larch, which is the largest of the American larches, occurs throughout the forests of west- ern Montana, northern Idaho, and east- ern Washington and Oregon. Western larch wood ranks among the strongest of the softwoods. It is especially suited for construction purposes and is exten- sively used in the manufacture of lumber and plywood. The species has also been used for poles. Water-soluble gums, readily extracted from the wood chips, are used in the printing and pharmaceutical industries. F–522053 An American Wood Western Larch (Lark occidentalis Nutt.) David P. Lowery1 Distribution Western larch grows in the upper Co- lumbia River Basin of southeastern British Columbia, northeastern Wash- ington, northwest Montana, and north- ern and west-central Idaho. It also grows on the east slopes of the Cascade Mountains in Washington and north- central Oregon and in the Blue and Wallowa Mountains of southeast Wash- ington and northeast Oregon (fig. 1). Western larch grows best in the cool climates of mountain slopes and valleys on deep porous soils that may be grav- elly, sandy, or loamy in texture. The largest trees grow in western Montana and northern Idaho. Western larch characteristically occu- pies northerly exposures, valley bot- toms, benches, and rolling topography. It occurs at elevations of from 2,000 to 5,500 feet in the northern part of its range and up to 7,000 feet in the south- ern part of its range. The species some- times grows in nearly pure stands, but is most often found in association with other northern Rocky Mountain con- ifers.
  • Modeling the Effects of Climate Change on Western Larch Stands in Idaho Eric Olson Advisor: Kristen M

    Modeling the Effects of Climate Change on Western Larch Stands in Idaho Eric Olson Advisor: Kristen M

    Northern Arizona University School of Forestry Spring 2018 Modeling the Effects of Climate Change on Western Larch Stands in Idaho Eric Olson Advisor: Kristen M. Waring, Ph. D. Readers: Peter Fulé, Ph. D. and John Riling TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract Section 2.6. Management Strategy Modeling Section 1. Introduction Forest Vegetation Simulator Time Scale Section 1.1. Climate Change Section 1.2. Land Management and Western Larch Climate-FVS USFS National Forests Climate-FVS Regeneration Western Larch Fire and Fuel Extension Study Approach Section 3. Results Section 2. Methods Section 3.1 Current Conditions at Project Scale Section 2.1. Study Areas Section 3.2 Future Projections Section 2.2. Data Sources BNF Section 2.3. Treatments Defined No Action Section 2.4. Desired Landscape-Scale Conditions Resistance Species Composition Resilience Density IPNF Fire Hazard No Action Section 2.5. Management Options Resistance No Action Resilience Resistance Resilience Section 4. Discussion Section 5. Conclusion Literature Cited 1 Abstract Climate change research has shown irrefutably that global temperatures are rising, and almost all climate-model projections agree that in the coming decades the western US is likely to experience warmer springs and summers. Hotter and drier conditions are a concern for the future of western forests because climate is an important factor in determining plant distributions. The general effects of climate change on forests include a significant increase to the variability in disturbance regimes, shifts in species ranges, or a shift in germination and establishment requirements. Adding to the complexity of challenges faced by western forests are the poor land management practices of the 20th century, such as fire suppression and high- grade logging, which have led to an adverse change in forest structure including a decline in shade intolerant species such as western larch (Larix occidentalis).
  • Wildfire Severity and Postfire Salvage Harvest Effects on Long‐Term Forest

