The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation Annual Report 2002

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02 the bank of sweden tercentenary foundation annual report 2002

Stiftelsen Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation Annual Report 2002

7 managing director’s comments 53 anders piltz: saint birgitta reflected in the mirrors of posterity 11 activities in support of research new research projects in 2002 12 Procedure 61 13 Follow-up and evaluation 66 The Bank of Sweden Donation Project follow-up 13 92 The Humanities and Social Sciences 16 Evaluation of the Bank of Sweden Donation Tercentenary Foundation 102 Infrastructure 17 Grants for research projects and infrastructure 115 statistical information on support research grants Supplementary charges on overhead costs 19 21 Grants for initiating research, conferences 117 Bank of Sweden Donation and the like 122 The Humanities and Social Sciences Nobel Symposiums 24 Donation Scholarships 24 125 Infrastructure Support Pro Futura 26 127 financial administration 27 Graduate schools 129 Financial activities – five-year summary The Graduate School for Mathematics and Teaching Methods 27 131 annual report The Graduate School for Modern The aims of the Foundation 131 Languages 28 The year’s activities 132 The Swedish School of Advanced Asia Pacific Result and financial position 134 Studies – SSAAPS 29 Financial result 135 The Nordic Museum Graduate School for Museum Officials 30 Income statement 137 32 Sector committees Balance sheet 138 The sector committee for research on knowledge 140 Accounting and valuation principles and society 32 142 Notes The sector committee for research on culture – 155 Audit Report security – sustainable social development 34 donations at market value New sector committee for research on the civil 156 society 37 38 Co-operation with the Riksdag 159 Publications by the Foundation 80th anniversary of the right to vote 38 161 Board of Trustees The Foundation Creative Man 38 161 Advisory Committee Political leadership and great leaders 39 161 Finance Committee 40 International commitments 161 Auditors The European Foundation Centre 40 161 Preparatory Committees 2002–2003 CNERP – the Swedish Committee for a New 164 Sector Committees European Research Policy 40 164 Graduate Schools The Millennium Development Goals 44 165 Secretariat Collegium Budapest 45 167 Picture captions Co-operation with Germany 45 Swedish in Finland – Finnish in Sweden 46 Project 2005 47 Cultural-political research 48 Albertus Pictor – 95 A Painter of His Times Managing Director’s Comments

ow should Swedish spearhead research best be supported? Together with the Swedish Research Council, the Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research and the Swedish H Agency for Innovation Systems, The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foun-dation has devoted much thought to this question during the past year. It will, of course, figure in the agenda in the next few years as well. A fundamental problem for many university subjects, and not only for the so-called small subjects, is that they do not have enough highly- qualified teachers and researchers. This means that research runs the risk of stagnating in many fields. Basic institutional support to the majority of the best researchers decreased significantly in the 1990s; equally, the infrastructure of research has been weakened. All this in turn contributes to the fact that far too few talented young people turn to research as a career. Thus we need to find new channels that will ensure that gifted scholars are given opportunities to develop into prominent researchers who match up to international competition. The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation has therefore in part chosen new ways to support research work. We have contributed to the formation of national research schools and to post-doctorate development by making special grants, including one through “Pro Futura” at the Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study in the Social Sciences, SCASSS, in Uppsala. This support is aimed at the best young researchers in Sweden. They are selected in a national competition to which all the Swedish universities are invited to submit the names of their very best post-doctoral researchers within the whole of the social science and liberal arts field. This programme has now been in operation for three years with great success and could well

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be extended further. Our Foundation has also opened up the possibility for professors to apply for salary grants for their own research since the basic grants for individual research have decreased dramatically during the past 10–15 years. The question of strengthening support for the infrastructure and for the environment has also been a topic for discussion in recent years. The question now is whether the time has not come for a more radical reorganisa- tion of research support. A further reason for discussing a new direction for research support is the newly-reached two-year agreement concerning cost contributions for externally financed research projects at universities and university colleges. The definition of the term “full cost cover” is not sufficiently unambigu- ous to make it possible to define clear distinctions between direct and indirect costs for research and between costs for research and for education. There are also other principles that can be applied for managing indirect costs for EU projects. The harmonisation of these two systems should therefore be considered. As proposed in the preliminary report that has led to the temporary moratorium caused by the above-mentioned agreement, the government authorities should help to bring about a more comprehensive and long- term reform of the way in which research is financed. This reform should also include the question of the universities’ co-financing of the indirect costs of external research activities. A natural time for the government to announce such proposals would be in connection with the parliamentary research bill of 2004. If these questions are not satisfactorily answered in the next research bill, there is an even stronger reason for the financiers of research to reorganise research support. In all probability project finance will be reduced in favour of major programme grants within the liberal arts and social sciences as well. A transition to programme support, in 6–10 years’ time, would facilitate the long- term development of knowledge and competence and help the universities and university colleges to clarify their profiles. It would also probably help to increase the mobility of researchers and improve co-operation across subject, faculty and university boundaries, which would lead to a rise in quality. The transition from project to programme and environmental support would increase the possibilities of reaching special agreements with the individual seats of learning, which would imply a different division of costs than that applied under the present agreement. It would also be possible to consider giving large grants to spearhead research by establishing an institutional model corresponding to that in Germany (the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft). This would mean radically departing from the system up to now, which has been that research should be carried out by universities. Of course, certain intermediate forms could also be developed, so that research was not entirely separated from basic university education. But institutional research will probably grow gradually in extent. Managing Director’s Comments 9

It is my hope that, in a situation where the total socio-economic scope for research does not seem to be expandable, there will be new forms for establishing a reasonable division of work between the state, foundations and industry regarding the mustering and concentration of strength for high-quality research of international class in Sweden. Finally, I have all cause in this context to give my warm thanks to all the members of the Foundation’s Board and drafting committees who are now retiring. In particular I would like to thank Professor Stig Strömholm, the greatly valued Chairman of the Board. As a token of the Foundation's appreciation the Deputy Chairman Sonia Karlsson presented as a gift at the Board dinner a conference on the theme of “The Research University – a parathensis in the history of learning?”. As I pointed out in last year’s comments, the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation has gained an increasingly prominent position in European research co-operation, which has in the highest possible degree been achieved by the projects that Stig Strömholm has so deeply committed himself to. My warmest thanks! I am convinced that our new Chairman, Professor Eva Österberg, who has many successful Foundation projects behind her, will continue along this new path of change. We bid you heartily welcome! After ten years as Managing Director of the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation it has been and still is a privilege to have the opportunity to take part in the development of academic research in Sweden and the surrounding world.

dan brändström Cure the Vasa93 Activities in support of research

he Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation provides support for advanced research in the form of project grants to individual researchers or research groups that apply for funds. The T Foundation is actively engaged in broad fields of scientific research, which is reflected in the range of expertise among the researchers on the Board of Trustees and in the preparatory committees. In addition, the Board includes persons with specialist financial and political knowledge. This composition means that the Board represents an unusually broad spec- trum of experience, thereby giving it a unique position as an all-round liai- son body between various fields of research as well as between research and other central interests in society. Ever since the inception of the Foundation a certain preference has been shown for research in the social sciences and the humanities, including such fields as law and theology. Substantial grants have been made over the past few years to research in the humanities. The aim of the Foundation is to provide equal support for the two broad subject areas of social sciences and the humanities. Medical research receives support from the Erik Rönnberg donations. Sociomedical research is supported by grants from both the Bank of Sweden Donation and the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation. Natural science and technology are supported to a lesser extent via joint projects within the humanities and social sciences. Priority is given in the first place to projects whose requirements are not naturally met in other ways, for example through grants from state research councils or other authorities that operate within their own relatively well-defined sectors. The Foundation is interested in supporting multidisciplinary or interdisciplinary research projects in which researchers from different disciplines, faculties, locations or countries collaborate. A review of the Foundation’s

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catalogue of grants awarded to date reveals a growing number of examples of research projects of this kind, especially within the ﬁeld of the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation

Procedure

Decisions about the grants to be awarded are made by the Board of Trustees. Prior to this, applications are assessed and ranked in order of priority by one or (usually) more than one preparatory committee. Permanent and deputy Board members, together with Swedish and international scientific experts and a number of members of the Swedish parliament serve on each of these committees. As a rule, the applications are also assessed by three external experts from Sweden or other countries. Each application is assessed according to international standards and in relation to criteria of both scientific quality and societal relevance. Decisions about grants for new projects are taken in two stages: 1) Assessments in the first stage are based on short, summarised applications or project outlines. The preparatory committees then select the applications they consider to be of the highest scientific quality and greatest societal relevance and which have been drawn up by researchers judged to have the appropriate competence to conduct the project in question. These researchers are then given the opportunity to present more comprehensive applications. All other applications are rejected 2) In the second stage complete applications are assessed and placed in order of priority (normally after examination by external experts) before the final decisions are made by the Board. As from 2002, applications to the Foundation are made solely via the Internet. This has meant that paperwork has been reduced to a minimum. Apart from the applicants sending in their project applications electronically, the members of the preparatory committees and the external experts work through the Foundation’s home page. This system has been tested during the past year and will be refined for the next round of applications. Where applications relate to research that is ethically questionable, they are evaluated according to the same criteria and in the same way as by the Swedish Research Council. Applications to the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation are assessed in accordance with the criteria in the instructions issued by the Foundation, entailing scrutiny with particular reference to the projects’ interdisciplinary character. In other words, how co-operation between different disciplines and across department, faculty or university boundaries is to take place. Furthermore, priority is given to projects involving the participation of post-graduate students. In certain fields that are regarded as particularly important but have not received sufficient attention the Foundation occasionally appoints special “sector committees” whose task is to review research needs and encourage Activities in support of research 13

scientific research and the exchange of information. These committees consist of researchers from disciplines of importance for the field and of representatives of important and relevant societal interests. Their activities may be described as advanced preparatory research work. This comes to an end when sufficient attention has been gained from the research community and/or from the authorities responsible for ensuring that permanent resources are provided for the field in question. In 1997 the Board decided to set up a sector committee for research into The Knowledge Society and in 2000 a sector committee was set up for research into Culture – Security – Sustainable Social Development. A new sector committee for research into The Civil Society will begin its work in the spring of 2003. The work of these committees will be described later in this report.

Follow-up and evaluation

Project follow-up The regular follow-up and evaluation of ongoing and recently completed projects has meant that 12 projects (eight from the Bank of Sweden Donation and four from the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation, one of which was approved as infrastructure support and evaluated separately) have been the subject of special scrutiny. The aim of the follow-up has been to examine the scientiﬁc results and assess the structure and resource allocation of the projects. An additional aim has been to investigate, by means of conversations with vice-chancellors, deans, researchers and post-graduate students, present and future conditions for the advance of knowledge in the faculty areas concerned. As from last year, former expert advisers have been present at several of the project visitations, as well as a representative of the Swedish Parliamentary auditors. During the year project leaders at the universities of Uppsala, Stockholm, Umeå, Linköping and Örebro and at the Stockholm School of Economics, The Royal Library, the Swedish Linnean Society and the Silver Museum Foundation at Arjeplog were contacted. They were given the following questionnaire to be answered in writing and commented on orally at the visitations: 1) What scientiﬁc publications have been generated by the project? 2) Has the project generated ideas for fresh research (applies particularly to completed projects)? 3) Have those engaged in the project contributed papers to national and international symposiums? If so, what papers? 4) Has the project resulted in an invitation to you or any of your col- leagues to spend time as a visiting lecturer at any other seat of learning? Similarly, it would be interesting to know whether the work carried out on the project has led to researchers being invited to your department. 5) What educational effects have been gained as a result of the project? Have postgraduate students, for example, taken part? If so, please give their 14 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

names and ages. It should also be mentioned whether any special teaching material has been produced in connection with the project. 6) What information about the research has been produced during the project and/or after its completion? Finally, a request was made for a ﬁnancial report on the use of the project funds for salaries, equipment, travel, local overheads (premises, departmental and university costs) and any other costs.

The preparatory committee for economics, geogra- The preparatory committee for behavioural science, phy etc. visited Umeå University on 22 October, social medicine etc. decided this year to carry out a 2002. The two projects listed below were selected thematic evaluation of “research into children and for review. In addition, Dr Lars Westin, who is young persons”. They selected therefore three pro- Head of the Centre for Regional Studies, CERUM, jects that were invited to the Foundation’s ofﬁce on informed the committee about the establishment of 18 November. the centre at Umeå University.

