DOCSLIB.ORG

A Range-Wide Restoration Strategy for Whitebark Pine (Pinus Albicaulis)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Range-Wide Restoration Strategy for Whitebark Pine (Pinus Albicaulis) United States Department A Range-Wide Restoration Strategy for of Agriculture Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station Whitebark Pine (Pinus albicaulis) General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-279 June 2012 Keane, Robert E.; Tomback, D.F.; Aubry, C.A.; Bower, A.D.; Campbell, E.M.; Cripps, C.L.; Jenkins, M.B.; Mahalovich, M.F.; Manning, M.; McKinney, S.T.; Murray, M.P.; Perkins, D.L.; Reinhart, D.P.; Ryan, C.; Schoettle, A.W.; Smith, C.M. 2012. A range-wide restoration strategy for whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis). Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-279. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 108 p. ABSTRACT Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis), an important component of western high- elevation forests, has been declining in both the United States and Canada since the early Twentieth Century from the combined effects of mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) outbreaks, fire exclusion policies, and the spread of the exotic disease white pine blister rust (caused by the pathogen Cronartium ribicola). The pine is now a candidate species for listing under the Endangered Species Act. Within the last decade, with major surges of pine beetle and increasing damage and mortality from blister rust, the cumulative whitebark pine losses have altered high-elevation community composition and ecosystem processes in many regions. Whitebark pine is a keystone species because of its various roles in supporting community diversity and a foundation species for its roles in promoting community development and stability. Since more than 90 percent of whitebark pine forests occur on public lands in the United States and Canada, maintaining whitebark pine communities requires a coordinated and trans-boundary effort across Federal and provincial land management agencies to develop a comprehensive strategy for restoration of this declining ecosystem. We outline a range-wide strategy for maintaining whitebark pine populations in high mountain areas based on the most current knowledge of the efficacy of techniques and differences in their application across communities. The strategy is written as a general guide for planning, designing, implementing, and evaluating fine-scale restoration activities for whitebark pine by public land management agencies, and to encourage agency and inter-agency coordination for greater efficiency. The strategy is organized into six scales of implementation, and each scale is described by assessment factors, restoration techniques, management concerns, and examples. Keywords: whitebark pine, ecosystem restoration, fire regime, blister rust, mountain pine beetle, grizzly bear, Clark’s nutcracker, seed dispersal, regeneration, red squirrels, upper subalpine communities, climate change The use of trade or firm names in the publication is for reader information and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture of any product or service. You may order additional copies of this publication by sending your mailing information in label form through one of the following media. Please specify the publication title and series number. Publishing Services Telephone (970) 498-1392 FAX (970) 498-1122 E-mail [email protected] Website http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/publications Mailing address Publications Distribution Rocky Mountain Research Station 240 West Prospect Road Fort Collins, CO 80526 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) forests are declining across most of their range in North America because of the combined effects of mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) outbreaks, fire exclusion policies, and the exotic pathogen Cronartium ribicola, which infects five-needle white pines and causes the disease white pine blister rust. The loss of this high-elevation tree species poses serious consequences for upper subalpine ecosystems, both in terms of impacts on biodiversity and losses in ecosystem processes; whitebark pine is now a candidate species for listing under the Endangered Species Act. Large, nutritious seeds produced by whitebark pine are an important food for many bird and small mammal species, as well as grizzly (Ursus arctos horribilis) and black bears (Ursus americanus), and whitebark pine communities provide habitat for many additional wildlife species. Whitebark pine seed dispersal by Clark’s nutcrackers (Nucifraga columbiana) combined with hardy seedlings results in early whitebark pine community development after fire and other disturbances; whitebark pine seedlings survive on harsh, arid sites and may act as nurse trees to less hardy conifers and vegetation. Whitebark pine at higher elevations, where it is common in many regions, helps regulate snow melt and reduce soil erosion. For these collective functions, whitebark pine is considered both a keystone species for promoting community diversity and a foundation species for promoting community stability. Since more than 90 percent of whitebark pine forests exist on public land in the United States and Canada, it is important that government natural resource management agencies play an important role in ensuring future presence of this tree species by initiating concerted, coordinated, and comprehensive restoration efforts. This is best accomplished through a coordinated, trans-boundary restoration strategy that includes shared infrastructure and expertise for conserving seeds, growing blister rust-resistant seedlings, protecting