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Home , Palmyrene Empire, Politics of Syria

Syrian Arab

Aachen university for applied science

By: Adnan Shahin Presentation Blocks Syrian Arab Republic

- The capital, the largest city. Introduction - Area, population, GDP, official languages.

- Ancient antiquity, classical antiquity, middle ages, ottoman . History - French mandate, Independent Syrian Republic, ’athist Syria.

Geography - Syria on the map.

Economy - Petroleum industry, Transport, Water supply and sanitation.

Demographics, - Ethnic groups, religion, languages, cities. culture & education - Arts, popular culture, sports, cuisine.

Civil war & - Syrian revolution. refugees - Refugees. Presentation Blocks Syrian Arab Republic

- The capital, the largest city. Introduction - Area, population, GDP, official languages.

- Ancient antiquity, classical antiquity, middle ages, . History - French mandate, Independent Syrian Republic, Ba’athist Syria.

Geography - Syria on the map.

Economy - Petroleum industry, Transport, Water supply and sanitation.

Demographics, - Ethnic groups, religion, languages, cities. culture & education - Arts, popular culture, sports, cuisine.

Civil war & - Syrian revolution. refugees - Refugees. Introduction Syrian Arab Republic

Capital : . Largest city : Aleppo. Official languages : Arabic. Area : total : 185,180 푘푚2 = 71,479 sq mi Water % : 1.1 Population : July 2014, 17,064,854 - 18,3 /푘푚2 GDP : total: 107,831 $ 푏푖푙푙푖표푛 Per capita: 5040 $ Currency : Syrian pound (SYP)

Source : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria

Syrian governorates Syrian Arab Republic

Aleppo Governorate Daraa Governorate Deir ez-Zor Governorate Governorate Hasaka Governorate Governorate Governorate Latakia Governorate Quneitra Governorate Ar Raqqah Governorate Rif Dimashq Governorate As-Suwayda Governorate Tartus Governorate

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governorates_of_Syria# Presentation Blocks Syrian Arab Republic

- The capital, the largest city. Introduction - Area, population, GDP, official languages.

- Ancient antiquity, classical antiquity, middle ages, ottoman Syria. History - French mandate, Independent Syrian Republic, Ba’athist Syria.

Geography - Syria on the map.

Economy - Petroleum industry, Transport, Water supply and sanitation.

Demographics, - Ethnic groups, religion, languages, cities. culture & education - Arts, popular culture, sports, cuisine.

Civil war & - Syrian revolution. refugees - Refugees. History – Ancient antiquity Syrian Arab Republic

Ancient antiquity - Female figurine, 5000 BC.Ancient Orient Museum. Eblaites and - God head, the kingdom of (c. 1600 BC). royal palace c. 2400 BC - Since approximately 10,000 BC, Syria was one of centers The earliest recorded indigenous civilization in the of Neolithic culture (known as Pre-Pottery Neolithic A) region was the Kingdom of Ebla near present- where agriculture and cattle breeding appeared for the first day Idlib, northern Syria. Ebla appears to have time in the world. The following Neolithic period (PPNB) is been founded around 3500 BC, and gradually built represented by rectangular houses of Mureybet culture. At its fortune through trade with the time of the pre-pottery Neolithic, people used vessels the Mesopotamian states of , Assyria and made of stone, gyps and burnt lime (Vaisselle blanche). , as well as with Finds of obsidian tools from are evidences of early the Hurrian and Hattian peoples to the northwest, trade relations. Cities of Hamoukar and Emar played an in Asia Minor. Gifts from Pharaohs, found during important role during the late Neolithic and Bronze Age. excavations, confirm Ebla's contact with Egypt. Archaeologists have demonstrated that civilization in Syria was one of the most ancient on earth, perhaps preceded Female figurine, 5000 BC. by only those of . Ancient Orient Museum. Ebla royal palace c. 2400 BC

Syria and the entire Near East and beyond then fell to the vast Neo Assyrian Empire (911 BC – 605 BC). The and Phoenicians Assyrians introduced Imperial Aramaic as the lingua Around the 14th century BC, various Semitic peoples franca of their empire. This language was to remain appeared in the area, such as the semi- dominant in Syria and the entire Near East until after nomadic Suteans who came into an unsuccessful the Arab Islamic conquest in the 7th and 8th centuries AD, conflict with Babylonia to the east, and the West and was to be a vehicle for the spread of Christianity. The Semitic speaking Arameans who subsumed the earlier Assyrians named their colonies of Syria and Lebanon Eber- Amorites. They too were subjugated by Assyria and the Nari. Assyrian domination ended after the Assyrians greatly for centuries. The Egyptians fought the Hittites weakened themselves in a series of brutal internal civil for control over western Syria; the fighting reached its wars, followed by an attacking coalition of their former zenith in 1274 BC with the Battle of Kadesh. The west subject peoples; the , Babylonians, remained part of the Hittite empire until its destruction Chaldeans, Persians, Scythians and Cimmerians. During

