Biology of Bats of the New World Phyllostomatidae. Part I
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SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS THE MUSEUM TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Biology of Bats of the New World Family Phyllostomatidae. Part I Edited by Robert J. Baker, J. Knox Jones, Jr., and Dilford C. Carter f 1"'lllllnUU\l"I"'"\llllll'IIIIIIlIlI"~llmlllUlIlI'lIl1"l ,,,,.III11"n'IIUllfl"'UIl1l1'......••· l'IUIl'I~'''IIlI'lltl'I''111I1111 11111 11I1 III 1" II 11,,,,,,11 111"'11\"1 llf 1l1l1 \Il/1l1l1lllUl/ll II 1I1f1l I III 1111.1111111111 II/flJ\ 1111111., "I III ~I 1111 /.. I I .,\h" .. 1I11ldh 1/1111 1 '1111111,1111< ~111 No. 10 It, IIII' •• 'II'I(l"iI,Ulfl lt June 1976 TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Grover E. Murray, President Glenn E. Barnett, Executive Vice President Regents.-Clint Formby (Chairman), J. Fred Bucy, Jr., Bill E. Collins, John J. Hinchey, A. J. Kemp, Jr., Robert L. Pfluger, Charles G. Scruggs, Judson F. Williams, and Don R. Workman. Academic Publications Policy Committee.-J. Knox Jones, Jr. (Chairman), Dilford C. Carter (Executive Director), C. Leonard Ainsworth, Samuel E. Curl, Harold E. Dregne, Hugh H. Genoways, Ray C. Janeway, William R. Johnson, S. M. Kennedy, Thomas A. Lang ford, George F. Meenaghan, Harley D. Oberhelman. Robert L. Packard, and Charles W. Sargent. The Museum Special Publications No. 10 218 pp. 25 June 1976 $6.00 Special Publications of The Museum are numbered separately and published on an irregular basis under the auspices of the Dean of the Graduate School and Director of Academic Pub lications, and in cooperation with the International Center for Arid and Semi-Arid Land Studies. Copies may be obtained on an exchange basis from, or purchased through, the Ex- change Librarian, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409. Texas Tech Press, Lubbock, Texas 1976 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS THE MUSEUM TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Biology of Bats of the New World Family Phyllostomatidae. Part I Edited by Robert J. Baker, J. Knox Jones, Jr., and Dillord C. Carter No. 10 June 1976 TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Grover E. Murray, President Glenn E. Barnett, Executive Vice President Regents.-Clint Formby (Chairman), J. Fred Bucy, Jr., Bill E. Collins, John J. Hinchey, A. J. Kemp, Jr., Robert L. Pfluger, Charles G. Scruggs, Judson F. Williams, and Don R. Workman. Academic Publications Policy Committee.-J. Knox Jones, Jr. (Chairman), Dilford C. Carter (Executive Director), C. Leonard Ainsworth, Samuel E. Curl, Harold E. Dregne, Hugh H. Genoways, Ray C. Janeway, William R. Johnson, S. M. Kennedy, Thomas A. Lang ford, George F. Meenaghan, Harley D. Oberhelman, Robert L. Packard, and Charles W. Sargent. The Museum Special Publications No. 10 218 pp. 25 June 1976 $6.00 Special Publications of The Museum are numbered separately and published on an irregular basis under the auspices of the Dean of the Graduate School and Director of Academic Pub lications, and in cooperation with the International Center for Arid and Semi-Arid Land Studies. Copies may be obtained on an exchange basis from, or purchased through, the Ex- change Librarian, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409. Texas Tech Press, Lubbock, Texas 1976 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 5 ANNOTATED CHECKLIST, WITH KEYS TO SUBFAMILIES AND GENERA. ...... 7 J. Knox Jones, Jr., and Dilford C. Carter, The Museum, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, 79409. ZOOGEOGRAPHY 39 Karl F. Koopman, Department of Mammalogy, The American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th St., New York, 10024. CHIROPTERAN EVOLUTION 49 James Dale Smith, Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Fullerton, 92634. COLLECTING TECHNIQUES 71 Merlin D. Tuttle, Vertebrate Division, Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233. CARE IN CAPTIVITY. ........................................ .. 89 Arthur M. Greenhall, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Fish and Wildlife Laboratory, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. 20560. ECONOMICS AND CONSERVATION. ............................... .. 133 Clyde Jones, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Fish and Wildlife Laboratory, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. 20560. BRAIN ANATOMY 147 V. Rick McDaniel, Division of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, 72467. LACTATION AND MILK 201 Robert Jenness and Eugene H. Studier, Department of Biochemistry, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, 55108, and Department of Biology, University of Michigan, Flint, 48503. INTRODUCTION Because of their adaptive diversity and, in many instances, unique morphologi cal attributes, bats of the family Phyllostomatidae have long fascinated biologists. Known only from the New World, most genera of phyllostomatids are strictly limited to tropical environs, but some representatives occur as far north as the southwestern United States and others southward to the northern parts of Ar gentina and Chile; some species also are distributed in the Bahamas and on the islands of the Greater and Lesser Antilles. With the advent in