trees, restoring ecosystem processes, and promoting natural regeneration. We detail a multi-scale strategy for restoring whitebark pine across its range in the western United States and Canada. The strategy was compiled by researchers, land managers, and resource specialists for use as a reference for prioritizing, designing, and implementing successful whitebark pine restoration activities across many scales from stands to landscapes to its entire range. The whitebark pine restoration strategy consists of the following principles: (1) promote rust resistance, (2) conserve genetic diversity, (3) save seed sources, and (4) employ restoration treatments. These guiding principles are then used to implement the whitebark pine restoration strategy using a set of possible actions: 1. assess condition, 2. plan activities, 3. reduce pest impacts, 4. gather seed, 5. grow seedlings, 6. protect seed sources, 7. implement restoration treatments, 8. plant burned areas, 9. support research, and 10. monitor activities. The strategy is also organized by six spatial scales of analysis and organization: 1. range-wide, 2. region (National Forest Region or Provincial Regions), 3. forest (National Forest, National Park, and Canadian Forest District), 4. landscape (watershed or landform), 5. stand, and 6. tree. At each scale, we present four important factors in the restoration strategy: (1) assessment, (2) restoration actions, (3) management concerns, and (4) an example. Strategic restoration plans are presented for the coarse-scale strategies, while illustrated examples are presented for the finer scales (tree, stand, and landscape). i AUTHORS Robert E. Keane is a Research Ecologist with the U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station at the Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory in Missoula, Montana. His most recent research includes (1) developing ecological computer simulation models for exploring landscape, fire, and climate dynamics, (2) sampling, describing, modeling, and mapping fuel characteristics, and (3) investigating the ecology and restoration of whitebark pine. He received his B.S. degree in Forest Engineering from the University of Maine, Orono; his M.S. degree in Forest Ecology from the University of Montana, Missoula; and his Ph.D. in Forest Ecology from the University of Idaho, Moscow. Diana F. Tomback is a Professor in the Department of Integrative Biology University of Colorado Denver, an Evolutionary Ecologist and Conservation Biologist, and volunteer Director of the Whitebark Pine Ecosystem Foundation, a non-profit organization based in Missoula, Montana. Her current research examines several aspects of the interaction between Clark’s nutcrackers and whitebark pine, including: (1) timeframe of post-fire regeneration of whitebark pine, (2) detecting changes in nutcracker seed dispersal services as whitebark pine declines, and (3) the role of whitebark pine in vegetation dynamics at treeline. She received her B.A. and M.A. degrees in Zoology from the University of California at Los Angeles, and her Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from the University of California at Santa Barbara. Carol A. Aubry is a Forest Geneticist with the U.S. Forest Service, Olympic National Forest in Olympia, Washington. She works on National Forests in the Pacific Northwest, and her work focuses on the protection and management of forest genetic resources, including (1) whitebark pine conservation and restoration, and (2) climate change adaptation strategies for forest tree species. She received her B.S. degree in Biology from the University of Hartford, Connecticut; her M.S. degree in Forestry from Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies; and her Ph.D. in Forest Genetics from Oregon State University, Corvallis. Andrew D. Bower is a Forest Geneticist with the U.S. Forest Service, Olympic National Forest in Olympia, Washington. Andrew is the U.S. Forest Service Pacific Northwest Region Whitebark Pine Restoration Program Lead and has been involved in research on genetic issues with whitebark pine since 2001. He received his B.S. degree in Forestry from the University
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pinus Cembra
    Pinus cembra Pinus cembra in Europe: distribution, habitat, usage and threats G. Caudullo, D. de Rigo Arolla or Swiss stone pine (Pinus cembra L.) is a slow-growing, long lived conifer that grows at high altitudes (up to the treeline) with continental climate and is able to resist to very low winter temperature. It has large edible seeds which are dispersed principally by the European nutcracker. The timber is strong and of good quality but it is not a commercially important species because of its slow growth rate and frequent contorted shape. This pine is principally used to protect slopes and valleys against avalanches and soil erosion. In alpine habitats it is threatened principally by tourism development, even if the recent reduction of mountain pasture activities is allowing this pine to return in many areas. Pinus cembra L., known as Arolla pine or Swiss stone pine, is a slow growing, small to medium-sized evergreen conifer (10- Frequency 12 m height, occasionally 20-25 m), which can live up to 1000 < 25% 25% - 50% 1-5 years . The crown is densely conical when young, becoming 50% - 75% cylindrical and finally very open6. It grows commonly in a curved > 75% Chorology or contorted shape, but in protected areas can grow straight and Native to considerable sizes. Needles are in fascicles of five, 5-9 cm long1, 7. Arolla pine is a monoecious species and the pollination is driven by wind3. Seed cones appear after 40-60 years, they Seed cones are purplish in colour when maturing. are 4-8 cm long and mature in 2 years3, 6.