Professor Olle Krantz – J1996-0580 Professor Karin Aronsson – J1999-0341 extended historical national culture reception and socialisation finances for sweden, 1800–1990 – analysis of conversations in children’s games at school Department of Economic History Grant up to 31 December, 1998 Linköping University Total grant: SEK 1,000,000 Grant up to 31 December, 2002 Total grant: SEK 2,135,000

Dr Ola Henfridsson – J2000-0401 Professor Berit Hagekull – J1999-0507 social implications of electronic connections and religiosity trading: a study of new information Department of Psychology, Uppsala University technology in everyday life Grant up to 31 December, 2002 Department of Informatics Total grant: SEK 797,000 Grant up to 31 December, 2002 Total grant: SEK 2,000,000 Professor Håkan Stattin – J1999-0525 young persons’ problems today: what can parents do? Department of Social Sciences, Örebro University Grant up to 31 December, 2001 Total grant: SEK 1,165,000 Activities in support of research 15

The preparatory committee for political science, The preparatory committee for the Humanities and law, statistics etc. visited Stockholm University on Social Sciences Donation also made a longer project 30 October, 2002. The following three projects visit on 19–21 August, 2002: were selected for review:

Dr Ingela Bergman – K1998-5116 Professor Christian Diesen – J1997-0011 man, fire and the landscape: estab- evaluation of testimony lishment and ecological conditions of the trapping society in inner Department of Law norrland, 9000–6000 bp Grant up to 31 December, 2003 Total grant: SEK 2,842,000 Grant up to 31 December, 2003 Total grant: SEK 11,000,000

Professor Åke Svensson spreading of infectious diseases During 2001 the Foundation decided to test a new – development of statistical analysis method for the evaluation of infrastructure support. models The evaluation firm Kunskapsbolaget was engaged Department of Mathematical Statistics and two of its consultants, Björn Kärrberg and Tage Grant up to 31 December, 2002 Nordkvist, carried out an evaluation of an infra- Total grant: SEK 2,210,000 structure project at the Swedish Film Institute dur- Professor Rune Premfors – J1999-0378 ing the autumn of 2001 based on the firm’s “gener- The bureaucratic state and dualism al model for following up projects”, which was Stockholm Centre for Research on the reported early in 2002 (See the Foundation’s Public Sector Annual Report, 2001). As a result of this evaluation Grant up to 2002 the project was finally completed. Kunskapsbolaget Total grant: SEK 2,210,000 was also commissioned to comment on the Foundation’s administrative routines for writing contracts and follow-up procedures. This resulted The preparatory committee for the Humanities and in a new text for research project contracts. During Social Sciences Donation made two short visits, to 2002 Håkan Johansson, a consultant at Kunskaps- Stockholm University on 13 March, 2002: bolaget, evaluated the project at the Royal Library with very good results. This project has generated Professor Sven-Erik Sjöstrand – K1998-5150 results that will be of great value in a number of fields of flow: art and companies, infrastructure projects dealing with image manage- aesthetics, technology and economics ment that have received grants during the present Stockholm School of Economics year. Grant up to 31 December, 2002 Grant so far: SEK 18,800,000 Chief Librarian Tomas Lidman – In2000-7033 picture data bases and digitisation And to Uppsala on 22 March, 2002: – a platform for abm co-operation

Professor Carl-Olof Jacobson – K1994-5209 The Royal Library scientific publication of Grant up to 31 December, 2002 linnaeus’ correspondence Total grant: SEK 3,000,000 Grant up to 31 December, 2004 Grant so far: SEK 16,540,000 16 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Evaluation of the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation was established in 1962 by the Swedish Parliament and through a donation from the Bank of Sweden that wished to celebrate the Bank’s tercentenary in 1968 and to promote “an important national objective”. The Foundation’s statutes were established in December 1964 and the first research grants were awarded during 1965. Thus the Bank of Sweden’s Tercentenary Foundation will soon have been operating for 40 years. During this period the Foundation has allocated more than SEK 5 bn (at 2002 monetary value) for scientific research. The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation has, however, never been properly evaluated during this long period. The Board decided therefore, on 21 March, 2002, that an evaluation should be carried out encompassing the whole of the Foundation, including both its finances and its research support. The choice of time was connected with the fact that almost 10 years ago, through the Swedish Parliament’s decision to dismantle the employee investment fund, the Foundation received the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation. At the same time a number of large new research foundations were set up from the same funds. These foundations and the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation agreed to analyse the role of the new research financiers in financing Swedish research within the framework of a major, jointly financed research project, the result of which would be published in 2004. The Board of the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation decided therefore on 21 March 2002 to evaluate its activities. This decision comprised 1) a broad analysis and assessment of the Foundation’s research support, 2) the Foundation’s financial activities and 3) the partial financing of the 2004 Foundation Project, which focuses on the role of foundations in the national research and higher education system. At the same time the Board decided to allocate SEK 0.8 m within the framework of budgeted funds for infrastructure grants from the Tercentenary Donation for the budget year 2002 for Parts 1 and 2, and from the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation a total of SEK 2 m for Part 3 divided between the budget years 2002 and 2003 with SEK l m per year. A working committee consisting of Professor Bengt Stenlund, former Vice-Chancellor of Åbo Akademi, Chairman, Professor Margareta Bertilsson, Copenhagen University, and Professor Francis Sejersted, Oslo University, is responsible for evaluating the Foundation. The Secretary of the committee is Professor Thorsten Nybom, Örebro University. Anna-Lena Winberg, a research secretary at the Foundation’s head office, is a co-opted member. Directors Lennart Nilsson and Claes de Neergaard have been commissioned to evaluate the Foundation’s financial activities and financial administration. The directives for the Foundation’s evaluation emphasise that the evaluation should primarily concentrate on the period 1990–2001 but also com- Activities in support of research 17

prise a brief survey of the period 1965–1989. An important starting-point for the evaluation is to assess the degree to which the research support has been in line with the Foundation’s statutes. Have the grants been broadly distributed between different areas? Have major, long-term programmes been supported? To what extent has the requirement for societal relevance – which was emphasised when the Foundation was established – been met? The directives also focus on how the Foundation used its regained position in the 1990s as the leading financier of humanistic and social sciences research, in part thanks to the creation of the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation. Did this strong position mean that the Foundation set up new and different priorities, not least in relation to the state research councils and the sector agencies? In this context the evaluators should also investigate the forms of co-operation with other financiers, both state and private, that the Foundation has been involved in. To what extent and in what areas has the Foundation co-operated with the new foundations and with the state research councils and the sector agencies? In its directive the Board also states that the Foundation’s provision for extra grants should also be analysed. In the late 1990s the Board of the Foundation decided to specifically and strongly support postgraduate students, new research schools and postdoctoral posts. These plans were initiated in a dialogue between the research community and the Foundation. The evaluators should analyse these specific grants and also consider whether the Foundation has reason to continue this type of grant. As for the directive to the evaluators of the Foundation’s financial activities (from 1988 the Foundation was granted the right to administer its own capital) the Board states that the evaluators should include in their investigation the existing control mechanisms and try to determine how well suited they are to their purpose. They should also try to assess how the investment activities have been managed, for example in relation to the Placing Policy. A further question concerns the assessment of the results of the Foundation deciding, since 1988/89, that its financial administration should be managed internally with its own permanent staff. In this matter there is good reason to make comparisons with other foundations, which in several cases have chosen different solutions. The evaluation of the Foundation will be completed in the spring of 2004. The reports will then be coordinated with the completion of the Foundation Project. The evaluation of the Foundation’s financial activities will be completed by the spring of 2003.

Grants for research projects and infrastructure support

During the past year the Foundation has granted a little more than SEK 350 m for research purposes, as can be seen in the table “Research Grants, 2002, per donation” on page 00, and statistical information on grants awarded for research on page 00.The budgeted amount for grants is 18 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

unchanged in relation to the previous year. New grants awarded from the Bank of Sweden Donation and the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation (including infrastructure support) are presented on page 00. The pressure of applications is very high. Of the total number of applications received during the year, 780 were new ones, which is 64 fewer than last year. 449 applications were made to the Bank of Sweden Donation, 44 of which were approved; 234 applications were made to the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation, 17 of which were ﬁnally approved, including one planning grant. Infrastructure support is granted in the form of a one-time grant and is intended for work whose purpose is to promote future research. In the budget for 2002 SEK 8 m were allocated from the Bank of Sweden Donation and SEK 40 m from the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation for this purpose. A total of 97 applications were received, 32 of which were approved. Last year 14 of 59 applications were approved. The proportion of new applications (37,7%) in relation to the total number of approved applications (including continuation applications) is at about the same level as in the previous year(33,5%). The proportion of the total number of approved research projects from female main applicants is the same as in the previous year: 32 per cent. On the other hand, the total number of female researchers taking part in the Foundation’s projects is somewhat larger, approximately 35 per cent. Over and above these grants the Foundation has also approved 82 grants for symposia etc. (see below). Within the scope of the funds budgeted for infrastructure support are various grants supporting projects that concern picture management and picture archiving: a total inventory of the illuminated handwritten manuscripts in Swedish archives and libraries, documentation of the Royal Dramatic Theatre’s video recordings and the Royal Opera House’s scenographic models, and a project at the Swedish Theatre Museum that will develop methods for digital documentation of performances in various genres for future research and education. This year, too, support will be given for new projects to organise, pre- serve and digitise archive material. Among them in particular are the projects for the Vadstena manuscripts, for scanning medieval parchment book covers in the National Archives and Strindberg’s notes on the books in his library, for documenting source material from insolvent IT companies and for continued support to work on a complete Sami bibliography. The Press archives at the Department of Political Science at Uppsala have received a grant to test and evaluate the possibility of establishing a national electronic Press archive by creating a system that allows searches to be made in extensive newspaper material. This year the Foundation has helped to support the establishment of an international leading centre of excellence for toy and game research under the name “The Stockholm International Toy Research Centre” (SITREC) Activities in support of research 19

at the Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm. The Foundation has also set aside infrastructure funds to support further work with The European Values Study and The World Values Study, which are two parallel, very extensive studies of individual values systems. Four sets of interviews with large, representative population samples have been carried out in 75 countries in all, representing approximately 80 per cent of the world population.This study is aimed at individual values in areas such as democracy, politics, economics, working life, family, gender roles, migration, religion, morals, social trust and the like. Its longitudinal design and wide coverage make this study very relevant to a number of humanistic and socio-scientiﬁc disciplines. The project leader in Sweden is Professor Thorleif Pettersson at Uppsala University. Professor Albert Tuijnman, Stockholm University, has been appointed Chief Editor of the third edition of The International Encyclopedia of Education. Swedish work on this project is supported this year by the Foundation. The encyclopedia will contain some 1,650 articles in 15 or 16 volumes, written by 1,500 authors representing most countries in the world. A more detailed presentation of all infrastructure support will be found in the section entitled “New research projects, 2002”.