c. 1200 BC, while eastern Syria largely became part of the fall of Assyria, the Scythians ravaged and plundered

the Middle Assyrian Empire, who also annexed much of much of Syria. The last stand of the Assyrian army was the west during the reign of Tiglath-Pileser I 1114–1076 at Carchemish in northern Syria in 605 BC. Amrit Phoenician Temple BC. Reliefs from Tel Halaf dating to the Aramean kingdom of Bit Bahiani Source : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria History – Classical antiquity Syrian Arab Republic

The Achaemenid Persians took Syria from Babylonia as part of their hegemony of Southwest Asia in 539 BC. The Persians, having spent four centuries under Assyrian rule, retained Imperial Aramaic as diplomatic language in the (539 BC- 330 BC), and also the Assyrian name of the satrapy of Aram/Syria Eber-Nari. Syria was conquered by the Greek Macedonian Empire, ruled by circa 330 BC, and consequently became Coele-Syria province of the Greek (323 BC – 64 BC). It was the Greeks who introduced the name "Syria" to the region. Originally an Indo-European corruption of "Assyria" in northern Mesopotamia, the Greeks used this term to describe not only Assyria itself but also the lands to the west which had for centuries been under Assyrian dominion. Thus in the Greco-Roman world both the Arameans of Syria and the Assyrians of Mesopotamia to the east were referred to as "" or "Syriacs", despite these being distinct peoples in their own right, a confusion which would continue into the modern world. Eventually parts of southern Seleucid Syria were taken by Judean Hasmoneans upon the slow disintegration of the Hellenistic Empire. Syria briefly came under Armenian control from 83 BC, with the conquests of Tigranes the Great, who was welcomed as a savior from the Seleucids and Romans by its people. The Armenians retained control of Syria for two decades before being driven out by the Romans. Roman theatre of in the province of Arabia, present-day Syria Pompey the Great of the , who captured in 64 BC, turning Syria into a . The in 271 AD Ancient city of Palmyra, a rich and sometimes powerful native Aramaic-speaking kingdom arose in northern Syria in the 2nd century; the Palmyrene established a trade network that made the city one of the richest in the Roman empire. Eventually, in the late AD, the Palmyrene king defeated the Persian and controlled the entirety of the Roman East while his successor and widow established the Palmyrene Empire, which briefly conquered Egypt, Syria, , much of Asia Minor, Judah and Lebanon, before being finally brought under Roman control in 273 AD. The northern Mesopotamian Assyrian kingdom of Adiabene controlled areas of north east Syria between 10 AD and 117 AD, before it was conquered by . The Aramaic language has been found as far afield as Wall in Ancient Britain, with inscriptions written by Assyrian and Aramean soldiers of the Roman Empire. Control of Syria eventually passed from the Romans to the Byzantines, with the split in the Roman Empire. The largely Aramaic-speaking population of Syria during the heyday of the was probably not exceeded again until the 19th century. Prior to the Arab Islamic Conquest in the 7th century AD, the bulk of the population were Arameans, but Syria was also home to Greek and Roman ruling classes, Assyrians still dwelt in the north east, Phoenicians along the coasts, and Jewish and Armenian communities was also extant in major cities, with Nabateans and pre-Islamic such as the Lakhmids and Ghassanids dwelling in the deserts of . Syriac Christianity had taken hold as the major religion, although others still followed Judaism, Mithraism, Manicheanism, Greco-Roman Religion, Canaanite Religion and Mesopotamian Religion. Syria's large and prosperous population made Syria one of the most important of the Roman and Byzantine provinces, particularly during the 2nd and 3rd centuries (AD). The Alexander Severus, who was emperor from 222 to 235, was an Aramean from Syria. His cousin , who was emperor from 218 to 222, was also from Syria and his family held hereditary rights to the high priesthood of the Aramean sun god El-Gabal at Emera (modern Homs) in Syria. Another Roman emperor who was a Syrian was (Marcus Julius Philippus), emperor from 244 to 249. Syria is significant in the history of Christianity; Saulus of Tarsus, better known as the Apostle Paul, was converted on the Road to Damascus and emerged as a significant figure in the Christian Church at Antioch in ancient Syria, from which he left on many of his missionary journeys.