    [Show full text]
  • Lake Baikal Russian Federation
    LAKE BAIKAL RUSSIAN FEDERATION Lake Baikal is in south central Siberia close to the Mongolian border. It is the largest, oldest by 20 million years, and deepest, at 1,638m, of the world's lakes. It is 3.15 million hectares in size and contains a fifth of the world's unfrozen surface freshwater. Its age and isolation and unusually fertile depths have given it the world's richest and most unusual lacustrine fauna which, like the Galapagos islands’, is of outstanding value to evolutionary science. The exceptional variety of endemic animals and plants make the lake one of the most biologically diverse on earth. Threats to the site: Present threats are the untreated wastes from the river Selenga, potential oil and gas exploration in the Selenga delta, widespread lake-edge pollution and over-hunting of the Baikal seals. However, the threat of an oil pipeline along the lake’s north shore was averted in 2006 by Presidential decree and the pulp and cellulose mill on the southern shore which polluted 200 sq. km of the lake, caused some of the worst air pollution in Russia and genetic mutations in some of the lake’s endemic species, was closed in 2009 as no longer profitable to run. COUNTRY Russian Federation NAME Lake Baikal NATURAL WORLD HERITAGE SERIAL SITE 1996: Inscribed on the World Heritage List under Natural Criteria vii, viii, ix and x. STATEMENT OF OUTSTANDING UNIVERSAL VALUE The UNESCO World Heritage Committee issued the following statement at the time of inscription. Justification for Inscription The Committee inscribed Lake Baikal the most outstanding example of a freshwater ecosystem on the basis of: Criteria (vii), (viii), (ix) and (x).
    [Show full text]
  • NATURESCAPE BRITISH COLUMBIA Caring for Wildlife Habitat at Home
    The Stewardship Series NATURESCAPE BRITISH COLUMBIA Caring for Wildlife Habitat at Home Native Plant and Animal Booklet, Coast and Mountains Naturescape British Columbia IS FUNDED BY For More information, call 1-800-387-9853 National Library of Canada Cataloguing in Publication Data Main entry under title: Naturescape British Columbia. Native plant and animal booklet, coast & mountains. – [Stewardship series] Consists of 2 v. in 1. Title on v. [2]: Naturescape British Columbia. Resource booklet, coast & mountains. Vol. [2] compiled by Saila Hull. Also available on the Internet. ISBN 0-7726-5179-5 1. Animals - British Columbia. 2. Plants - British Columbia. 3. Biotic communities - British Columbia. 4. Coastal ecology - British Columbia. 5. Nature conservation - Bibliography. 6. Nature conservation - British Columbia – Information resources. 7. Pacific Coast (B.C.) – Environmental conditions. I. MacDonald, Andrew, 1965- II. Hull, Saila. III. Naturescape British Columbia. IV. Title: Naturescape British Columbia. Resource booklet, coast & mountains. QH77.C3 N37 2004 578’.097111 C2004-960069-9 Notice: The information contained in the Naturescape British Columbia Guide and booklets is true and complete to the best of our knowledge. All recommendations are made without any guarantees on the part of the authors and Naturescape British Columbia sponsors. Because the means, materials and procedures followed by home- owners are beyond our control, the authors and Naturescape British Columbia disclaim all liability in connection with the use of this
    [Show full text]
  • Garibaldi Provincial Park M ASTER LAN P
