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Forced Migration Review – Crisis Issue 45 February 2014 Crisis Slow MIGRATION Rapid Immobility Environment FORCED MOBILITY MIXED Threat Involuntary Protection Anticipation Displacement Violence Mandates Multipliers Choices Vulnerability Triggers Norms Drivers Stress Relocation Adaptation Assets FOR FREE DISTRIBUTION ONLY Forced Migration Review issue 45 www.fmreview.org/crisis 3 From the editors 59 International cooperation on the North Korean refugee crisis Crisis Markus Bell and Geoffrey Fattig 61 New Orleans: a lesson in post-disaster resilience 4 Foreword on migrants in crisis Paul Kadetz Peter D Sutherland 63 Nuclear disasters and displacement 5 What is crisis migration? Silva Meybatyan Susan Martin, Sanjula Weerasinghe and Abbie Taylor 66 Regionalism: a strategy for dealing with crisis 10 The concept of crisis migration migration Jane McAdam Liliana Lyra Jubilut and Erika Pires Ramos 12 Lessons from the development of the 67 Environmental stress, displacement and the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement challenge of rights protection Roberta Cohen Roger Zetter and James Morrissey 14 Flight to the cities 72 Disaster Law Patricia Weiss Fagen Stefanie Haumer 17 Choice and necessity: relocations in the Arctic 75 On policies of hospitality and hostility in and South Pacific Argentina Robin Bronen Irene Duffard Evangelista 21 Migrants on offshore islands of Bangladesh 75 Disaster risk reduction and mobility Rezwan Siddiqui Patrice Quesada 22 Illegal migration in the Indian Sunderbans 76 The global governance of crisis migration Sahana Bose Alexander Betts 23 Resettlement in the twenty-first century 80 Crisis Migration Project Anthony Oliver-Smith and Alex de Sherbinin 26 Adolescence, food crisis and migration General articles Janis Ridsdel 81 New OAS Conventions protecting IDPs against 28 Criminal violence and displacement in Mexico racism and discrimination Sebastián Albuja Maria Beatriz Nogueira 31 Mexicans seeking political asylum 82 The potential role of a racial discrimination Leticia Calderón Chelius law in Myanmar 32 Mexico: from the Guiding Principles to national Nathan Willis responsibilities on the rights of IDPs 84 Translating global education standards to local Fernando Batista Jiménez contexts 34 Rising waters, displaced lives Carine Allaf, Tzvetomira Laub and Arianna Sloat Lindsey Brickle and Alice Thomas 87 Opportunity to change Lebanon’s asylum policy 36 Health crises and migration Samira Trad Michael Edelstein, David Heymann and Khalid Koser 88 Perspectives of refugees in Dadaab on returning 39 Questioning ‘drought displacement’: to Somalia environment, politics and migration in Somalia Caroline Abu Sa’Da and Sergio Bianchi Anna Lindley 90 Dictatorships, refugees and reparation in the 43 Non-citizens caught up in situations of conflict, Southern Cone of Latin America violence and disaster Juan Pablo Terminiello Khalid Koser 92 Internal displacement in Kenya: the quest for 46 Humanitarian border management durable solutions Maximilian Pottler Lucy Kiama and Fredrick Koome 47 Aspects of crisis migration in Algeria 95 Connecting and communicating after Typhoon Mohamed Saïb Musette Haiyan 48 Forcing migration of globalised citizens Mariko Hall and Adam Ashcroft Oscar A Gómez 98 News from the Refugee Studies Centre 49 The challenge of mixed migration by sea 100 Forced Migration Review 25th Anniversary Judith Kumin collection 52 Populations ‘trapped’ at times of crisis Richard Black and Michael Collyer Front cover: 56 The rise of trapped populations The flooded village of Tali, in Balochistan, following April T Humble torrential rains and flash floods which affected around a 58 Misconceptions about human trafficking million people in Pakistan in 2010. in a time of crisis UNHCR/N James Elżbieta M Goździak and Alissa Walter Crisis 3 February 2014 Forced Migration Review From the editors (FMR) provides a forum for the regular exchange of practical experience, any people who are displaced or become ‘trapped’ in the context of information and ideas between Mdiverse humanitarian crises do not fit well within existing legal, policy researchers, refugees and internally and operational frameworks for the protection of refugees and internally displaced people, and those who displaced people. This raises questions about whether there needs to be, or work with them. It is published in can be, more systematic or normative ways of dealing with assistance and English, Arabic, Spanish and French protection for people affected by environmental crises, gang violence, nuclear by the Refugee Studies Centre of the disasters, food crises and so on. Do, for example, these different types of Oxford Department of International situation or event in effect create common types of movement? And would Development, University of Oxford. that then enable lessons to be drawn and guidance to be developed for Staff humanitarian crises triggered by the whole range of events and processes? Marion Couldrey & Can we also distil common themes and guidance, in relation to movement Maurice Herson (Editors) and protection needs, responses and challenges, across crisis situations – Nina E