Supplementary charges Approved grants are made available subject to special conditions speciﬁed on overhead costs in the contract with each recipient. The majority of grants that are distributed are administered by state universities and university colleges, which also act as employers of the staff who are paid from the grants. In the section “Statistical information on research grants” (page 00), certain data are reported in tables on applications processed and grants awarded. In the case of grants paid out after 1 July 1991, besides an additional sum of 13.6 per cent for overheads, there is also an increment for VAT of 8.7 per cent calculated on the project grant. For grants paid out after 1 July 1994 that are administered by state university colleges under the Ministry of Education, the Foundation must also expect to pay an increment of 10 per cent for premises on the sum calculated for the project itself. Other grant admini- strators than universities, both state and private, usually charge lower overhead costs. The question of full cover for costs (cover for overheads, cover for indirect costs) has been discussed for a long time in several research surveys and government bills, most recently in 2000/01:3 “Research and Renewal” which provides a brief report on how the question has been discussed during the 1990s. In the spring of 2001 an agreement was reached between the Association of Higher Education (SUHF) and the four research-funding authorities: the Swedish Research Council, the Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research (FAS), the Swedish Research Council for the Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning (FORMAS) and the Swedish Agency for Innovation Systems (VINNOVA) concerning cover for indirect 20 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

project costs. In this agreement the parties agreed to initiate a project that would serve to ascertain the actual costs of individual research projects. This project would deal with both the cost of premises and other indirect costs. The parties were agreed that they should invite the research foundations and the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation to take part in a special committee. This committee was appointed at the end of 2001 with the task of considering how a system for full cost coverage could be designed. This committee, chaired by the former government minister Ingemar Mundebo, consisted of 16 representatives of seven seats of learning and six external financiers, including the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation. In the middle of October 2002 the committee presented its final report containing proposals for a new agreement that would replace the above- mentioned agreement between SUHF and various state financiers with effect from 1 January 2003. The proposal for the new agreement involves an increment for indirect costs of 18 per cent and an increment for the cost of premises of 17 per cent, that is, a total of 35 per cent. In addition there is VAT of 8.7 per cent. The committee was assisted in its work by a calculations group consisting of a number of economists from various university and university college administrations. This group came to the conclusion that the proportion of directs costs for premises and other indirect costs corresponds to an increment of 52 per cent on the direct salary and operating costs. On the proposal of the research financiers the auditing and consultant company of Öhrlings PricewaterhouseCoopers was commissioned to carry out an independent study of the calculations group’s proposal. This study is also presented in the final report. Among other comments, the company points out that the full cost coverage system does not encourage keeping costs down. The company also states: • that the costs structure and accounting systems vary to a considerable degree from university/university college to university/university college and that the absence of a standard and transparent accounting system is a weakness that results in the research financiers not being able, in a simple way, to assess the content and reasonableness of a university’s costs or to compare different universities’ costs with each other. (It is important that budgeting and accounting/follow-up have a quality and comparabil- ity that make it possible to evaluate projects and results.) • that a single percentage increment affects different universities differently since they have different opinions about what should be considered direct and indirect costs. • that a system employing several different percentage rates would also mean greater administrative costs with reduced simplicity and effective- ness in its operation. (It is a matter of finding a balance between simplicity and reasonable equity.) • that there may be a need to harmonise the management of indirect costs with the rules applicable to EU projects. Activities in support of research 21

• that the costs of premises at universities are thought to be high, and that it is questionable whether it is possible to utilise the premises adequately. In conclusion, it should be pointed out that the committee agreed unani- mously that a more long-term solution is possible only through a new parliamentary and government decision on the ﬁnancing of universities and university colleges, a decision that also includes the content and form of the full-cost principle. At the same time, it is important to ﬁnd a solution for the next few years. The committee therefore proposes a two-stage solution: a new agreement to come into force on 1 January 2003 onwards; and continued efforts to enable the question to be examined in its entirety in connection with the government research bill of 2004. Since this bill may be expected to come into force in 2005, the agreement that the committee now proposes would be used for two years. At a meeting on 31 October the Board of the Foundation voted, after a thorough discussion, in favour of the proposal for a two-year period.

Grants for initiating research, conferences and the like

For several years the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation has noted increasing interest on the part of the research community in getting grants for large and small conferences, research planning and the development of scientific networks. The Board has therefore allocated special funds for these purposes which may be applied for throughout the year. The applications cover a large field including, for example, grants to international conferences in Sweden, workshops concerning new areas of research, seminars or preparations for new research programmes or projects. Many of these applications are made parallel with those to the Foundation and other research financiers. In connection with these initiating and survey activities mention should be made of the symposiums and seminars that the Foundation itself arranges, sometimes in collaboration with other bodies in Sweden or abroad that support research. The Foundation also takes part in various activities designed to inform the public about research, such as the Foundation’s support over many years to the magazine Forskning & Framsteg (Research and Progress). In the 2002 budget the Board of the Foundation has set aside SEK 11,500,000 to support the initiation of research, conferences, seminars and activities to spread information about research. During 2002 160 such applications were received, 53 (33%) of which were made by female main applicants; 83 applications, 30 (38%) of which were made by female researchers, were granted a total of SEK 11,500,000. In line with its directives, the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation supports a number of research activities examining problems of general societal interest. It is therefore very important that the results of research are made known to the public and are the subject of debate, critical examina-

113 From Svir to Näset 24 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

tion and implementation. Thus the Foundation has in various ways attempted to facilitate this exchange of information. During the past year several national and international activities have been initiated with the purpose of following-up and spreading information about the research it supports and of stimulating the exchange of information about the results of research among various groups in society. One of these commitments has been support to the annual Swedish History Days. The Swedish History Days is a non-profit society founded in 1993 to promote information about historical research and broaden the contacts between professional historians and those members of the public who are interested in history. Since 1995 the Foundation, like many other financiers, has supported this society with the aim of contributing to this important activity. The Swedish History Days was held this year at Tartu, Estonia. Among many grants awarded mention should be made of the collaboration with the Office of the Marshal of the Realm in connection with the Royal Academies’ seminars at the Royal palace in celebration of the 750th anniversary of the founding of Stockholm. These seminars were broadcast by the Swedish Broadcasting Company under the title “The Crown of Knowledge”.

Nobel Symposiums Since 1966 the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation has taken part in financing the Nobel Foundation’s symposiums. Initially, this was in the form of annual grants. Now the symposiums can be financed entirely with the revenue from a special symposium fund within the Nobel Foundation. This fund was started in 1979 with a donation in the form of a three-year grant from the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation, and by means of contributions and royalties from the Nobel Foundation’s own information activities and four annual grants from the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation. The symposiums are organised by a committee comprising representatives from the five Nobel Committees, the Economics Prize Committee, The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation and the Wallenberg Foundation, which is chaired by the Managing Director of the Nobel Foundation. Up to now 123 Nobel symposiums have been held. They have focused on fields of dramatic scientific progress of central cultural or societal significance and have received very great international recognition.

Scholarships The current statutes of the Foundation state that “there is nothing to pre- vent additions to the Foundation’s funds in the form of donations from individuals”. A donation of this kind was received in 1992 from the late Erik Rönnberg of Fagerdal, Hammerdal. It now forms part of the Foundation’s capital and is managed and administered together with the Foundation’s other assets. At the end of 2002 the donation was valued at about SEK 16 m. The return is to be distributed by the Foundation “in the form of three- Activities in support of research 25

year postdoctoral scholarships for young researchers at the Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm for scientific studies of ageing and age-related illnesses”. The present scholarship holders are Dr Zhi-Zhong Guan and Dr Jing-Jing Pei, Neurotec, Geriatric Section. A further donation from Erik Rönnberg was made at the end of 1994 and was supplemented in 1996. The new donation amounted to SEK 2.5 m and, like the previous donation, is to form part of the Foundation’s capital and be managed together with the Foundation’s other assets. The total value of this donation at the end of the year was SEK 5.5 m. The return from the new donation is to be distributed by the Foundation “in the form of three-year postdoctoral scholarships to young researchers at the Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm for scientific studies of illnesses during the early years of childhood”. The present scholarship holder is Dr Carina Lothian. Department of Women’s and Children’s Health. Since the previously appointed scholarship holder Lars Nilsson was not able to utilise his scholarship, it was awarded to Dr Vesna Jelics, Neurotec, Geriatric Section. The Nils-Eric Svensson Fund was set up in 1993 and, in accordance with the Board’s decision, will last until the end of 2015. From this fund the Foun-dation is to grant an annual allocation so that at least SEK 150,000 at 1994 monetary value can be distributed annually. The purpose of the Nil-Eric Svensson Fund is to promote a reciprocal exchange of researchers in Europe through the award of scholarships. The Fund aims, first, to enable young postdoctorate Swedish researchers to travel and spend short periods at prominent European research centers and second, to allow young European researchers to engage in research at Swedish research institutions. At an award ceremony in the Riksdag building on 21 March 2002 the following candidates received scholarships from the Nils-Eric Svensson Fund: • Dr Lena Sjögren, scholar of Classical Antiquity at Stockholm University, with the project “The past in the past. A study of the reuse of Minoan architecture during the Archaic periods on Crete”, who has been invited to work at the Study Center for East Crete. • Dr Maria Zackariasson, ethnologist at Uppsala University, with the project “Young People and Democracy. Alternative political movements and young people’s democratic commitment”, who has been invited to study at the University of Hull. • Dr Daan Vandenhaute, from the Department of Scandinavian Languages at the University of Ghent. Dr Vandenhaute has been invited to join the Research Group for Education and Cultural Sociology at Uppsala University to work on a project entitled “Economy-Autonomy. A study of literary criticism as institutional practice”. The scholarships, worth SEK 100,000 each, were handed over by Ulla Kalén-Svensson, wife of the late Nils-Eric Svensson. The jury selecting the Swedish scholarship holders consisted of Professors Stig Strömholm (Chairman), Christer Jönsson, Gunnar Törnqvist and Rune Åberg, with 26 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Director Dan Brändström acting as moderator. The third scholarship holder is selected on the basis of recommendations made by independent European research foundations connected with the Hague Club, the Board of which nominate a candidate every year, after which the Foundation’s pre- siding committee makes the final decision. At this ceremony an additional award was made. The Foundation’s Chairman, Stig Strömholm, presented the Foundation’s “Forschungspreis für Deutsche Wissenschaftler” (Research Award for German scientists) within the framework of the reciprocal exchange agreement with the Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung. This award was made to the distinguished German researcher Professor Dr Gunnar Müller-Waldeck, Ernst- Moritz-Arndt Universität Greifswald, Institut für Deutsche Philologie. Professor Müller-Waldeck has been invited to carry out research at the Departments of Culture and the Media and of Modern Languages at Umeå University. The agreement between the foundations means that the Foundation awards a scholarship to a distinguished German researcher to enable him to work at a research institute in Sweden and that the Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung awards a corresponding scholarship to a distinguished Swedish researcher to enable him to work in Germany. Thanks to the donations received by the Foundation in the past few years and managed jointly with the original endowment, the Foundation is approaching the status of similar major foundations in countries like Finland, France and Germany. This form of joint administration, exem- plified by these foundations, promotes efficient capital management, while guaranteeing the professional distribution of grants for scientific research.

Pro Futura The Pro Futura programme, involving five Torgny Segerstedt researchers, which was given financial support in 2000 in co-operation with STINT, has proved to be a great success in promoting socioscientific and humanistic research at the postdoctoral level. Thus there were good reasons for the Foundation to provide opportunities for other researchers to take part in the programme in the following year. On 23 April 2002 three new Torgny Segerstedt researchers received their official diplomas at a ceremony in the Chancellor’s office at University House in Uppsala. The three researchers were Drs Lena Halldenius, philosophy, Lund University, Coco Norén, linguistics, Uppsala University and Christofer Edling, sociology, Stockholm University. After a speech of welcome by the Vice-Chancellor of Uppsala University, Professor Bo Sundqvist, the Chairman of the Foundation, Stig Strömholm, spoke on the subject “Institutes for advanced study and the Torgny Segerstedt national postdoctoral programme”. The diplomas were then handed over after a short speech by the Speaker of the Riksdag, Birgitta Dahl. Professor Björn Wittrock, Head of SCASSS in Uppsala, which is the host institute for the scholarship holders, then presented them. The Torgny Segerstedt lecture was given by Professor Knud Haakonsen, Activities in support of research 27

Boston University, under the title “Ethics as a Social Science”. The ceremony was introduced by Viennese classical music performed by Anna Ljungberg and Elin Rubinstein and rounded off by the Vice-Chancellor’s reception.

Graduate Schools

The Graduate School In order to reinforce mathematics as a school subject, the Foundation for Mathematics and decided in 2002 to allocate SEK 45 m as a one-time grant to a national gra- Teaching Methods duate school in mathematics with the emphasis on teaching methods. This Graduate School will be of great importance in promoting the growth of this field of research, which up to now has been rather undeveloped in Sweden. The Graduate School began to work in August 2001. A total of 21 graduate students, 15 of whom were financed by the Foundation grant and six via the Swedish Research Council’s educational committee. These graduate students are placed at ten universities/university colleges from Luleå in the north to Kristianstad in the south. Most of them are in the mathematics departments. There is an equal distribution between the sexes. The graduate students are tutored by mathematicians, method specialists and educa- tionists. Many of the departments have engaged foreign researchers in the field of teaching methods as assistant supervisors in order to reinforce the teaching environments. Three joint courses have so far been held within the Graduate School, one at Umeå in autumn 2001, one in Gothenburg and Stockholm in the winter of 2001/2002 and one in Linköping in August/September 2002. All these courses dealt with various aspects of mathematics teaching and teaching methods as a field of research. The courses were arranged as concen- trated seminars in the course towns, with preparations, assignments and seminars at the home departments as a basis. The lecturers have been invited specialists, in many cases foreign researchers with the broad competence and long experience required for dealing adequately with this subject. A large number of meetings have been held with the tutors at the Graduate School, sometimes jointly with the graduate students. The subjects discussed have included mathematics teaching methods as a field of research, tutoring in groups, research ethics and other such matters. Attendance at the graduate students’ courses and the tutors’ meetings has been very good. Evaluations have shown that the Graduate School programme was much appreciated and fitted in well with the students’ own study plans. The courses and seminars at the Graduate School are also open to other graduate students. The management team of the Graduate School consists of ten persons appointed by the Board of the Foundation and has a coordinator who works half-time on this project. The members of the management team have been appointed mentors for the graduate students. The aim is for then to reinforce the teaching environment by establishing a closer contact and 28 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

giving them better insight into the course’s activities. As mentors for the graduate students they should complement the support the students receive within the department and from external tutors.