    Garibaldi Provincial Park M ASTER LAN P Prepared by South Coast Region North Vancouver, B.C. Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data Main entry under title: Garibaldi Provincial Park master plan On cover: Master plan for Garibaldi Provincial Park. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-7726-1208-0 1. Garibaldi Provincial Park (B.C.) 2. Parks – British Columbia – Planning. I. British Columbia. Ministry of Parks. South Coast Region. II Title: Master plan for Garibaldi Provincial Park. FC3815.G37G37 1990 33.78”30971131 C90-092256-7 F1089.G3G37 1990 TABLE OF CONTENTS GARIBALDI PROVINCIAL PARK Page 1.0 PLAN HIGHLIGHTS 1 2.0 INTRODUCTION 2 2.1 Plan Purpose 2 2.2 Background Summary 3 3.0 ROLE OF THE PARK 4 3.1 Regional and Provincial Context 4 3.2 Conservation Role 6 3.3 Recreation Role 6 4.0 ZONING 8 5.0 NATURAL AND CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 11 5.1 Introduction 11 5.2 Natural Resources Management: Objectives/Policies/Actions 11 5.2.1 Land Management 11 5.2.2 Vegetation Management 15 5.2.3 Water Management 15 5.2.4 Visual Resource Management 16 5.2.5 Wildlife Management 16 5.2.6 Fish Management 17 5.3 Cultural Resources 17 6.0 VISITOR SERVICES 6.1 Introduction 18 6.2 Visitor Opportunities/Facilities 19 6.2.1 Hiking/Backpacking 19 6.2.2 Angling 20 6.2.3 Mountain Biking 20 6.2.4 Winter Recreation 21 6.2.5 Recreational Services 21 6.2.6 Outdoor Education 22 TABLE OF CONTENTS VISITOR SERVICES (Continued) Page 6.2.7 Other Activities 22 6.3 Management Services 22 6.3.1 Headquarters and Service Yards 22 6.3.2 Site and Facility Design Standards
    [Show full text]
  • Stuart, Trees & Shrubs
    Excerpted from ©2001 by the Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. May not be copied or reused without express written permission of the publisher. click here to BUY THIS BOOK INTRODUCTION HOW THE BOOK IS ORGANIZED Conifers and broadleaved trees and shrubs are treated separately in this book. Each group has its own set of keys to genera and species, as well as plant descriptions. Plant descriptions are or- ganized alphabetically by genus and then by species. In a few cases, we have included separate subspecies or varieties. Gen- era in which we include more than one species have short generic descriptions and species keys. Detailed species descrip- tions follow the generic descriptions. A species description in- cludes growth habit, distinctive characteristics, habitat, range (including a map), and remarks. Most species descriptions have an illustration showing leaves and either cones, flowers, or fruits. Illustrations were drawn from fresh specimens with the intent of showing diagnostic characteristics. Plant rarity is based on rankings derived from the California Native Plant Society and federal and state lists (Skinner and Pavlik 1994). Two lists are presented in the appendixes. The first is a list of species grouped by distinctive morphological features. The second is a checklist of trees and shrubs indexed alphabetically by family, genus, species, and common name. CLASSIFICATION To classify is a natural human trait. It is our nature to place ob- jects into similar groups and to place those groups into a hier- 1 TABLE 1 CLASSIFICATION HIERARCHY OF A CONIFER AND A BROADLEAVED TREE Taxonomic rank Conifer Broadleaved tree Kingdom Plantae Plantae Division Pinophyta Magnoliophyta Class Pinopsida Magnoliopsida Order Pinales Sapindales Family Pinaceae Aceraceae Genus Abies Acer Species epithet magnifica glabrum Variety shastensis torreyi Common name Shasta red fir mountain maple archy.