relatively recent years of improved methods of collecting bats (see Tuttle, this volume), a tre mendous wealth of information on phyllostomatids has been gathered and it is the purpose of this publication, which ultimately will contain more than 20 individual chapters, to bring these data together in order to assess what now is known about the family and to provide a departure point for further studies. Owing to the large number of contributions, all of which were solicited by us from persons we felt to be knowledgeable of the subject matter, and the fact that several contributions are necessarily lengthy, the decision was made to group chapters into three parts. Each part will be a separately numbered Special Pub lication of The Museum at Texas Tech University. In order to establish a work able approach by which reference could be made consistently to taxa throughout the series, the annotated checklist by Jones and Carter was circulated to all authors. Each was asked to follow the nomenclature and systematic arrangement in the checklist or, alternatively, to document departures therefrom. This system, it is hoped, will allow readers to relate information from one chapter to the next without the handicap ofconflicting names for the same organism. Manuscripts for most contributions first were solicited in 1973. Most manu scripts had been received by the end of 1974. As editorial work progressed, some authors provided up-dated information and all authors of chapters in Part 1 had the opportunity to insert limited materials at the time they received galley proofs (in most cases October 1975). Therefore, content is as current as reasonably could be anticipated for a project of this kind. Organization and editorial style follows that established for the Special Publications of The Museum at Texas Tech University. Otherwise, authors were allowed broad latitude concerning ma terial to be included in their chapters. Accordingly, and for obvious other reasons, some chapters will overlap others in content. Even though some redundacy has reSUlted, we thought it best to have a section on the cited literature with each contribution. Citations to manuscripts in this collected series are carried in text as "this volume," which does not necessarily indicate that the chapter appears in the same part of the series as the one in which it is cited. November 1975 Robert J. Baker J. Knox Jones, Jr. Dilford C. Carter 5 ANNOTATED CHECKLIST, WITH KEYS TO SUBFAMILIES AND GENERA J. KNOX JONES, JR., AND DILFORD C. CARTER Leaf-nosed bats of the New World family Phyllostomatidae are primarily limited in distribution to tropical and subtropical regions. A few species reach subtemperate areas. The fanlily has a known fossil record dating back to Miocene times. Most phyllostomatids are fruit eaters or nectar feeders, but some, primarily species in the subfamily Phyllostonlatinae, are carnivorous or insectivorous, and the unique desmodontines are sanguivorous. The family is unusually diverse from an evolutionary point of view, comprising six subfamilies, 49 currently recognized Recent genera, and 137 Recent nominal species. Twenty-four genera are monotypic. The subfamilies contain the following numbers of genera and species as here recognized: Phyllostomatinae, 11 and 32; Glossophaginae, 13 and 32; Carolliinae, two and seven; Stenoderminae, 17 and 54; Phyllonycterinae, three and seven; and Desmodontinae, three and three. Systematic inquiry in the past decade has tended to reduce the number of recognized genera and species, but the discovery of new taxa continues. Some species are rare in museum collections and their relationships poorly understood. Various new techniques applied in recent years to the study of phyllogenetic rela tionships have resulted in recognition of new taxonomic alignments--for ex ample, inclusion of the vampire bats as a subfamily of the Phyllostomatidae (Forman et aI., 1968) and exclusion of the Mormoopidae (Smith, 1972), formerly regarded as a subfamily of this group. As standard references for a point of departure in compilation of this annotated list, we used Hall and Kelson (1959) for North America and Cabrera (1958) for South Anlerica. A variety of publications has appeared subsequent to these two basic documents in which the distribution and systematics of phyllostomatids are treated. Of these, revisions and reviews are cited at the appropriate places in the accounts. Faunal reports of special interest are noted below. Recourse to the literature we have cited will lead the interested researcher to most of the pub lished sources used in compiling this synopsis. Villa-R. (1967) summarized material on Chiroptera of Mexico. Publications since that time on Chihuahua (Anderson, 1972), Jalisco (Watkins et aI., 1972), Oaxaca (Goodwin, 1969), Sinaloa (Jones et al., 1972), the Yucatan Peninsula (Jones et al., 1973), and Zacatecas (Genoways and Jones, ]968; Matson and Patten, 1975) treat major faunal units as a whole. For Central America, the papers of Jones (1966) on Guatemala, Burt and Stirton (1961) on EI Salvador, Jones et al. (1971 b) and Baker and Jones (1975) on Nicaragua, Starrett and Case beer (1968) and Gardner et al. (1970) on Costa Rica, and Handley (1966) on Panama are useful, as well as those by Davis et al. (1964) and Carter et al.