The Graduate School The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation’s Graduate School for for Modern Languages Modern Languages was started on 1 September 1999. This project was a major commitment by the Foundation, no less than SEK 60 m. Initially it comprised 32 graduate students from eight Swedish universities. Up to 2002 two of these students had broken off their studies. During the first three years which have now been completed the students have taken their compulsory reading courses and are now working on their thesis subjects. The Graduate School’s steering group, in accordance with its reporting requirements, has closely examined the individual students’ study results after each academic year. The great majority of the students have achieved good or very good results. Most of them are expected to present their thesis in the academic year 2003–2004. However, a few of them have been delayed in relation to their study plan. The coordinator of the Graduate School and its steering group have, whenever necessary, actively assisted the graduate students and their tutors with advice and recommendations. As in previous years, the steering group has been anxious to create cohe- sion within the graduate student group; this may be seen scientifically as a very interesting linguistic network of young, promising researchers who are in close contact with each other across subject boundaries and between seats of learning. As for the Graduate School’s own courses, the two compulsory joint course weeks per term in the two first years from autumn 2001 have been replaced by a residential seminar week (in September or October) at which each graduate student presents a part of or a memorandum on his or her thesis work to the group and the course management team. A similar follow-up will be organised in autumn 2003, when the Foundation’s financing ceases. The graduate students’ tutors were also invited to take part in the seminar weeks, which was greatly appreciated. Their participation was financed by the Foundation. An important factor in the success of the courses and seminar weeks has been the positive spirit of co-operation established between the management of the Graduate School and the tutors and teachers at the graduate students’ home departments. The localisation of the courses has been distributed among the various seats of learning and teaching environments, which has proved stimulating for the participants and laid the foundations for extensive scientific contacts. The seminar week in 2002 was held on Hönö, just north of Gothenburg. Most of the graduate students’ work is done within the framework of the usual research training programme at the university department where they belong. At the end of every academic year each graduate student and each tutor hands in an annual report to the School’s steering group, which, in conjunction with the management, decides whether to continue financial support. Activities in support of research 29

The Swedish School of In 2000 the Board of the Foundation decided, in co-operation with STINT Advanced Asia Pacific (the Swedish Foundation for International Co-operation in Research and Studies – SSAAPS Higher Education), to allocate funds to reinforce scientific competence in Sweden concerning the Asia Pacific region. This takes the form of a programme comprising a graduate school, a guest researcher programme, temporary postdoctoral posts, international conferences and activities designed to build networks between research environments and universities in the Asia Pacific region. As a first step the Foundation allocated SEK 2.6 m at the end of 2002 to finance preparations and co-ordination and for two postdoctoral posts. During the year the Foundation has contributed support of SEK 3 m. In 2000 STINT decided to support the programme with SEK 3 m during the period 2001–2005. In the spring of 2001 the Foundation and STINT summoned a joint steering committee for the programme consisting of Professors Olof Ruin, Stockholm University, Chairman, Hans Blomqvist, the Vasa School of Economics, Christer Gunnarsson, Lund University, Thommy Svensson, the World Culture Museum, Gothenburg and Dr Ida Nicolaisen, Copenhagen University. Mats Rolén, Director of Research at the Foundation, from spring 2002 Secretary for Research Kjell Blückert, and Mari-Anne Roslund, Secretary for Research at STINT were co-opted to the steering committee. Professor Jon Sigurdson of the Department of Japanese Studies at the Stockholm School of Economics has been the programme co-ordinator. During the year the steering committee appointed the holders of the first postgraduate posts in the graduate school after due notification and application procedures had been completed. Ten postgraduate posts were advertised in spring 2002. These posts attracted 43 applications. Four external experts examined the applications and selected 25 candidates who were ranked and evaluated. The steering committee then decided to fill six of the posts, which were taken up in autumn 2002. These postgraduates will take both joint courses and the usual courses at their home departments. The joint courses will also be open to students from the other Scandinavian countries within this field. A further number of postgraduate posts will be advertised in spring 2003. The programme has set aside funds for an annual Swedish conference concerning research connected with the Asia Pacific region. These conferences will be arranged by different universities from year to year. On 26–28 September this year “The First SSAAPS Asia-Pacific Annual Conference” was held at Gothenburg University and hosted by the School of Economics and the Centre for Asian Studies. Some 130 researchers took part, about one third of whom were from outside Sweden; 92 papers from a number of scientific disciplines (anthropology, business management, literature, teaching methods, political science etc.) were presented during the conference. The introductory session took up the question of “Impacts of Economic Reform and Opening up of China” in a panel debate led by the distinguished experts on China Justin Yifu Lin, Peking University, Peter Nolan, 30 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Cambridge University, Quansheng Zhao, American University in Washington DC, Xiaobo Liu, Columbia University and Barry Naughton, University of California. The next conference will be held in autumn 2003 in Lund at the Centre for East And South-East Asian Studies, with the preliminary theme “Inequality in East and South-East Asia”. A number of guest lecturers were invited during the year for short and long stays at various university departments in Sweden and at the Nordic Institute for Asian Studies (NIAS) in Copenhagen. On 25 April, in connection with this programme, discussions took place at the Foundation’s Ofﬁce with the Sweden-Japan Foundation concerning support to promote academic exchange between Japan and Sweden. This was at the initiative of the Secretary-General, Edvard Fleetwood.

The Nordic Museum Since the late 1990s the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation has Graduate School for arranged conferences to draw attention to the role of museums in research Museum Officials on our cultural heritage (see, for example, Cultural heritage, museums and research, 1999). The Foundation has also supported a number of workshop conferences concerning both concrete issues such as how institutes devoted to cultural history deal with various types of cultural heritage and conferences aimed more at the theoretical basis of these institutes’ activities, that is, problems such as “Who defines what is cultural heritage and worth documenting or collecting, and how should it be defined?”. Against this background it seemed important for the Foundation also to draw attention to the need to reinforce the scientific competence of museum staff and hereby promote increased research into the museums’ collections. An application in 1999 from the then Director of the Jämtland County Museum, Sten Rentzhog, and Professor Janken Myrdal, University of Agricultural Sciences, pointed out that only a few museum officials had a doctor’s degree. This was true even of senior officials such as museum directors, heads of departments and curators. Rentzhog and Myrdal emphasised that the 1998 reform of research education with its requirement of total financing before admitting a graduate student had made it more difficult for museum staff to gain research competence. In 1999 the Foundation therefore granted the two applicants planning funds in order to design a research training programme for museum staff. A pilot study was carried out with the help of this grant which showed that there was very great interest among museum staff in taking this type of training. In 2001 Rentzhog and Myrdal handed in an application to the Foundation (Humanities and Social Sciences Donation) for a grant to carry out a research training programme. This was to aim at the staff at museums and the state cultural heritage preservation organisation. The participants would pursue a complete course of research studies and present a doctoral thesis while retaining their posts at their normal places of work. According to the proposal the participants would be able to combine 20 per cent of their duties with their studies. Activities in support of research 31

The Board of the Foundation considered this application to be very urgent and allocated a total of SEK 25 m for the programme from the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation. This grant was spread over five years with SEK 5 m per year. In collaboration with the Foundation Rentzhog and Myrdal came to an agreement with the National Museum of Cultural History in autumn 2001 whereby the Museum undertook to administer the grant and to be responsible for the administration of the research training programme. The programme was given the name “The Museum of Cultural History Graduate School”. The Royal Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities then took a decision in early 2002 to complement the grant with funds sufficient to provide a doctoral post for the research school. The Foundation and the Museum of Cultural History set up a steering committee for the research school consisting of Sten Rentzhog, Director of the Jämtland County Museum, Chairman, Professors Bengt Ankarloo, Lund University, Janken Myrdal, University of Agricultural Sciences, and Birgitta Svensson, Museum of Cultural History and Stockholm University, Christina Mattsson, Director of the Museum of Cultural History, Dr Mats Rolén, Research Director at the Foundation, and Dr Ulrich Lange, the National Heritage Board, Secretary and Co-ordinator of the research school. The funds allocated to the Museum of Cultural History Research School cover the costs for 11 doctoral posts, based on 80 percent of studies for five years. These posts were advertised early in 2002. When the application period closed in March almost 80 applications had been received, 11 of which were selected. In view of the limited number of places the steering committee decided not to accept more than one applicant from each employer and not more than one applicant per supervisor. Postgraduate students from eleven institutes are taking part in this project. They will carry out their studies at six universities, from Lund in the south to Umeå in the north. The applicants who were admitted cover subjects within the disciplines of economic history, ethnology, domestic science, art history, culture preservation, musicology and nature preservation. On the basis of current interdisciplinary research the projected theses focus on problems of great practical relevance to the museums/institutes where the students are employed. The research school started in autumn 2002 with introductory sessions for employers, supervisors and students on 5–6 September at the Museum of Cultural History. All the members of the steering committee spoke at these sessions. On 12–15 November the research school arranged its first residential course at Julita Gård with the title “What is museum research, why is it important and what are its functions in society?”. It is intended that the research school students shall meet at two similar courses each term. 32 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Sector committees

The sector committee This sector committee has met three times during the year. The ﬁrst meet- for research on know- ing was held on 28 January, when the ongoing work was discussed on the ledge and society basis of the book Rethinking Science (Michael Gibbons, Helga Nowotny and Peter Scott) published with support from the Foundation. Again with support from the Foundation the three authors intend to produce the third part of their trilogy which began with The New Production of Knowledge. The working title for this third book is The Implication of Mode 2: Knowledge Production for Institutions and Their Leaders. An international symposium will be arranged by the sector committee for discussions with the authors about work in progress during 2003. On the same occasion Sonja Dahl, Head of the Riksdag Education Division, presented her memorandum “Universities and University Colleges in the 21st Century”. After a long discussion the sector committee decided to try to initiate work on a documentary book about the current situation at a number of representative university departments (in relation to corresponding international departments), so that the committee – together with other interested parties in Sweden – might be able to initiate a research programme on “Universities and University Colleges for the 21st Century”. The National Agency for Higher Education has since shown interest in carrying out this project. At its meeting on 2 April Professor Lennart Olausson, Gothenburg University (incoming Vice-Chancellor of Malmö University College), presented an idea for a more elaborate evaluation of the national graduate schools and their importance for individual results and for the common research environment and the universities. This initiative resulted in support for research initiation during the year. At this meeting the Swedish Learning Lab and the Wallenberg Global Network were also presented by Gunnar Backman, Co-ordinator at Uppsala University, and Professor Mats Hansson, Royal Institute of Technology. Within the framework of this collaborative project a number of projects are being carried out with the common aim of investigating the possibilities for modern information and communication technology in the development of higher education. Excellent environments has become a concept that is referred to in various research-political contexts. On the basis of the report on Swedish innovation research commissioned by SISTER (Swedish Institute for Studies in Education and Research) a discussion was held at the meeting on 10 June after an informatory talk by Professor Sverker Sörlin. This discussion focused on the creative academic research environments in the ﬁelds in which the sector committee is interested. This work will continue during 2003 and will possibly be the starting-point for future infrastructure grants from the Foundation. At the same meeting Associate Professor Thomas Andersson presented his project “Association for Knowledge, Economy and Dynamic Enterprise Development” (KEDED). 112 Documentation of Performing Arts 34 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

The 7 January 2002 saw the publication of the first issue of Dagens Forskning (Research Today), a magazine for science, research and education. The initiative for this “magazine for the knowledge society” was taken by the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation within the framework of the sector committee’s work. The magazine is financed by a grant in the form of a kind of loss guarantee for five years. On 21 January, the day the second issue of the magazine appeared, a seminar was held at the Academy of Engineering Sciences at which a number of researchers working at universities challenged the magazine’s editorial staff and its Chief Editor, Anders Björnsson, with some bold ideas, wishes from the university world and constructive criticism. After an introduction by the Foundation’s Managing Director, Dan Brändström, the discussion was led by the freelance journalist Marika Ehrenkrona. The challengers were Christina Garsten, Associate Professor of Social Anthropology and Head of SCORE at Stockholm University, Bengt Gustafsson, Professor of Theoretical Astrophysics at Uppsala University, Eva Haettner Aurelius, Professor of Comparative Literature at Lund University, Harriet Wallberg- Henriksson, Professor of Integrative Philosophy at the Karolinska Institutet and Chief Secretary of the Council for Medicine, The Research Council. The magazine and the magazine project as a whole have been the subject of continual debate in the press during the past year and have continued to receive strong support from the research community.