    [Show full text]
  • Pines in the Arboretum
    UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA MtJ ARBORETUM REVIEW No. 32-198 PETER C. MOE Pines in the Arboretum Pines are probably the best known of the conifers native to The genus Pinus is divided into hard and soft pines based on the northern hemisphere. They occur naturally from the up­ the hardness of wood, fundamental leaf anatomy, and other lands in the tropics to the limits of tree growth near the Arctic characteristics. The soft or white pines usually have needles in Circle and are widely grown throughout the world for timber clusters of five with one vascular bundle visible in cross sec­ and as ornamentals. In Minnesota we are limited by our cli­ tions. Most hard pines have needles in clusters of two or three mate to the more cold hardy species. This review will be with two vascular bundles visible in cross sections. For the limited to these hardy species, their cultivars, and a few hy­ discussion here, however, this natural division will be ignored brids that are being evaluated at the Arboretum. and an alphabetical listing of species will be used. Where neces­ Pines are readily distinguished from other common conifers sary for clarity, reference will be made to the proper groups by their needle-like leaves borne in clusters of two to five, of particular species. spirally arranged on the stem. Spruce (Picea) and fir (Abies), Of the more than 90 species of pine, the following 31 are or for example, bear single leaves spirally arranged. Larch (Larix) have been grown at the Arboretum. It should be noted that and true cedar (Cedrus) bear their leaves in a dense cluster of many of the following comments and recommendations are indefinite number, whereas juniper (Juniperus) and arborvitae based primarily on observations made at the University of (Thuja) and their related genera usually bear scalelikie or nee­ Minnesota Landscape Arboretum, and plant performance dlelike leaves that are opposite or borne in groups of three.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Range of Variability and Current Landscape Condition Analysis: South Central Highlands Section, Southwestern Colorado & Northwestern New Mexico
    Historical Range of Variability and Current Landscape Condition Analysis: South Central Highlands Section, Southwestern Colorado & Northwestern New Mexico William H. Romme, M. Lisa Floyd, David Hanna with contributions by Elisabeth J. Bartlett, Michele Crist, Dan Green, Henri D. Grissino-Mayer, J. Page Lindsey, Kevin McGarigal, & Jeffery S.Redders Produced by the Colorado Forest Restoration Institute at Colorado State University, and Region 2 of the U.S. Forest Service May 12, 2009 Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY … p 5 AUTHORS’ AFFILIATIONS … p 16 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS … p 16 CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION A. Objectives and Organization of This Report … p 17 B. Overview of Physical Geography and Vegetation … p 19 C. Climate Variability in Space and Time … p 21 1. Geographic Patterns in Climate 2. Long-Term Variability in Climate D. Reference Conditions: Concept and Application … p 25 1. Historical Range of Variability (HRV) Concept 2. The Reference Period for this Analysis 3. Human Residents and Influences during the Reference Period E. Overview of Integrated Ecosystem Management … p 30 F. Literature Cited … p 34 CHAPTER II. PONDEROSA PINE FORESTS A. Vegetation Structure and Composition … p 39 B. Reference Conditions … p 40 1. Reference Period Fire Regimes 2. Other agents of disturbance 3. Pre-1870 stand structures C. Legacies of Euro-American Settlement and Current Conditions … p 67 1. Logging (“High-Grading”) in the Late 1800s and Early 1900s 2. Excessive Livestock Grazing in the Late 1800s and Early 1900s 3. Fire Exclusion Since the Late 1800s 4. Interactions: Logging, Grazing, Fire, Climate, and the Forests of Today D. Summary … p 83 E. Literature Cited … p 84 CHAPTER III.