    Wildfire Severity and Postfire Salvage Harvest Effects on Long‐Term Forest

    Wildfire severity and postfire salvage harvest effects on long-term forest regeneration 1,2, 3 4 1,4 NICHOLAS A. POVAK , DEREK J. CHURCHILL, C. ALINA CANSLER, PAUL F. HESSBURG , 4 4 5 6 VAN R. KANE, JONATHAN T. KANE, JAMES A. LUTZ , AND ANDREW J. LARSON 1USDA-Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 1133 N Western Avenue, Wenatchee, Washington 98801-1229 USA 2Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830 USA 3Washington State Department of Natural Resources, Forest Health and Resiliency Division, Olympia, Washington 98504 USA 4School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, Washington 98195 USA 5Quinney College of Natural Resources & Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322 USA 6W.A. Franke College of Forestry & Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812 USA Citation: Povak, N. A., D. J. Churchill, C. A. Cansler, P. F. Hessburg, V. R. Kane, J. T. Kane, J. A. Lutz, and A. J. Larson. 2020. Wildfire severity and postfire salvage harvest effects on long-term forest regeneration. Ecosphere 11(8):e03199. 10. 1002/ecs2.3199 Abstract. Following a wildfire, regeneration to forest can take decades to centuries and is no longer assured in many western U.S. environments given escalating wildfire severity and warming trends. After large fire years, managers prioritize where to allocate scarce planting resources, often with limited informa- tion on the factors that drive successful forest establishment. Where occurring, long-term effects of postfire salvage operations can increase uncertainty of establishment. Here, we collected field data on postfire regeneration patterns within 13- to 28-yr-old burned patches in eastern Washington State.
  • Rutgers Home Gardeners School: Dwarf Conifer Presentation

    Rutgers Home Gardeners School: Dwarf Conifer Presentation

    Dwarf Conifers and Other Dwarf Ornamentals: Their Use in the Landscape Why Dwarf Conifers and Dwarf Ornamentals? Long lifespan in the garden Take up little space Management/Maintenance is done with both feet on the ground Many species live in pots 1 Attributes of dwarf conifers in containers They are easily transported from one part of the garden to another Evergreen forms provide much needed color/texture and form in the winter landscape. Some of the larger dwarfs end up bonsaiing themselves naturally in pots due to root restriction Once established, they require the moisture requirements of the rest of the garden Growing requirements: Light Full sun to half a day is required If only half a day you can choose between morning and afternoon. Note: With dwarf flowering ornamentals, they prefer more than half a day of sun. 2 Growing requirements: Water With permanent plantings in the garden, water twice a week for the first 4 to 6 weeks, after the initial time period, drop back to once a week. With pots and container gardening, water twice a week for the first 4 to 6 weeks and once a week thereafter through November 15 through the 30th. Note: containers will need to be checked for water needs throughout the winter. Growing requirements: Fertilization With dwarf conifers, they can go without fertilizer every other year. Application is early April: soil has to warm up so the fertilizer is used. Use an organic fertilizer like Hollytone. With all other dwarf ornamentals, feed in early April, Hollytone or Plant tone for example.
  • Using Multiple Methodologies to Understand Within Species Variability of Adelges and Pineus (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha) Tav Aronowitz University of Vermont

    Using Multiple Methodologies to Understand Within Species Variability of Adelges and Pineus (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha) Tav Aronowitz University of Vermont

    University of Vermont ScholarWorks @ UVM Graduate College Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses 2017 Using Multiple Methodologies to Understand within Species Variability of Adelges and Pineus (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha) Tav Aronowitz University of Vermont Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis Part of the Biology Commons, Entomology Commons, and the Environmental Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Aronowitz, Tav, "Using Multiple Methodologies to Understand within Species Variability of Adelges and Pineus (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha)" (2017). Graduate College Dissertations and Theses. 713. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/713 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Dissertations and Theses at ScholarWorks @ UVM. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate College Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ UVM. For more information, please contact [email protected]. USING MULTIPLE METHODOLOGIES TO UNDERSTAND WITHIN SPECIES VARIABILITY OF ADELGES AND PINEUS (HEMIPTERA: STERNORRHYNCHA) A Thesis Presented by Tav (Hanna) Aronowitz to The Faculty of the Graduate College of The University of Vermont In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Specializing in Natural Resources May, 2017 Defense Date: March 6, 2016 Thesis Examination Committee: Kimberly Wallin, Ph.D., Advisor Ingi Agnarsson, Ph.D., Chairperson James D. Murdoch, Ph.D. Cynthia J. Forehand, Ph.D., Dean of the Graduate College ABSTRACT The species of two genera in Insecta: Hemiptera: Adelgidae were investigated through the lenses of genetics, morphology, life cycle and host species. The systematics are unclear due to complex life cycles, including multigenerational polymorphism, host switching and cyclical parthenogenesis. I studied the hemlock adelgids, including the nonnative invasive hemlock woolly adelgid on the east coast of the United States, that are currently viewed as a single species.
  • Pinus Monticola Doulg. Ex D. Don Family: Pinaceae Western White Pine