The sector committee This sector committee has held five meetings during the year. These meet- for research on culture ings have mainly taken place when the committee has visited an interesting – security – sustainable and relevant research environment. On 9–10 January the committee met at social development the Sigtuna Foundation, where it was decided that it should compile a collection of essays with contributions from members of the committee. The purpose of this collection of essays is to present and exemplify the committee’s area of interest, for example, how the events of 11 September 2001 illustrate in a concrete way important aspects of this area. The committee’s ongoing discussions on how the concepts culture, security and sustainable social development should relate to each other, and reflections on 11 September may be seen as two lines of thought that could appropriately be interwoven in these essays. The idea is that each writer, on the basis of his or her own different perspectives on the events of 11 September, will discuss important social and research problems in the boundary areas of culture, security and sustainable social development. Questions to be discussed are, for example: In what way can the cultural dimension contribute to the emergence of threats to human security and sustainable social development? In what way can the same cultural dimension contribute to different definitions by different groups of – and attempts to achieve – security and sustainable social development? Where, when, why and how do clashes occur between different groups’ cultural strategies to achieve what they per- Activities in support of research 35

ceive as security and/or sustainable social development, and how has globalisation changed or increased the risks of such clashes? On 22–23 April a seminar was arranged at Lund University by the members of the committee in Lund. The purpose of this seminar was to give leading researchers in a number of disciplines the opportunity to present their views on the committee’s area of research and the definitions and delimitations in the committee’s declaration of aims. Professors Eva Öster- berg (history), Orvar Löfgren (ethnology), Jonathan Friedman (social anthropology), Christer Jönsson (political science), Svante Nordin (history of science and ideas), Christer Gunnarsson (economic history), Bengt Hansson (philosophy), Staffan Lindberg (sociology) and Associate Professor Per Bauhn (sociology), all from Lund University, took part in the seminar. Many viewpoints of value for the committee were put forward during the seminar, which was rounded off with dinner at the Old Bishop’s House. On 15 May the committee visited the research environment round Gamla Torget at Uppsala University. This meeting, which was arranged by Thorleif Pettersson, was introduced by Professor Sverker Gustafsson at the Department of Political Science, who presented the environment’s organisation and function. This was followed by three examples of the research carried out at Gamla Torget. Professor Harald Runbom at the Centre for Multi-ethnical Research described the programme for studies of the Holocaust and genocide. Kjell-Åke Nordquist, Associate Professor at the Institute for Peace and Conflict Research, presented his research on reconciliation and reconstruction after armed conflicts. Kjell Magnusson, Associate Professor of International Migration and Ethnic Relations at the Centre for Multi-ethnical Research, described the research on nationalism and politics in the former Jugoslavia. The committee then had lunch with the deans of the faculties of historical-philosophy, languages, social sciences and theology. On 14 October Ambassador Ragnar Ängeby, the Unit for Global Security at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, was invited to attend the committee’s meeting. He described a number of activities in which the ministry was involved and which were connected with the committee’s area of responsibility. The committee was also given a presentation of the ministry’s model for conflict prevention and peace-creating action. On 12 November the committee arranged a seminar entitled “Economy – from a Cultural Perspective”, which took place at the Institute of International Affairs. The reason for this seminar was that SCASSS (Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study in the Social Sciences) was being visited by Professor Stephen Gudeman, Chair of the Department of Anthropology, University of Minnesota. Since the 1970s Gudeman has been studying economy from a cultural point of view and has, in his latest publication The Anthropology of Economy (2001), constructed a new model for the way in which economic systems function. The Bank of 36 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Sweden Tercentenary Foundation invited a number of economists to take part in a discussion on the cultural aspects of economy. Representatives of the discipline of economy were Professors Lars Söderström, Department of Political Economy, Lund University, Lennart Schön, Department of Economic History, Lund University, and Ulf Olsson, Department of Economic History, Gothenburg University. The purpose of the seminar was to initiate a constructive dialogue between representatives of economic research and researchers from other disciplines – who were interested in the wider implications of such research – and thereby increase mutual trust and willingness to listen and reflect across the discipline boundaries. On 22 November most of the committee travelled to South Africa and Stellenbosch with the overall aim of discussing the role of values for the development of democracy and human rights. This trip had several purposes: it combined a previously planned internal conference on the World Values Survey (WVS) with the committee’s work; it deepened the contacts further with regard to the Stellenbosch Institute of Advanced Studies (STIAS); and it gave the committee, on the spot, information about the reconciliation process in South Africa and reports on the UN summit meeting in Johannesburg the same year. Thus the week began with a joint programme in which the members of the committee were given the opportunity to familiarise themselves more closely with the WVS project, whose infrastructure is financed by the Foundation. Professors Ronald Inglehart, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, and Christian Welzel, Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin, presented an article on the theme “Democratization and Human Development”. Professor Yilmaz Esmer, Department of Political Science, Bogazici University, Istanbul, attempted with the aid of computer bases to answer the question “Is there an Islamic civilisation?”. Professor Hennie Kotze, Department of Political Science, University of Stellenbosch, gave a lecture entitled “Comparing Elites in Four African Countries”. Professor Juan Diez Nicolas, Complutense University, Madrid, discussed under the title “The Contradictory Hypothesis on Globalization” his analyses of attitudes among Islamic immigrants. The committee also had the privilege of meeting the Director of STIAS, Professor Bernard Lategan, and of visiting the Institute’s newly renovated old building in Stellenbosch. Lategan gave a detailed account of the Institute – which is the first of its kind on the African continent – and its future plans, whereby some 20 fellows will be attached to the Institute. The aim is to help to reinforce research on the continent, thereby reducing the very extensive brain drain that Africa suffers from. The week in South Africa was rounded off with well-informed insights into the reconciliation process and the Johannesburg conference. Dr Fanie du Toit, Institute for Justice and Reconciliation, lectured on the work of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, whose work is now completed. Dr Ursula van Beek, Stellenbosch University, who also arranged all the visits in Activities in support of research 37

Stellebosch, spoke on the theme “Truth and reconciliation compared: the legacy of the past in Chile, South Korea, Poland and Germany”. Finally, Professor Jan Glazewski, University of Cape Town, and Cormac Cullinan, environmental law firm, presented their views on the Johannesburg meeting (World Summit for Sustainable Development). We regret to announce that one of the leading figures in the sector committee passed away during the year. Professor Karl Eric Knutsson died after a short illness on 31 October, at the age of 70. In 1970 Karl Eric Knutsson was appointed to the newly-created chair of social anthropology at Stockholm University. An indication that his outstanding scientific abilities attracted attention at an early stage is that as early as 1973, at the age of 41, he was elected to the Royal Academy of Letters, History and Antiquity. In 1975 the Swedish Agency for Research Cooperation (SAREC) was established and Karl Eric Knutsson was its Secretary General. In the early 1980s Knutsson left Sweden for three years to be in charge of the East Africa Office in Nairobi within the United Nations Children’s Fund Unicef. After that he became Assistant Secretary General for the whole of Unicef and was also Assistant Secretary General for 10 years at the United Nations in New York. Karl Eric Knutsson contributed greatly to the internationalisation of cultural research and played a decisive role in the creation of the sector committee. This year Professor Katarina Eckerberg, Department of Political Science, Umeå University, elected to leave the committee. In December the committee was joined by two new members: Peter Wallensteen, Dag Hammarskjöld Professor of Peace and Conflict Research at Uppsala University, and Lena Johansson, Head of the Culture and Media Section at Sida.

New sector committee During the 1990s the civil society and social capital became very common for research on the civil concepts in social research. “Both refer to where and in what way the fun- society damental values, attitudes and skills of democracy are developed among people”, as Erik Amnå wrote in the foreword to Volume VIII of the research report of the Democracy Commission entitle “The Civil Society”. Research in this area has begun to grow stronger but is as yet spread among a handful of active institutes. There is also a relatively sound basis of knowledge, mainly in respect of the extent, distribution and direction of the civil society. Much of this knowledge is descriptive. It has relatively seldom had theoretical starting points and is only to a limited extent associated with international theorization. The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation has therefore decided that it is time to encourage increased and deeper research on the civil society for two reasons: to provide it with the means for making a qualitative advance and to try to develop a theoretical basis of its own that will open up developments beyond the usual international scope; the aim is to try to ﬁnd approaches that will help to increase understanding of what is genuinely Swedish/Nordic. It is important to reach 38 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

beyond traditional research based on the state and the market. If this is not achieved, the development of knowledge runs the risk of stagnating. The Board of the Foundation has therefore decided to set up a new sector committee for this purpose. The Sector Committee for Research on the Civil Society. This committee will be led by Director of Research Mats Rolén. Its members will be appointed during spring 2003.

Co-operation with the Riksdag

80th anniversary To celebrate the 80th anniversary of the universal and equal right to vote, a of the right to vote seminar was held on 16 January 2002 in the Second House of the Riksdag. First and foremost this reform meant that women were given the right to vote and to be elected to the Riksdag. The seminar was a joint arrangement by the democracy delegation in the Ministry of Justice, the Riksdag and the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation and was preceded by the Ministry of Justice’s proposal to publish an anthology of research to celebrate this anniversary. A reference group was set up during spring 2001 consisting of research representatives and representatives of the democracy delegation, the Riksdag and the Foundation in order to prepare the seminar and anthology of research. The aims of this book, edited by Professor Christer Jönsson, Lund University, are to sum up the state of research and to have a popular scientific appeal. It is intended primarily for the interested general public. This anthology is divided into three parts, which are also the three themes the seminar in the Riksdag focused on. The seminar opened with an address of welcome by the Speaker of the Riksdag, Birgitta Dahl, followed by a speech by the Minister for Demo- cracy, Britta Lejon. Professor Christina Florin, Stockholm University, spoke on the subject of the first part of the seminar: “The Fight for the Vote”. This was followed by a report by Dr Lena Wägnerud, Gothenburg University, on “Women and Men in the Political Arena”. Finally Associate Professor Erik Amnå, Örebro University, reflected on “The Voting Citizen”. After a short discussion the seminar rounded off with a buffet in the Connecting Gallery of the Riksdag. The seminar moderator was Professor Christer Jönsson.

The Foundation The Foundation Creative Man was established in 1997. Its aim is to stimu- Creative Man late and encourage young artists and researchers to work creatively and across boundaries. The focus is on work and thought that demonstrate wealth of ideas, imagination, energy and skill in dealing with the meeting of art and science. One part of this work has been the establishment in 1997 of two scholarships, each worth SEK 50,000, which every year are awarded to young individual researchers/artists or artists/researchers. These scholarships are awarded by the Board of the Foundation on the basis of recommendations from a special scholarship committee. In 2000, after an application to the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Activities in support of research 39

Foundation, The Foundation Creative Man was allocated SEK 100,000 for three years to enable it to broaden its activities in universities and university colleges. This has primarily been achieved by holding a major annual conference focusing on a dialogue between artists and scientific representatives. The first conference was held in May 2000 at Liljevalchs Art Gallery, Stockholm, the second in October 2001 at Chalmers Institute of Technology, Gothenburg, and the third in October 2002 at Malmö University College. At the conference in Malmö the scholarships for 2002 were presented to the dramatist and dramaturgist Jacob Hirdwall and the architect, engineer and artist Johan Linton. During 2002 an agreement was reached between The Foundation Creative Man and the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation for a five- year period of co-operation. Formally this means that the Tercentenary Foundation undertakes to be responsible for the activities for the period 2003–2008. Advertising and awarding the annual scholarships will continue in accordance with the Foundation’s previous practice. The Foundation Creative Man has been led ever since its creation by a Board consisting of the former Speaker of the Riksdag, Birgitta Dahl, Chair, Directors Rutger Barnekow, Tom Beyer and Peje Emilsson, the Managing Director Tjia Torpe and Sven Unger, a lawyer. On 12 December 2002 the Tercentenary Foundation voted to re-elect these members for one year and to appoint Associate Professor Henrik Karlsson, SISTER, as a new member. The scholarship committee has included Mats Brodén, producer, Chairman, Professor Hans Bjur, Chalmers Institute of Technology, Chief Editor Madeleine Grieve, Professor Bengt Gustafsson, Uppsala University, Professor Bo Göranzon, Royal Institute of Technology, Director of Research Mats Rolén, Tercentenary Foundation (from 2000) and Ana Valdés, writer. The Foundation’s secretariat consisted of Bo Andér, Head of Department at the City of Stockholm Cultural Administration and Mats Brodén. Finally, on 20 September 2002, in connection with her retirement as Speaker of the Riksdag, Birgitta Dahl was given a vote of thanks. The Tercentenary Foundation, through its Chairman, Professor Stig Strömholm, and its Managing Director, Dan Brändström, handed over a present to her in the form of a seminar entitled “The Role of the Speaker”, which will be held in the Riksdag in 2003.