    [Show full text]
  • Common Conifers in New Mexico Landscapes
    Ornamental Horticulture Common Conifers in New Mexico Landscapes Bob Cain, Extension Forest Entomologist One-Seed Juniper (Juniperus monosperma) Description: One-seed juniper grows 20-30 feet high and is multistemmed. Its leaves are scalelike with finely toothed margins. One-seed cones are 1/4-1/2 inch long berrylike structures with a reddish brown to bluish hue. The cones or “berries” mature in one year and occur only on female trees. Male trees produce Alligator Juniper (Juniperus deppeana) pollen and appear brown in the late winter and spring compared to female trees. Description: The alligator juniper can grow up to 65 feet tall, and may grow to 5 feet in diameter. It resembles the one-seed juniper with its 1/4-1/2 inch long, berrylike structures and typical juniper foliage. Its most distinguishing feature is its bark, which is divided into squares that resemble alligator skin. Other Characteristics: • Ranges throughout the semiarid regions of the southern two-thirds of New Mexico, southeastern and central Arizona, and south into Mexico. Other Characteristics: • An American Forestry Association Champion • Scattered distribution through the southern recently burned in Tonto National Forest, Arizona. Rockies (mostly Arizona and New Mexico) It was 29 feet 7 inches in circumference, 57 feet • Usually a bushy appearance tall, and had a 57-foot crown. • Likes semiarid, rocky slopes • If cut down, this juniper can sprout from the stump. Uses: Uses: • Birds use the berries of the one-seed juniper as a • Alligator juniper is valuable to wildlife, but has source of winter food, while wildlife browse its only localized commercial value.
    [Show full text]
  • Chestnut Oak Shortleaf Pine
    Eastern Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana) Chestnut Oak (Quercus prinus) The Need to Know: How Trees Grow Paul Wray Paul Wray Paul Paul Wray Paul Kentucky Forestry Kentucky Forestry The Eastern Red Cedar is actually in the juniper family and is not closely related Although its serrated leaves resemble those of an American chestnut, this tree to other cedars. Its tough, stringy bark and waxy, scaly needles are designed for is actually a species of oak. It is also referred to as rock oak because it likes to survival in very dry conditions. The berries of the red cedar are an important food grow in rocky areas. The bark of a chestnut oak has vertical rectangular chunks. source for many songbirds. The wood is prized by builders for its rich red color, Good acorn crops are infrequent, but when available, the sweet nuts are eaten by sweet smell, and weather-resistant properties. deer, wild turkeys, squirrels and chipmunks. Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia) White Oak (Quercus alba) Paul Wray Paul Paul Wray Paul Richard Webb Richard This evergreen shrub can be found in a variety of habitats along Eastern North The leaves of the white oak have rounded lobes, and the bark is light gray and America. It has a gnarled, multi-stemmed trunk with ridged bark, and typically scaly on older trees. The acorns are elongated with a shallow cap, and have a grows as a rounded, dense shrub of 5-15 feet tall. The leaves are broad with sweet taste, which makes them a favorite food for deer, bear, turkeys, squirrels pointed tips, and the mountain laurel’s noteworthy cup-shaped flowers bloom in and other wildlife.
    [Show full text]
  • Douglas- Fir Limber Pine Lodgepole Pine Ponderosa Pine Blue Spruce
    NAME ORIGIN BARK FEMALE CONES NEEDLES WHERE USES TRIVIA Named by Smooth gray bark To 4ÂÂ long, Soft, flat, 2-sided, Found on north or Railroad crossties, State tree of Scottish botanist on young trees yellowish to light 1¼″ long and south-facing slopes, mine timbers, for Oregon. David Douglas. with numerous brown hanging cones rounded at the tip. in shady ravines and building ships and The Latin name DOUGLAS- Fir is from the resin scars. with uniquely 3- Dark yellow green or on rocky slopes boats, construction psuedotsuga Middle English pointed bracts blue green. Shortly where the soil is lumber, plywood, means FIR firre and Old protruding from cone stalked spreading fairly deep. telephone poles, ÂÂfalse Psuedotsuga English fyrh. scales like a snakes- mostly in two rows. fencing, railroad-car fir.ÂÂ menziesii tongue. Single small groove construction, boxes Can drop 2 on topside of needles and crates, flooring, million seeds in and single white line furniture, ladders a good year. on underside of and pulpwood. needles. Pine is from the Light gray to Big (to 9ÂÂ long) Stout in clusters of 5 Found on rocky, Lumber, railroad Cones start to LIMBER Latin pinus and blackish brown. cylindrical, greenish needles, to 3″ long. gravelly slopes, cross ties, poles, appear after the the Old English Smooth and silvery brown, with thick, Straight or slightly ridges and peaks. turpentine, tar and tree reaches 20 PINE pin. gray on young broad scales. Cone curved, not sticky to fuel. years of age. Pinus flexilis trees. scales lack prickles. the touch. Dark green. Pine is from the Bark is grayish or Light yellow brown, Stout, twisted Found in well Lumber, knotty Many Plains Latin pinus and light brown, thin reddish or dark green, needles, mostly in drained soils, dry pine paneling, Indian tribes the Old English and with many lopsided cones to pairs, to 2½″ long.