Roman theatre of Bosra in the province of Arabia, present- day Syria

Source : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria History – Middle ages Syrian Arab Republic

During Muhammad's era

Islamic Syria (Bilad al-Sham)

Ottomann Syria

1803 Cedid Atlas, showing Ottoman Syria labelled as "Al Sham" in yellow

Source : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria History – Middle ages Syrian Arab Republic

French Mandate (1920 – 1946)

Independent Syrian Republic

Ba’athist Syria ( 1961- ….. Now )

Military situation in the as of April 20, 2016

Source : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria Presentation Blocks Syrian Arab Republic

- The capital, the largest city. Introduction - Area, population, GDP, official languages.

- Ancient antiquity, classical antiquity, middle ages, ottoman Syria. History - French mandate, Independent Syrian Republic, Ba’athist Syria.

Geography - Syria on the map.

Economy - Petroleum industry, Transport, Water supply and sanitation.

Demographics, - Ethnic groups, religion, languages, cities. culture & education - Arts, popular culture, sports, cuisine.

Civil war & - Syrian revolution. refugees - Refugees. Geography Syrian Arab Republic

Syria lies between latitudes 32° and 38° N, and longitudes 35° and 43° E. It consists mostly of arid plateau, although the northwest part of the country bordering the Mediterranean is fairly green. The Northeast of the country "al-Jazira" and the South "Hawran" are important agricultural areas. The , Syria's most important river, crosses the country in the east. It is considered to be one of the fifteen states that comprise the so-called "Cradle of civilization". Its land straddles the "northwest of the Arabian plate". The climate in Syria is dry and hot, and winters are mild. Because of the country's elevation, snowfall does occasionally occur during winter. Petroleum in commercial quantities was first discovered in the northeast in 1956. The most important oil fields are those of Suwaydiyah, Qaratshui, Rumayian, and Tayyem, near Dayr az–Zawr. The fields are a natural extension of the Iraqi fields of Mosul and Kirkuk. Petroleum became Syria's leading natural resource and chief export after 1974. Natural gas was discovered at the field of Jbessa in 1940.

Source : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria Presentation Blocks Syrian Arab Republic

- The capital, the largest city. Introduction - Area, population, GDP, official languages.

- Ancient antiquity, classical antiquity, middle ages, ottoman Syria. History - French mandate, Independent Syrian Republic, Ba’athist Syria.

Geography - Syria on the map.

Economy - Energy, exports, imports, power stations.

Demographics, - Ethnic groups, religion, languages, cities. culture & education - Arts, popular culture, sports, cuisine.

Civil war & - Syrian revolution. refugees - Refugees. Energy Syrian Arab Republic

Energy in Syria describes energy and electricity production, consumption and import in Syria. Energy policy of Syria describes the related to energy. The 2011 Syrian uprising is an ongoing internal conflict in Syria. Primary energy use in 2009 in Syria was 262 TWh and 12 TWh per million persons.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Syria Exports Syrian Arab Republic

Exports: Syria is the 156th largest export economy in the world. In 2014, Syria exported $824M and imported $6.11B, resulting in a negative trade balance of $5.28B. The top exports of Syria are Raw Cotton ($80.6M), Calcium Phosphates ($72.9M), Apples and Pears ($52.8M), Crude Petroleum ($52.6M) and Spice Seeds ($46.8M), using the 1992 revision of the HS (Harmonized System) classification. Its top imports are Cars ($318M), Raw Sugar ($250M), Seed Oils ($198M), Wheat ($135M) and Soybean Meal ($122M). The top export destinations of Syria are Jordan ($149M), Lebanon($121M), Egypt ($112M), Turkey ($105M) and India ($81.1M). The top import origins are Turkey ($1.46B), China ($980M), South Korea ($422M),Egypt ($347M) and Lebanon ($241M).

Source: http://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/syr/#Exports Imports Syrian Arab Republic

Imports: In 2014 Syria imported $6.11B, making it the 123rd largest importer in the world. During the last five years the imports of Syria have decreased at an annualized rate of -18.9%, from $17.4B in 2009 to $6.11B in 2014. The most recent imports are led by Cars which represent 5.22% of the total imports of Syria, followed by Raw Sugar, which account for 4.1%.

Source: http://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/syr/#Exports Power stations Syrian Arab Republic

Station MW Community Status Baath Dam 81 Ar-Raqqah Operational Tabqa Dam 800 Al-Thawrah Operational Tishrin Dam 630 Abu Qalqal Operational Aleppo thermal 1065 Aleppo Operational power plant

Baath Dam Tabqa Dam Tishrin Dam

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Syria Presentation Blocks Syrian Arab Republic

- The capital, the largest city. Introduction - Area, population, GDP, official languages.

- Ancient antiquity, classical antiquity, middle ages, ottoman Syria. History - French mandate, Independent Syrian Republic, Ba’athist Syria.

Geography - Syria on the map.

Economy - Petroleum industry, Transport, Water supply and sanitation.

