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Western White Pine Bulletin January 10, 1917 F Western White Pine Bulletin January 10, 1917 F. I. Rockwell Photo Credit Cover Photo: Old growth western white pine circa 1913, courtesy of the Latah County Historical Society. The photo, No. 25-03-072, is apparently one of a series taken by the American Lumberman on or about September 13, 1913 about 1/2 mile west of Collins (4 miles north of Bovill, ID). WESTERN WHITE PINE BULLETIN January 10, 1917 U.S. Forest Service Northern Region i WESTERN WHITE PINE PART I THE TREE AND THE STAND JANUARY 10, 1917 By F. I. Rockwell Transcribed by Daniel L. Miller Precision Forestry LLC 2015 ii WESTERN WHITE PINE PART I – THE TREE AND THE STAND Page INTRODUCTION 1 Purpose of Publication 1 Nomenclature 1 Habit 1 THE WOOD 2 Quality 2 Physical and Mechanical Properties 2 Lumber Grades 3 Utilization 3 Annual Cut 3 Markets and Uses 4 DISTRIBUTION AND INFLUENCES AFFECTING IT 4 Range 4 Merchantable Stand 5 Factors Controlling Distribution 5 Precipitation 9 Humidity 9 Soil 10 Relative Moisture Requirements 13 Temperature 13 Aspect 14 Altitude 14 Light Requirements 18 FOREST TYPES 20 The Western White pine Type 20 General Description 20 Proportion of Western White Pine 21 Composition of the Stands 21 Codominant Associates 21 Subordinate Associates 24 The Climax Type 24 Weed Species 25 Density and Number of Trees per Acre 25 Other Interior Types 25 Northern Coast Types 26 General Description 26 Douglas Fir Type 26 Mixed Fir Type 26 Southern Coast Types 27 iii Page SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INJURIES 28 Fire 28 Insects 29 The Mountain Pine Beetle 29 Other Insects 30 Control of Depredations 30 Fungus Diseases 31 Armillaria mellea 32 Echinodontiun tinctorium 33 Trametes pini 33 Polyporus schweinitzii 34 Fomes annosus 35 White pine Blister Rust (Peridermium strobi) 35 Needle Disease (Lophodermiun pinastri) 36 Windfall 36 Deterioration of Dead White pine 36 Fire-killed Timber 36 Insect-killed Timber 38 REPRODUCTION 38 Seed Production 38 Seed Dissemination 39 Germination of Seed 42 Seedling Development 47 GROWTH 51 Height 52 Under Full Light 52 Under Influenced of Overhead Shade 55 Recovery from Suppression 59 Diameter 59 Recovery from Suppression 59 YIELDS PER ACRE OF WESTERN WHITE PINE 61 Average Yields of the Type 61 Maximum Yields 62 Pure Fully-stocked Stands 65 Pure Stands over Large Areas 68 Mixtures with Important Species 71 White pine – Western Larch Mixtures 71 Mixtures with Red Cedar 71 Mixtures with Balsam Firs and Hemlocks 73 White Pine – Douglas Fir Mixtures 73 Spruce and Other Mixtures on Lolo Forest 76 Pacific Coast Types 77 Summary Maximum Yields and Annual Growth 77 iv Page Gross Yields vs. Utilization 77 Prediction of Yields 83 In Established Immature Stands 83 In Stands to be Established 84 PART II – MANAGEMENT ADVISABILITY OF MANAGEMENT 86 Gross Returns 86 Costs of Growing the Timber 87 Land Values 87 Formation 88 Protection and Administration 88 Taxation 88 Net Returns 89 Federal and State Forestry 89 Private Forestry 93 OBJECT AND ROTATION 94 CHOICE OF SPECIES 97 [Improvement] THINNINGS 99 FINAL CUTTING AND REFORESTATION 100 Scientific Facts Affecting the Choice and Application of Silvicultural Systems 100 The Selection System 101 Clear-cutting Systems 103 Blocks or Alternate Strips 103 Groups of Seed trees 104 Scattered Seed Trees and Reserved Standards 105 System of Reserved Standards 105 System of Scattered Seed Trees 106 Clear-cutting the Whole Stand 106 The Shelterwood System 107 Two-story Shelterwood 107 Primitive Shelterwood 107 Practical Application of Cutting Systems 108 Marking Rules in Use on National Forests 109 v Page BRUSH DISPOSAL 112 Broadcast burning 112 Windrow Burning 113 Piling and Burning 113 Time of Burning 114 Leaving Slash Unburned 115 ARTIFICIAL REFORESTATION 115 Seed Collection and Extraction 116 Collection 116 Storing the Cones 116 Drying the Cones 116 Extraction, Storage and Cost 117 Nursery Practice 118 Time of Sowing 118 Growing the Stock 118 Damping Off 119 Cutworms 119 Cost 119 Sowing and Planting 119 APPENDIX 121 vi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND TABLES [Note: plates and figures that are photos have not been included] No. Subject Page Figure 2 Range of Western White Pine (Map) 6 Figure 3 Interior Belt of Western White Pine Distribution Within the United States (Map) 7 Table I Estimate of Total Stand of Western White Pine 8 Table II Climatic and Site Conditions Favorable and Unfavorable to Western White Pine 11 Table III Complementary Relation of Humidity and Soil Moisture with Respect to Influence of Distribution of Western White Pine 13 Figure 4 Decrease in Soil Moisture during Dry Season 15 Figure 5 Distribution of Western White Pine with Respect to Altitude and Aspect 16 Table IV Relative Moisture Requirements of Western White Pine and Associates in Idaho 17 Table V Scale of Tolerance of