    [Show full text]
  • Rutgers Home Gardeners School: Dwarf Conifer Presentation
    Dwarf Conifers and Other Dwarf Ornamentals: Their Use in the Landscape Why Dwarf Conifers and Dwarf Ornamentals? Long lifespan in the garden Take up little space Management/Maintenance is done with both feet on the ground Many species live in pots 1 Attributes of dwarf conifers in containers They are easily transported from one part of the garden to another Evergreen forms provide much needed color/texture and form in the winter landscape. Some of the larger dwarfs end up bonsaiing themselves naturally in pots due to root restriction Once established, they require the moisture requirements of the rest of the garden Growing requirements: Light Full sun to half a day is required If only half a day you can choose between morning and afternoon. Note: With dwarf flowering ornamentals, they prefer more than half a day of sun. 2 Growing requirements: Water With permanent plantings in the garden, water twice a week for the first 4 to 6 weeks, after the initial time period, drop back to once a week. With pots and container gardening, water twice a week for the first 4 to 6 weeks and once a week thereafter through November 15 through the 30th. Note: containers will need to be checked for water needs throughout the winter. Growing requirements: Fertilization With dwarf conifers, they can go without fertilizer every other year. Application is early April: soil has to warm up so the fertilizer is used. Use an organic fertilizer like Hollytone. With all other dwarf ornamentals, feed in early April, Hollytone or Plant tone for example.
    [Show full text]
  • Current U.S. Forest Data and Maps
    CURRENT U.S. FOREST DATA AND MAPS Forest age FIA MapMaker CURRENT U.S. Forest ownership TPO Data FOREST DATA Timber harvest AND MAPS Urban influence Forest covertypes Top 10 species Return to FIA Home Return to FIA Home NEXT Productive unreserved forest area CURRENT U.S. FOREST DATA (timberland) in the U.S. by region and AND MAPS stand age class, 2002 Return 120 Forests in the 100 South, where timber production West is highest, have 80 s the lowest average age. 60 Northern forests, predominantly Million acreMillion South hardwoods, are 40 of slightly older in average age and 20 Western forests have the largest North concentration of 0 older stands. 1-19 20-39 40-59 60-79 80-99 100- 120- 140- 160- 200- 240- 280- 320- 400+ 119 139 159 199 240 279 319 399 Stand-age Class (years) Return to FIA Home Source: National Report on Forest Resources NEXT CURRENT U.S. FOREST DATA Forest ownership AND MAPS Return Eastern forests are predominantly private and western forests are predominantly public. Industrial forests are concentrated in Maine, the Lake States, the lower South and Pacific Northwest regions. Source: National Report on Forest Resources Return to FIA Home NEXT CURRENT U.S. Timber harvest by county FOREST DATA AND MAPS Return Timber harvests are concentrated in Maine, the Lake States, the lower South and Pacific Northwest regions. The South is the largest timber producing region in the country accounting for nearly 62% of all U.S. timber harvest. Source: National Report on Forest Resources Return to FIA Home NEXT CURRENT U.S.
    [Show full text]