    Pinus Monticola Doulg. Ex D. Don Family: Pinaceae Western White Pine

    Pinus monticola Doulg. Ex D. Don Family: Pinaceae Western White Pine The genus Pinus is composed of about 100 species native to temperate and tropical regions of the world. Wood of pine can be separated microscopically into the white, red and yellow pine groups. The word pinus is the classical Latin name. The word monticola means inhabiting mountains. Other Common Names: Berg-tall, Columbia pijn, finger-cone pine, Idaho white pine, little sugar pine, mountain pine, mountain white pine, Norway white pine, pin argente, pin argente americain, pino bianco americano, pino blanco americano, silver pine, soft pine, vasterns Weymouth-tall, western white pine, Weymouth berg-pijn, Weymouth mountain pine, white pine, yellow pine. Distribution: Western white pine is native to the mountains ffrom northwestern Montana, extreme southwestern Alberta and southern British Columbia, south to Washington, Oregon and California through the Sierra Nevada to western Nevada and central California. The Tree: Western white pine trees reach heights of 180 feet, with a clear bole for 70 to 100 feet and diameters of 3.5 feet. Over mature trees may reach heights of 197 feet, with diameters of almost 6 feet. They may grow for 300 to 400 years. General Wood Characteristics: The sapwood of western white pine is nearly white to pale yellow, while the heartwood is cream to light reddish brown and may turn darker upon exposure. The wood has a slight resinous odor, but no characteristic taste. It is straight grained and has a rather coarse texture. It is also soft, light, is moderately weak in bending, moderately strong in end compression and moderately low in shock resistance.
  • Growth Response of Whitebark Pine (Pinus Albicaulis) Regeneration to Thinning and Prescribed Burn Release Treatments

    Growth Response of Whitebark Pine (Pinus Albicaulis) Regeneration to Thinning and Prescribed Burn Release Treatments

    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 2017 GROWTH RESPONSE OF WHITEBARK PINE (PINUS ALBICAULIS) REGENERATION TO THINNING AND PRESCRIBED BURN RELEASE TREATMENTS Molly L. McClintock Retzlaff Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Part of the Forest Management Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Retzlaff, Molly L. McClintock, "GROWTH RESPONSE OF WHITEBARK PINE (PINUS ALBICAULIS) REGENERATION TO THINNING AND PRESCRIBED BURN RELEASE TREATMENTS" (2017). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 11094. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/11094 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. GROWTH RESPONSE OF WHITEBARK PINE (PINUS ALBICAULIS) REGENERATION TO THINNING AND PRESCRIBED BURN RELEASE TREATMENTS By MOLLY LINDEN MCCLINTOCK RETZLAFF Bachelor of Arts, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, 2012 Thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Forestry The University of Montana Missoula, MT December 2017 Approved by: Dr. Scott Whittenburg, Dean Graduate School Dr. David Affleck, Chair Department of Forest Management Dr. John Goodburn Department of Forest Management Dr. Sharon Hood USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station © COPYRIGHT by Molly Linden McClintock Retzlaff 2017 All Rights Reserved ii Retzlaff, Molly, M.S., Winter 2017 Forestry Growth response of Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) regeneration to thinning and prescribed burn release treatments Chairperson: Dr.