Demographics, - Ethnic groups, religion, languages, cities. culture & education - Arts, popular culture, sports, cuisine.

Civil war & - Syrian revolution. refugees - Refugees. Demographics Syrian Arab Republic

Most people live in the Euphrates River valley and along the coastal plain, a fertile strip between the coastal mountains and the desert. Overall population density in Syria is about 99 per square kilometre (258 per square mile). According to the World Refugee Survey 2008, published by the U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Syria hosted a population of refugees and asylum seekers numbering approximately 1,852,300. The vast majority of this population was from Iraq (1,300,000), but sizeable populations from Palestine (543,400) and Somalia(5,200) also lived in the country.

In what the UN has described as "the biggest humanitarian emergency of our era", about 9.5 million Syrians, half the population, have been displaced since the outbreak of the Syrian Civil War in March 2011; 4 million are outside the country as refugees.

Ethnic groups : Syrian Arabs – Arameans – Kurds – Turkomans – Armenians Demographics Syrian Arab Republic

Religion : Sunni Muslims make up about 74% of Syria's population and Sunni Arabs account for 59– 60% of the population, most Kurds (9%) and Turkomen (3%) are Sunni, while 13% are Shia (Alawite and Ismailis combined), 10% Christian (the majority Antiochian Orthodox, the rest including Greek Catholic, Assyrian Church of the East, Armenian Orthodox, Protestants and other denominations), and 3% Druze. Druze number around 500,000, and concentrate mainly in the southern area of Jabal al-Druze.

Demographics Syrian Arab Republic

Languages: Arabic is the official language. Several modern Arabic dialects are used in everyday life, most notably Levantine in the west and Mesopotamian in the northeast. Kurdish is widely spoken in the Kurdish regions of Syria. Armenian and Turkish are spoken among the Armenian and Turkmen minorities.

Culture Syrian Arab Republic

Art : The literature of Syria has contributed to Arabic literature and has a proud tradition of oral and written poetry. Syrian writers, many of whom migrated to Egypt, played a crucial role in the or Arab literary and cultural revival of the 19th century. Prominent contemporary Syrian writers include, among others, Adonis, Muhammad Maghout, Haidar Haidar, Ghada al- Samman, Nizar Qabbani and Zakariyya Tamer. Culture Syrian Arab Republic

Popular culture : The Syrian music scene, in particular that of Damascus, has long been among the Arab world's most important, especially in the field of classical Arab music. Nearly all of Syria's media outlets are state-owned, and the Ba'ath Party controls nearly all newspapers.

Culture Syrian Arab Republic

Sports : The most popular sports in Syria are football, basketball, swimming, and tennis. Damascus was home to the fifth and seventh Pan Arab Games. Many popular football teams are based in Damascus, Aleppo, Homs, Latakia, etc.

Cuisine : kibbeh, hummus, tabbouleh, fattoush, labneh, shawarma, mujaddara, shanklish, pastırma,sujuk and baklava Culture Syrian Arab Republic

Education : Education is free and compulsory from ages 6 to 12. Schooling consists of 6 years of primary education followed by a 3-year general or vocational training period and a 3-year academic or vocational program. The second 3- year period of academic training is required for university admission. Total enrollment at post- secondary schools is over 150,000. The literacy rate of Syrians aged 15 and older is 90.7% for males and 82.2% for females. Presentation Blocks Syrian Arab Republic

- The capital, the largest city. Introduction - Area, population, GDP, official languages.

- Ancient antiquity, classical antiquity, middle ages, ottoman Syria. History - French mandate, Independent Syrian Republic, Ba’athist Syria.

Geography - Syria on the map.

Economy - Petroleum industry, Transport, Water supply and sanitation.

Demographics, - Ethnic groups, religion, languages, cities. culture & education - Arts, popular culture, sports, cuisine.

Civil war & - Syrian revolution. refugees - Refugees. Civil war (government & rebels) Syrian Arab Republic Refugees Syrian Arab Republic Refugees Syrian Arab Republic

Annual numbers of migrants smuggled at sea and land by route, 2005 :

Source: http://www.migrationpolicycentre.eu/migrant-crisis/ Refugees Syrian Arab Republic

Annual numbers of migrants smuggled at sea and land by route, 2008 :

Source: http://www.migrationpolicycentre.eu/migrant-crisis/ Refugees Syrian Arab Republic

Annual numbers of migrants smuggled at sea and land by route, 2015 :

Source: http://www.migrationpolicycentre.eu/migrant-crisis/ Refugees Syrian Arab Republic

Registered Syrian refugees by country of asylum, 2011 (1st Feb.) – 2015 (1st Sep.)

Source: http://www.migrationpolicycentre.eu/migrant-crisis/focus-on-syrians/ .. Thank you .. ? ?