Political leadership On 15 December LRF (the Swedish National Farmers’ Union) and the and great leaders Centre newspapers, with support from the Tercentenary Foundation, arranged a popular-scientiﬁc symposium at Trångsviken Community Centre, west of Östersund, on the theme “Political Leadership and Great Leaders”. This symposium was related to the large conference in the Riksdag in 2001 concerning the shift of power in 1976, and was dedicated to the former Minister of Industry, Nils G. Åsling on the occasion of his 75th birthday. The programme was opened by Dr Nils Simonsson, Östersund, who described 40 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

how serious medical brain diseases in great leaders, on decisive occasions such as the Yalta Conference in 1945, may have inﬂuenced the course of history. Thereafter Mats Rolén, Director of Research at the Foundation, gave a lecture on one of the district’s great politicians and one of Sweden’s leading agrarian politicians in the mid-19th century, Nils Larson in Tulus (1822–96). Larson was a member of the Riksdag from 1850 to 1878 (also of the May Parliament of 1887) and was the last Speaker of the Peasant Estate. Kjell- Albin Abrahamsson, a foreign correspondent at the Swedish Broadcasting Corporation, spoke about his many years of international work on the theme “Statesmen I remember – or would rather forget”. The symposium was closed by Thorbjörn Fälldin, the former Prime Minister, who addressed a personal speech to “My fellow Minister and friend Nils G. Åsling”.

International commitments

The European The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation plays a very active part in the Foundation Centre co-operation between European Foundations in the European Cultural Foundation (EFC)) and the Hague Club and within the framework of the Network of European Foundations for Innovative Co-operation (NEF). The annual meeting with the General Assembly of EFC took place on 3–5 June in Brussels on the theme “Science and the Citizen”. The Tercentenary Foundation played an active part in two sessions: “Rethinking the Science/Public Interface” and “Dialogue and Democratisation of Science”. The Managing Director, Dan Brändström, chaired both these sessions. Professor Helga Nowotny, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Dr Wilhelm Krull, Volkswagen-Stiftung, and Professor Enric Banda, European Science Foundation, participated in the ﬁrst session. Dr Pierre Calame, Fondation Charles Leopold Mayer pour le progrès de l’homme, Professor Jürgen Mittelstrass, Universität Konstanz and Academia Europaea, Dr Camilla Modéer, Science and the Public, and Dr Ekkehard Winter, Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft, participated in the second session. In co-operation with the Gothenburg Organ Art Center, GOART, the organ research centre was presented at a concert and reception in co-operation with the Swedish Embassy and Region Väst, entitled “The Organ, a Mirror of its Time”, which was a great public success. Later during the year, on 6 November, the Network of European Foundations for Innovative Cooperation presented a project initiated by the Foundation and carried out within the framework of NEF in collaboration with the European Cultural Foundation and Compagnia di San Paolo.

CNERP – the Swedish The question of European research policy has been in focus during recent Committee for a New years and has been discussed intensively in Sweden. A working committee European Research called the Committee for a New European Research Policy (CNERP) was Policy created in autumn 2001 with Dan Brändström in the chair. Its members are: Activities in support of research 41

Michael Sohlman (Managing Director, Nobel Foundation), Professor Gunnar Öquist (Umeå University, also a member of the EU advisory committee on research, EURAB), Vice-Chancellor Professor Bertil Andersson (Linköping University), Professor Uno Lindberg, (Royal Academy of Sciences) and Bengt A. Mölleryd, architect (Academy of Engineering Sciences, IVA). Sonja Dahl, Head of Administration, was also co-opted to the committee. Olle Edqvist, Head of Planning, Foundation for Strategic Research, is its secretary. A meeting was held with interested Swedish parties in autumn 2001, in co-operation with the Royal Academy of Sciences, and a major international conference was held in April 2002 with broad European participation, to discuss the idea of forming a European Research Council. This conference was reported in an article in Science. It was evident that there was considerable and broad support in the Swedish research community for the ideas that follow below, and all the important research-financed organisations have expressed their interest in the work of CNERP. Work in Sweden has been carried out in close co-operation with the Danish Research Board, which arranged a European conference in Copenhagen on 7–8 October 2002. It was pointed out at this conference that if Europe was to reach the goal set up in Lisbon two years ago the research and innovation policy would need to be extended as a common concern of prime importance. It is not enough merely to draw attention to the utilisation of scientific competence and knowledge for industrial exploitation; the knowledge base must also be broadened and research must be made a matter of common concern – a European Research Area, ERA, in the true meaning of the words. It was also emphasised that the basis of this Area must still, of course, be the national efforts but in addition certain functions should be created to deal with information that is of common interest for the whole of Europe. The two tasks that the European research policy ought to be able to manage in the field of basic research are to support the best and to support the most expensive. The fundamental core of all research is its intra-scientific quality. This can only be maintained by the researchers themselves in various peer-review processes which are normally used when awarding grants, publishing articles, papers and contributions to conferences and making appointments. In contrast to other federal political systems, these processes are poorly developed in the EU and subordinated to matters concerning the focus of problems, industrial use, geographical participation in projects and the like. A further point made at the conference was that the national systems do not operate across the national borders in matters concerning grants for basic research (with the exception of the major establishments) and are therefore limited to finding the best within the national context. A European system for supporting basic research – without all the extra rules and demands for co-operation across the borders and the like that the political system has created to promote integration in Europe – could therefore

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have very positive consequences for the quality of European research. It was agreed, in that case, that the grants would have to be comparatively large so that the very best researchers would be interested in joining the research groups. There is no reason to require that research a priori should comprise co-operation between researchers in different states. In all probability co- operation will be encouraged in any event since other groups will be likely to want to join the elite. If this is managed properly, it could lead to the establishment of a European benchmark for good research, and to a certain pressure and comparison on the national ﬁnancing systems. The social sciences and the humanities must be given a central position in a European Research Council (ERC). Many of the questions that are posed centrally concern areas of knowledge in which social scientists and human- ists ought to be able to contribute more than at present. A matter that urgently needs to be further investigated is the consequences of the expansion of the membership of the EU. The new member countries have comparatively weak research structures. Certain aspects of the reinforcement of their research could with advantage be dealt with by a research-based organisation. The need to collaborate internationally in order to cope with the large investments in research is another matter for European research policy. This was already evident after the Second World War and led to the creation of CERN, ESRO (now ESA), EMBL and other internationally ﬁnanced establishments and activities. The Council of Ministers decided at its meeting on 26 November 2002 to ask the Danish Minister of Research to set up a working committee to examine the question of a European research council. This work is to be carried out during 2003 and will be reported to the Council of Ministers in spring 2004. This means that the work is now entering a new phase and the question of a European research council has now been placed on EU’s political agenda. CNERP’s continuing work on these questions can be seen on the committee’s home page, www.cnerp.kva.se.

The Millennium The UN summit in New York in 2000 adopted the eight so-called Development Goals Millennium Goals. These goals, supported by leaders from 189 countries, aim to achieve measurable improvements for the world’s poorest citizens as early as 2015. The goals more precisely concern the following: halving of extreme hunger and poverty; primary education for all; equality of the sexes; reduction of child mortality; improved health for mothers; decreased spreading of AIDS/HIV; halving of the number of people without access to drinkable water; and changes in aid to developing countries, developing countries’ debts to industrial countries and fair global trading. On 16 May 2002 the Foundation was visited by Bruce Jenks, Director of UNDP, who presented information on the Millennium Goals. Shortly afterwards Dan Brändström was invited by the UN Secretary-General, Koﬁ Annan, to participate in a meeting between the UN and representatives of Activities in support of research 45

foundations, but also representatives of a number of nations. This meeting was held on 17 June 2002 at the UN headquarters in New York and the Foundation was represented by Fredrik Lundmark, Research Secretary. At this meeting detailed information was given on how the work was to be carried out. The ﬁrst step will be the Millennium Project, whose aim is to propose the best strategies to achieve the Millennium Goals. This project will provide the basis for policy decisions on the basis of a number of studies and analyses, and will identify the funds that are needed to implement these political actions and what they will involve in the way of costs. The Secretary- General’s special adviser, Professor Jeffrey Sachs, Colombia University, is leading this project. To assist him Sachs has launched ten Task Forces consisting of leading world experts and researchers. Each of these research groups will mobilise a global network of researchers who will produce reports within three years (2003–2005), which will then form the basis of the work on the Millennium Goals. The Foundation decided this year to support these research networks for a three-year period. In addition a project supported by the Foundation, the World Values Survey, has commenced collaboration with the UN on the subject of how the WVS project can contribute to the Millennium Goals and following them up throughout the world.

Collegium Budapest Economic uncertainty concerning the future has left its mark on the first half of 2002. The second five-year period has been completed during the year. There was a great lack of clarity at the beginning of the year as to future financial support for the Collegium since EU financing had ended and the Hungarian government was wavering in its attitude towards the Collegium. In this situation the Board of the Foundation decided to continue to provide operating support for the Collegium for a further five-year period. At the same time there was a change of government in Hungary, after which the new Hungarian government immediately put funds at its disposal. Together these actions have led to other financiers in Europe, governments and foundations, providing support for a further period. The President of the Collegium, Professor Gabor Klaniczay, was succeeded by Professor Imre Kondor at an impressive ceremony on 30 September 2002. At the same time the Collegium celebrated its tenth anniversary with a seminar entitled “Breeding Zones for New Ideas within the European Research Area – The Example of the Institutes for Advanced Study”.

Co-operation A co-operative project with Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin had already been with Germany initiated earlier and this co-operation was developed within the framework of the agreement. The area of co-operation “AGORA – Europäische Netzwerke: Die Vollendung Europas – Die Rolle von Wissenschaft und Kultur” will continue to receive support from the Foundation. During the year an appointment was made to the Bank of Sweden 46 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Tercentenary Foundation’s previously created visiting professorship in the name of Dag Hammarskjöld at the Nord-Europa Institut, Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin. Professor Ella Johansson, Ethnological Department, Lund University, is the ﬁrst holder of this post, which she took up on 5 December. A corresponding professorship for German researchers in the name of Ernst Cassirer, with a programme was created by the Volkswagen- Stiftung. This chair is placed at SCASSS in Uppsala. This exchange project will be evaluated after three years. (See also the section “Scholarships”)

Swedish in Finland Swedish in Finland – Finnish in Sweden is a three-year bilateral, humanis- – Finnish in Sweden tic-socioscientific research programme which is supported by both public and private funds from Finland and Sweden. This research programme was originally initiated by the Swedish Literary Society in Finland and was designed between 1998–1999. The research programme began in 2000 and will continue, in terms of the direct financing of the research, until the end of 2002. The purpose of the programme is to study the co-existence of Finnish and Swedish in Finland and Sweden, and the dependence, independence, interaction and tensions in the two countries historically, in the present and the future. The aim is also, with the aid of the programme, to promote Swedish-Finnish co-operation in research. The starting point of the programme is the integration of Western Europe and the ongoing globalisation of the economy, which will confront Finland and Sweden with similar challenges in the future. This research programme reflects the unique nature of the relationship between the two countries. They have a long and shared history as well as a similar social structure and set of values. They are faced with the same problems in politics, language, religion and culture as well as national identity, communication, integration and regionalisation, both in respect of their mutual relationship and in their relations with the rest of Europe. The total programme budget amounts to about SEK 45 m, just over 12 m of which is financed by the Academy of Finland. The Swedish Literary Society in Finland, the Foundation for Åbo Akademi and the Swedish Cultural Foundation together contribute to the financing of the programme with the same sum. In Sweden the financiers are the Swedish Research Council (formerly the Council for Resarch in the Humanities and Social Sciences) and the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation, which together contribute approximately SEK 21 m. The activities are led by a working committee consisting of Professors Stig Strömholm, Chairman, the Foundation, Aila Lauha, Academy of Finland, Deputy Chairman, Anders Jeffner, Swedish Research Council, Marika Tandefeldt, Swedish Literary Society in Finland and Nils-Erik Villstrand, Åbo Akademi, Secretary and Programme Co-ordinator. The administrative staff are Torsten Augrell, Research Secretary at the Swedish Research Council, Eili Ervelä-Myréen, Academy of Finland and Mats Rolén, Director of Research at the Foundation. Activities in support of research 47

The programme comprises 17 different projects in which more than 120 researchers are engaged from, among others, the following Finnish (Fin.) and Swedish (Sw.) institutions: Helsinki, Joensuu, the Universities of Lappland and Åbo (Fin.), the Universities of Gothenburg, Karlstad, Lund, Stockholm, Umeå and Uppsala (Sw.), Åbo Akademi, Helsinki School of Economics (Fin.), Stockholm School of Economics, the Royal National Defence College, Gotland University College, Karolinska Institutet, Mid- Sweden University College, Härnösand (Sw.), the Research Institute of the Finnish Economy (ETLA) and the Kuntokallio Foundation (Fin.). During 2002 work on the various projects has entered a final phase. Regarding the common activities in the programme, under the direction of the co-ordinator of the programme, Nils-Erik Villstrand, several working conferences have been held concerning the design and content of the four thematic anthologies wgich are to be the programme’s final report. These anthologies will be published during 2004 in both Swedish and Finnish. During the year the research programme has been presented to the public in various forums in both Sweden and Finland. For example, the programme co-ordinator presented the programme at a seminar at the Gothenburg Book and Library Fair in September 2002. During 2003 work will mainly focus on writing the report from the project and to the anthologies. At the end of the year a major two-day conference will be arranged at Uppsala University. The first day will be devoted to internal discussions concerning the realisation and results of the programme. On the second day the programme will aim at the general public and comprise number of popular-scientific lectures and panel discussions.