Western White Pine and Associates 19 Table VI Estimate and Relative Importance of Standing Western White Pine in National Forests of Idaho White Pine Belt 22 Table VII Estimated Stand of Western White Pine in National Forests of Western Washington and Oregon 27 Table VIII Seed Dissemination on Average Rolling Lands and Flats 40 Table IX Seed Dissemination of Western White Pine and Associates on Rolling Valleys Exposed to Constant Winds 41 Table X Rate of Germination of Western White Pine Seed 42 Table XI Comparative Rate of Reforestation of Various Surface Conditions Based Upon Two Representative Cut-over Areas on the Kaniksu National Forest 44 Table XII Comparison of Germination and Survival of Western White Pine and Associates Under Important Conditions of Site, Light, and Surface 49 vii No. Subject Page Table XIII Best Site, Light and Surface Conditions for Germination and Survival of Western White Pine and Associates 51 Table XIV Relative Height Growth of Associated Species on Areas Approximately Representative of Each Site Quality for White Pine Within the Western White Pine Type, Idaho 53 Table XV Height Growth of Western White Pine and Douglas Fir Seedlings in Full Overhead Light, Western Washington 56 Table XVI Height Growth of Dominant and Codominant Western White Pine in Western White Pine Type 57 Table XVII Relative Height of Dominant Seedlings Under Shade on Representative Plots Within Western White Pine Type 58 Table XVIII Increase in Diameter and Volume Growth of Scattered Western White Pines 130 Years Old 60 Table XIX Average Yields of Western White Pine Type for Entire Watersheds 62 Table XX Average Yields of Selected Good Stands in Western White Pine Type 63 Table XXI Yield Per Acre of Western White Pine in Pure Fully-stocked Stands (Normal Yield) Idaho and Montana 66 Table XXII Effect of Spacing on Growth and Yield in 47-year-old Stands Of Pure Western White Pine 69 Table XXIII Yield of Maximum Western White Pine Stands Prevailing Over Large Areas All Sites – Idaho and Montana 70 Table XXIV Yield of Fully-stocked White Pine – Western Larch Mixtures On Deep Moist Soils Lower Slopes and Flats – Kaniksu Forest, Idaho 72 Table XXV Yield per Acre of White Pine and Larch Over Cedar 74 Table XXVI Maximum Yield of Cedar in Mixture With White Pine 75 Table XXVII Yields of Best-stocked White Pine – Douglas Fir Mixtures 76 Table XXVIII Relative Yield of Fully-stocked White Pine, Engelmann Spruce and Douglas Fir Mixtures 78 Table XXIX Annual Growth in Board Feet per Acre Mean and Periodic Western White Pine in Pure Stands 79 viii No. Subject Page Table XXX Percent Culled in Logging Western White Pine Stands 80 Figure VII Comparison of Yields in Board Feet, Best stands and Mixtures of Western White Pine 81 Figure VIII Mean Annual Growth and Periodic Annual Growth Compared, Western White Pine in Pure Stands 82 PART II Table XXXI Gross Returns per Acre From Pure Fully-stocked Western White Pine 87 Table XXXII Rate of Compound Interest Accumulations on Items of Cost in Raising Western White Pine 90 Table XXXIII Accumulation of Compound Interest on the Costs and Additional Premiums Earned in Federal or State Forests 91 Table XXXIV Percent Profit Earned in Federal or State Forestry at Different Rotations and on $6, $3, & $1 Investment Information 92 Table XXXV Per Cent Profit Earned in Federal or State Forestry at Different Rotations, Costs of Land & Formation, Not Taxed, & .05 Annual Expense 93 Table 36 Rate of Accumulation of Land and Timber Taxes at Compound Interest 94 Table 37 Per Cent Profit Earned in Federal or State Forestry in Fifty Years from $1 to $16 Initial Investment and with $4, $8 & $12 Stumpage by Western White Pine, Fully Stocked, on Site II 95 Table 38 Scattered Seed Trees Left After Cutting 102 Plate XXII A Substantial and Satisfactory Type of Crib for Storing Cones 117 ix LIST OF TABLES IN APPENDIX No. Subject Page Table A Average Physical and Mechanical Properties of Western White Pine and Competing or Associate Species, Based on Tests of Small Green Clear Specimens 2” x 2” in Cross Section, Bending 28” Span 122 Table B Average Percentage of Grades and Overrun of Lumber Cut From Western White Pine Logs Separately For Sound and Defective Timber 124 Table C Percentage of Grades and Overrun by Size in 14’ & 16’ Western White Pine Logs for Sound Logs and for Various Degrees of Defect Based Upon Gross Log Scale 125 Figure 9. Percent of Grades and Overrun in Lumber Cut from Sound Western White Pine Logs of Various Common Sizes 127 Figure 10. Percent of Select Grades in Lumber Cut from Sound Western White Pine Logs of Various Common Sizes 128 Figure 11. Percent of the Shop Grades in Lumber Cut from Sound Western White Pine Logs of Various Common Sizes 129 Figure 12. Average Percent of Grades and Overrun in Lumber Cut from Defective Western White Pine Logs Consisting of 10% or Less Cull 131 Figure 13.
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