Weaver (Finance and or not? On the other hand, creating new norms is neither easy nor without Promotion Assistant) possibly problematic consequences. Sharon Ellis (Assistant) Forced Migration Review As Peter Sutherland, Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General for Refugee Studies Centre International Migration and Development, writes in his Foreword: “[W]hen it Oxford Department of International comes to protecting migrants’ well-being and rights, smart practices abound. Development, University of Oxford, … We need to clarify the critical roles that all key actors – including countries 3 Mansfield Road, of origin and destination, neighbouring states, businesses and civil society – Oxford OX1 3TB, UK should play.” [email protected] This issue of FMR presents a number of articles based on work done for the Skype: fmreview Crisis Migration Project in Georgetown University’s Institute for the Study of Tel: +44 (0)1865 281700 International Migration (ISIM), alongside a number of other articles submitted in response to an FMR call for articles. This issue also includes a range of www.fmreview.org general articles on other aspects of forced migration. Disclaimer We are grateful to Susan Martin, Sanjula Weerasinghe and Abbie Taylor Opinions in FMR do not necessarily reflect the views of the Editors, at ISIM for their advice and support as special advisors on this issue. We the Refugee Studies Centre or the are also very grateful to the Crisis Migration Project and to the John D and University of Oxford. Catherine T MacArthur Foundation for funding this issue. Copyright The full issue and all the individual articles are online in html, pdf and audio Any FMR print or online material may formats at www.fmreview.org/crisis . It will be available in print and online be freely reproduced, provided that in English, French, Spanish and Arabic. An expanded contents listing for the acknowledgement is given to ‘Forced issue is available at www.fmreview.org/crisis/FMR45listing.pdf Migration Review www.fmreview.org’. See website for more details. Please help disseminate this issue as widely as possible by circulating to networks, posting links, mentioning it on Twitter and Facebook and adding it to resources lists. Please email us at [email protected] if you would like print copies. ISSN 1460-9819 Details of our forthcoming issues – on Afghanistan, Syria and Faith-based Designed by responses to displacement – can be found on page 99. Art24 www.art-24.co.uk To be notified about new and forthcoming FMR issues, join us on Facebook or Printed by Twitter or sign up for our email alerts at www.fmreview.org/request/alerts Fine Print (Services) Ltd www.fineprint.co.uk With our best wishes Marion Couldrey and Maurice Herson Editors, Forced Migration Review 4 Crisis FMR 45 February 2014 Foreword on migrants in crisis Peter D Sutherland The carnage of asylum seekers and migrants their mandates to protect migrants at risk in making the perilous journey to a better life Libya in 2012, as were many NGOs, while the makes frequent headlines; thousands die every World Bank acted quickly to provide funds year in the Mediterranean alone. Far too little to evacuate Bangladeshi nationals. With the is done to mitigate the risks such migrants number of international migrants set nearly to face. Poverty, vulnerability and war are rife in double in the foreseeable future, such practices our times, but compassion is in short supply. must become reference points for action. It is self-evident that we lack the political will, But international organisations alone cannot and perhaps the capacity, to develop a robust solve the problems. We need to clarify the critical system to protect asylum seekers and migrants roles that all key actors – including countries seeking to cross international borders. We fear of origin and destination, neighbouring states, this will encourage yet more migration, that it businesses and civil society – should play. might compromise our security, and that we do not have sufficient resources to provide assistance It should be self-evident that we need to and protection. Nonetheless, we must persevere. help all migrants in distress – not only those affected by conflicts and disasters but also One approach is to disaggregate the protection those abandoned by smugglers, countless challenge into more manageable constituent more left in limbo for years in transit countries, elements. Three years ago, for instance, I called and the millions working in slave-like on states and stakeholders to address the plight conditions. The principles and plans that of international migrants affected by acute-onset we put in place to protect migrants in life- crises such as the conflicts in Libya and Syria, threatening situations eventually could – and Hurricane Sandy in the US, and the tsunami and should – be extended in order to protect a nuclear catastrophe in Japan. Last year, the US much broader array of vulnerable migrants. and the Philippines committed to lead an effort to develop a framework for doing so; they now We need not be overwhelmed by the dizzying have been joined by several other countries.
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