Project 2005 Collaboration began between Swedish and Norwegian historians began as early as the 1990s with the aim of co-ordinating research on the dissolution of the Union between the two countries in 1905. This aim was later implemented in Project 2005: Swedish-Norwegian relations from 1814 to the present day, comprising two large monographs related to the periods 1814–1905 and 1905 to the present day. This project was financed by the Norwegian and Swedish governments, which decided to allocate NOK 5 m and SEK 5 m respectively for this purpose. The first part of this Centenary work was written by Professor Bo Stråth, European University Institute, Florence, while the second part was written by Professor Francis Sejersted, Oslo University. These works are to be published in both Swedish and Norwegian on 7 June 2005, the date when the Union agreement was signed in Karlstad. To celebrate the centenary of the peaceful dissolution of the union a series of public activities are planned for the whole of 2005 in the from of conferences, exhibitions and the like in both Norway and Sweden. These arrangements will be co-ordinated by the two governments. In this connection the Swedish Ministry of Foreign Affairs has commissioned the Voksenåsen Foundation to co-ordinate the Swedish activities. This history project has a scientific reference group led by Professors Stig 48 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Ekman, Stockholm University, and Öystein Sörensen, Oslo University. This group has initiated a number of new research activities concerning both the dissolution itself and various comparative studies related to Norway and Sweden after 1814. They have therefore, in an addition to the Centenary work, applied for funds for two anthologies: the first to deal with the dissolution and the second to contain comparative thematic studies between the two countries in the 19th and 20th centuries. Funds for these anthologies and associated activities have been granted in instalments by the Hundre-årsmarkeringen 2005 A/S (Centenary Celebration Fund) to a total of NOK 3.9 m. For the years 1996–2005 the Foundation has decided to grant the anthology project (including certain planning of the Centenary work) a total of SEK 4.45 m. The grant from the Swedish government, like the grants from the Foundation, will be managed and administered by Voksenåsen, Oslo. The Programme Co-ordinator is Ruth Hemstad, a doctoral scholar at the Department of History, Oslo University. On 16 August 2002 the Managing Director, Dan Brändström, and the Director of Research, Mats Rolén, reported on progress in the Centenary work to Agneta Bladh, Under-Secretary of State at the Ministry of Education. She asked the Foundation whether it was prepared, on behalf of the government, to find forms for the publication of the Centenary work. This was accepted by the Foundation since it already had a long financial and practical involvement in the Centenary work. On the basis of this man- date Mats Rolén and representatives of the Norwegian Ministry of Research have worked out during autumn 2002 a basis for negotiations with publishers and the like in order to ensure that the Centenary work is published according to plan. Rolén also participated in a reference and project group meeting at Voksenåsen on 20–21 November 2002.

Cultural-political As reported in the previous annual report the Foundation has carried out a research number of activities to follow up the report of the World Commission for Culture entitled Our Creative Diversity (1995), Unesco’s Intergovernmental Conference on Cultural Policies in Stockholm, spring 1998, with its Action Plan on Cultural Policies for Development, together with the three seminars that the Foundation arranged at this conference. Empasis was placed in the Stockholm Action Plan on the importance of encouraging the exchange of theories, practical experience and research in order to reinforce the basis of our knowledge concerning culture and human development. Overviews and evaluation of existing “tools” in cultural-political work (e.g. quantitative and qualitative indicators) will play an important role in this work. Within the framework of the Foundation’s follow-up in these areas of interest a fruitful collaborative project was established in 2000 between the Foundation and Sida (the Swedish International Development Authority). This took concrete form at the end of the year when the two organisations, at the Foundation’s initiative, started and jointly ﬁnanced the international project “Improving the Tools for the Planning, Reporting and Assessment Activities in support of research 49

of Cultural Policies for Human Development”. The Ministry of Culture, the Swedish Unesco Council, Dag Hammarskjölds Minnesfond and the State Council for Culture also supported this Tools Project. The task of realising the project was given to a group of researchers led by Professor Colin Mercer, Nottingham Trent University. The project itself was led by a working committee consisting of Mats Rolén, Director Research at the Foundation, Chairman, Fredrik Lundmark, Research Secretary, Professors Carl-Johan Kleberg and Karl Eric Knutsson (d. 31 October 2002) Siad was represented by Lena Johansson, Departmental Head, Per Knutsson, Unit Head (during the planning and introductory phase) and Jessica Pellrud and Jan Lundius, Research Secretaries. The group also comprised Pia Erson, Assistant Under-Secretary (until March 2002) and First Secretaries Nina Ulvelius, Charlotte Brunnberg and Mikael Schultz, Ministry of Culture, First Secretary Eva Hermansson, Swedish Unesco Council, Olle Nordberg, Director of Dag Hammarskjölds Minnesfond and Per Svensson, Head of Department, Siv Junbäck and Sten Månsson, Principal Administrative Officers, State Council for Culture. The project was completed in 2002 with the publication of Colin Mercer’s report Towards Cultural Citizenship: Tools for Cultural Policy and Development (the Foundation, Sida & Gidlunds Förlag, 2002). Mercer begins his report with a fundamental theoretical discussion of the concept of culture, and goes on to discuss, on the basis of a broad analysis of the research situation and existing international overviews, the possibilities of constructing or using vari-ous types of “tools” to analyse questions concerning culture and development. The book also contains concrete proposals for a new “world culture report”; Unesco stopped publishing World Culture Report after the two first volumes. Mercer’s book, together with the final report from the Creative Europe project (see below) was presented at a conference entitled “The status of culture in the EU: situation at stake and proposals for the future” at Sweden’s permanent representation at the European Communities in Brussels on 6 November 2002. This arrangement was made by the Network of European Foundations for Innovative Co-operation (NEF), in collaboration with the Foundation, Sida, and Pia Erson, Counsellor for Cultural Affairs at the Swedish representation. The conference was opened by Pia Erson, whereafter Raymond Georis, Director of NEF, presented his organisation and its commitment to cultural affairs. Dan Brändström, Managing Director of the Foundation, then reported on the background to the Foundation’s and Sida’s support for research into culture and development seen from a Swedish, European and global perspective. He emphasised that on behalf of NEF and the Swedish arrangers, he wished to place on the agenda, at this conference and presentation of reports, questions concerning the role of culture in an expanded European Union. He saw the delegates and leaders of the EU convention as a clear recipient of this message. Dr Ritva Mitchell, Helsinki, Chair of ERICarts, Bonn, then presented 50 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

the main results of the Creative Europe project. She pointed out that the European Union lacked tools both for interpreting developments in the field of culture and for providing suitable forms of support at the Union level. Nor has the EU any body supporting relevant cultural-political research. In her opinion, much of the cultural policy pursued now or which has been pursued in the individual member countries originated in a total- ly different economic and political situation from today’s and is outdated. The European Union needs a better basis of knowledge when it considers the role of culture in societal development. Professor Colin Mercer, Nottingham Trent University, then developed very elegantly his thoughts on “cultural citizenship” and how and why the cultural dimension can and must be taken into account when we try to understand what is happening in our countries and communities. Michel Rocard, Chairman of the Cultural Committee of the European Parliament, then gave his views on the support for culture from an EU perspective. He, too, considered that the Union had not wanted to pursue an active policy at the supranational level but had left this to the member states. The result of the Visby conference under the chairmanship of Sweden (see the Foundation’s Annual Report 2001) seemed to be that the countries agreed to “try to learn from each other’s experiences” in the matter of support for professional artists. But this and other aspects of cultural questions should be considered in the EU convention’s work. Fabinne Metayer, Head of the Directorate for Education and Culture in the European Commission, then reported on the Commission’s work on cultural questions today. The day was summed up by Dr Dario Desegni, Director of Compagnia di San Paolo and Chairman of the European Foundation Center (EFC). The conference had been planned by Mats Rolén and Carl-Johan Kleberg, the Foundation, in collaboration with Director Raymod Georis and Mrs Colombe Warin, NEF and Pia Erson. The latter were also in charge of the practical arrangements. It was emphasised at the third Foundation seminar at the Stockholm Conference of 1998 that the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation and other foundations have an important role to play in initiating and supporting relevant cultural-political research. This is even more evidently expressed in the final report from the project initiated at that time – Creative Europe (see above). As already indicated, the completion of Creative Europe received great attention in Brussels. Its work was financed by the Foundation, the European Cultural Foundation and Compagnia di Sao Paolo with NEF as the administrative body. The project’s studies have included the main terms for various types of financing that influence the conditions for creativity in Europe today. The work has been carried out by the research institute ERICarts, Bonn, and led by Professor Andreas Wiesand, Danielle Cliche, researcher and Dr Ritva Mitchell, Helsinki. During its work ERICarts has co-operated closely with a number of research institutes in Europe. With the help of the Activities in support of research 51

Foundation contacts have also been established Swedish research environments, in partiular with Tema Q at Campus Norrköping, Linköping University. Carl-Johan Kleberg and Mats Rolén have been responsible for the Foundation’s contacts with the project. During the completion of the report Professor Svante Beckman, Tema Q, Campus Norrköping, Linköping University contributed greatly to the form of the ﬁnal report, which could be presented at the above-described conference in Brussels. Creative Europe has also proved to be something of a learning process for the Foundation and other parties involved in the international co-operation between foundations. This, too, has been important in view of the Foundation’s increasingly international commitments. The Foundation’s support for relevant cultural-political research is now entering a new phase. Mercer’s report will be the subject of comprehensive discussions and reports under the aegis of Sida. The project committee for the Tools Project will continue to co-operate on research questions and the implementation of results. For a research ﬁnancier like the Foundation it is gratifying to see that several of Mercer’s proposals supported by the Swedish project committee – including “A New World Culture Report” – have led to international projects and initiatives. The foundation has already been laid for promising co-operative projects with the European Culture Foundation and the London School of Economics. The book has also been a foundation stone in the planning of the Swedish UNESCO Council’s expert conference in spring 2003, which will be a follow-up on the 1998 conference of ministers of culture in Stockholm. Mercer’s book, like Creative Europe, has also inspired the start of a possible “European Culture Report”; the experiences from this project have also been passed on to the Swedish delegates at the EU convention.

Saint Birgitta reﬂected in the mirrors of posterity anders piltz

he fish that live in Lake Vättern have a different picture of it than limnologists do. The fish do not know that they are fish and that they live in Vättern. If they were able to communicate with the T limnologists, would they talk about the same things? A painting usually has more to say about its painter than about the subject. This is quite evident in the pictures that later epochs create of the great, complex and normative persons of history – or for that matter of past epochs. Do these descriptions show anything at all beyond what the writer sees or wants us to see? The Baroque period created a picture of classical Antiquity that Antiquity itself would hardly have recognised. The Romantic period’s picture of the Middle Ages tells us hardly anything about the Middle Ages but all the more about the Romantics. The Dalarna painters’ version of events in the Old Testament would require many explanations if Moses or King David were to be able to understand what those pictures were all about. Saint Birgitta Birgersdotter (1303–1373) is a good example of this phenomenon. Her words in “Heavenly Revelations” are preserved for all eterni- ty; and during 2002 the impressive research project that began in 1956, with the support of the Royal Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities, was completed, giving us the original Latin text in a critical edition produced according to all the recognised rules of textual criticism.* It was an arduous

Christ appears to Birgitta for the last time to tell her * Sancta Birgitta. Opera omnia. Stockholm 1956–2001. The researchers who partici- that her death is nigh. pated are, in alphabetical order: Hans Aili, Birger Bergh, Sten Eklund, Lennart From the altar screen, Hollman, Anne-Marie Jönsson and Carl-Gustaf Undhagen. Apart from the books Appuna Church, Öster- Reuelaciones celestes, the Birgitta text corpus includes Reuelaciones extrauagantes, götland. Regula Salvatoris, Sermo Angelicus and Quattuor Oraciones.

53 54 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

and unglamorous task to establish the original wording in the numerous handwritten manuscripts, all with their own copying errors, which required thousands of hours of work, patience, good eyesight and common sense. Birgitta usually wrote down her revelations herself in Swedish. In a few cases she dictated them to her secretaries, but only small fragments of Birgitta’s original Swedish text are extant. Both her father confessors, Prior Petrus of Alvastra and Magister Petrus of Skänninge, both named Olavi, translated them into Latin, and the Spanish Bishop Alfonso of Jaén edited the texts. We can assume that the Latin text reflects Birgitta’s intentions quite well, but we cannot be sure. But just because we have the words, do we understand what she means? Most of us believe, perhaps, that it is possible to read a medieval text and understand it as easily as if it were a modern novel. Yet, though words look the same, what they refer to has disappeared or been transformed. They do not at all say the same to us as they did to the people among whom they were formulated. Birgitta urges us to “scorn the world”. This expression occurs some ten times in Birgitta’s writings, not to speak of all the times the idea is expressed in other words, so it was not an isolated slip of the tongue. We can quote the text word for word, but do we understand her any the better for that? Today’s reader has an entirely different mental frame than a 14th-century Swedish noblewoman. Between us lie the Renaissance, the Reformation, the Baroque period, Colonialism, the French Revolution, the Romantic period, fresh revolutions, democracy, the media revolution, psychoanalysis, the 20th-century philosophers and so on, to mention just a few of the factors that have shaped “the world” as we see it today. Which world does she mean we should scorn? Man’s religious universe has been replaced by a scientific, biological and psychological one. Most of us are sceptical of ready-made philosophies of life provided by churches, parties or ideologies. Instead, we have taken refuge in a private, inner world. If we were previously interested in a general truth, now we are in search of an attitude to life that suits the individual, regardless of whether it is “true” in a general sense. The truth is what functions. Every individual has the right to worship his own house gods. If Birgitta were to return to earth today, she would not spare her words. Our culture has made all the transcendental values, goodness, beauty and truth, relative. Spiritual life has been replaced by desire. Questions of truth and morality have been replaced by social issues, and what you dislike you can only reject with bad language, not arguments. Obedience to a higher will is repression, humility is regression, chastity is inhibition, “Freude” is missing from Sigmund Freud’s collected works (just check to make sure!). Everything can be said and everything can be interpreted as you please. The authorities have not disappeared but are disguised in thousands of Saint Birgitta reflected in the mirrors of posterity 55

accepted sayings that are thoughtlessly repeated. That is more or less how Birgitta would probably interpret the situation if she were given the chance to analyse today’s politics, culture and morality in Western culture. She would certainly have felt more at home in Muslim cultural circles. If she were alive today she would certainly make the whole Establishment sit up, and would be hounded by the media. The powers-that-be could expect comments on matters both great and small. Nor would it be possible today to dismiss her as a scheming bitch, since femininity is now an asset. It just wouldn’t be possible to categorise her. In Birgitta’s picture of the world she played a not insigniﬁcant part herself. There was no question of false modesty, since Christ had appointed her as a contact with humanity. Birgitta was a prophet in the sense that she acted with divine authority, evaluating and judging her contemporaries and giving instructions on how they should behave. Her task was to remind Christen-dom of what it already knew but preferred to forget. She called herself the Channel – the traditional translation “mouthpiece” is an anachronism. Her view of the divine revelation, not as a ready-made package but as an ongoing process, is remarkable and highly original. Here the human intermediaries play an active and creative role. She realised clearly that the texts of the Bible had been formulated with great anguish: the authors wrote drafts that were then criticised and reworked until a barely acceptable wording was achieved. Then the process of interpretation continued, Birgitta believed, and it is possible that the interpreters sometimes understood the contents of the text better than the author himself. Communicating the word of God is not merely a matter of repeating statements that have been established once and for all. One has to follow given directions but is free to interpret the details as best one can. Perhaps Birgitta, through a father confessor, had been inspired to adopt this dynamic approach by the Flemish theologian Henrik of Ghent, called doctor sollemnis, who died in Paris in 1293. Henrik had a good deal to say about the ways of inspiration, and he emphasises that women, too, have a part to play in this matter. However, they should not appear publicly as preachers and lecturers. They had a more obscure and at the same time more important role as interpreters of the truths that men mastered intellectually, of course, but rather as a lesson learned by rote. But how much of the real meaning of the words did they understand? Not even John the Evangelist was able to describe the reality of God; he only spoke as well as he could and understood. This is where women have their special role. Mary, the mother of God, played a key role in the primitive church as the apostles’ private tutor, magistra apostolorum. She instructed them in the real meaning of the mysteries she had experienced in her own body and which the apostles understood intellectually. 56 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

In the Order of St Birgitta it was the abbess who ruled over everyone, including the brothers. They had a more modest role as assistants to the sisters in an order that was first and foremost intended for women. In this respect, too, Birgitta was unique. The fact that the experiment did not sur- vive in the long run may perhaps be attributed to the refusal of men to take orders from a woman boss. For Birgitta, the daughter of a judge, justice was the supreme concept. Her relatives and circle of friends were all lawyers. She looked upon Moses as the great lawgiver and Christ as the perfect judge. Birgitta may even have learnt to read with the help of legal texts. In 1310, when she was seven years old, Sweden’s only heresy trial took place at Gottröra, 20 kilometres from her home. In her Revelations the Judgement Day is depicted as a Scandinavian ting. Most Swedes have some idea who Birgitta was. Most of them probably think of the insufferable and frustrated bitch who heartily disliked very many people. To give her opinions extra force she claimed that she had had them revealed to her from Heaven. This stereotype picture was established by August Strindberg (1814–1912) and Henrik Schück (1855–1947). In his recently published biography of Birgitta Heliga Birgitta. Åttabarns- mor och profet (Saint Birgitta. Mother of Eight and Prophet) (Lund 2002) Birger Bergh rapidly examines the Swedish pictures of Birgitta over the past 100 years. Strindberg describes her as the unruly and domineering “emancipess”, a silly, disagreeable woman who gradually becomes aware of her foolishness and her hubris. Professor Schück’s portrait of Saint Birgitta reveals the positivistic professor’s aversion to her uncontrollable, unreserved commitment, based on ideas that were not comprehensible to him. For Schück, Birgitta’s revelations were the sick fantasies of a mourning widow. She was the victim of a mental illness that could have been cured with healthy sexuality and a proper diet. Many later attempts to explain the Birgitta phenomenon have followed the same line. They can partly be read as reflections of their own time and background. An article in “Läkarjournalen” (Doctor’s Journal) recently put forward the hypothesis that a brain tumour might have caused epileptic fits that in turn triggered Birgitta’s visions. The Finnish historian and poet Carina Nynäs describes in a penetrating analysis (Signum 3/2002) how images of Birgitta have been used for various purposes during the 20th century. The first biography in modern times was written by Emilia Fogelclou just after the First World War. Fogelclou had been greatly impressed by Bachofen’s thesis of a lost matriarchy, so the epithet “mother” is the one most frequently used. Fogelclou erects a monu- ment; Birgitta becomes the symbolic figure of the women’s movement, Saint Birgitta reflected in the mirrors of posterity 57

The Revelations of Saint Birgitta: The Angel’s Dictation. Painting on wood, Östergötland County Museum. 58 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

a model of purity, strength and motherliness, the best example of the strong, authoritative Nordic woman. The historian Toni Schmid wrote the first scholarly biography in 1940. In the true Weibullian spirit she rejected all uncertain sources. Birgitta becomes the sober, factual, clear-sighted, practical charismatic figure. Less flattering traits were also presented. In 1973 Sven Stolpe introduced a Freudian interpretation that emphasised Birgitta’s sexual inhibitions and ideals of virginity. Nynäs strongly criti- cises Stolpe for blithely mixing fact and fantasy. Birgitta suited Stolpe’s own agenda admirably: the battle against the Marxist view of mankind. The same year saw the publication of Hjalmar Sundén’s Ormungens dotter som blev Kristi brud, which placed Birgitta on the analyst’s couch. She is torn between sensuality and spirituality, between sainthood and lust, and is char- acterised by disloyalty and egoism towards her children. Birgit Klockars’ Birgittas svenska värld, published in 1976, is, in Nynäs’s terminology, a “correcting” biography that puts right misconceptions and is the most reliable depiction of Birgitta. She is freed from epithets and the sources themselves are allowed to speak. Nynäs notes that Klockars herself had a patriarchal background. Her father was a member of the Finnish parliament. As well as being a researcher she was a theologian, a missionary, a writer and a poet. She is the biographer who has succeeded in depicting Birgitta in the most relaxed manner. Hans Furuhagen’s Furstinnan av Närke som blev Heliga Birgitta, published in 1990, is, again according to Nynäs, a biography that unmasks its subject and is determined by a behaviouristic attitude to mankind. Birgitta is stripped of religion and portrayed as a player in a social and socio-political power game. She acts as a pawn in the game. After her death she is transformed into a clerical propaganda figure. Finally, Nynäs believes she can discern a more relaxed picture of Birgitta in the Catholic biographies, while the Protestants prefer to unmask her and see through her. The male biographers focus on her emotional life, or write as if they were wrestling with a somewhat irritating person. The women researchers concentrate on Birgitta’s theology, intellect and activities. And she sums up: “The Birgitta biographies [reveal] that in the 20th century men still have difficulty in accepting a woman as an intellectually and theo- logically independent subject.” But everyone can form their own opinion. During 2003 Birgitta’s most important texts will be presented in a new translation by Alf Härdelin in the Swedish Academy’s Classic Series. In the next few years all her revelations will be translated into English within the framework of a project financed by the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation and led by Stephan Borgehammar. Then everyone will be able to question their own precon- Saint Birgitta reflected in the mirrors of posterity 59

ceived ideas about this woman, the most remarkable personality in medieval Sweden, and ask themselves: Have I understood anything, or are the 700 years that separate us an insurmountable barrier? Meeting another person always means that one’s ideas are disturbed. This is also true when meeting a writer. The effects of meeting a person who died centuries ago are unpredictable. Future biographies will focus on traits that we today do not notice and perhaps do not yet have terms to describe.

Anders Piltz is Professor of Latin at Lund University, an Honorary Doctor of Uppsala University (2003) and a priest in the Dominican Order. Among his publications are: Medeltidens lärda värld, Vägen till Jerusalem: valda texter ur Homo conditus. 109 Decontamination of the “19th-century Library” within the Royal Academy of Fine Arts New Research projects in 2002

summary of the new research projects that have been awarded grants during the year is published in the Annual Report. The texts of the projects have been written and the A titles chosen by the researchers themselves. The Foundation awards an overall grant, which means that local overhead costs of various kinds, and where applicable value added tax (VAT), are included in the amounts speciﬁed. For each project, the following details are given: the registration number of the project, the name of the project leader, the university or college responsible (administrator), the amount of the grant, the title of the project and a summary. For further information about the project, reference should be made to the project leader. Where a planning grant alone has been granted, the project is not listed here.

61 62 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

The Bank of Sweden Donation 66 Ph.D. Alexandra Kent 71 Ph.D. Yvonne Svanström recovering community: the revival trading in sex: regulation, of buddhism in post-conflict liberalization or criminalization? cambodia prostitution politics in sweden 1930–2000 67 Ph.D. Bengt Wigh extended osteometrical analysis of 71 Ph.D. Håkan Lobell bones from domesticated animals the conceptualisation and found at viking age birka perception of money and the value of money by swedish politicians 67 Ph.D. Johnny Ragnar Bengtsson internationalism and social 72 Doctor of Economics Katarina Katz changes in middle italy during the wage differences between women late bronze age and early iron age: and men in russia: parental leave the luni sul mignone case and career in russia and the ussr 68 Ass. Professor Lars Norén 72 Ass. Professor Mariassunta Giannetti independent counselling in investor protection and portfolio quasi-markets decisions 68 Doctor of Economics Claes-Fredrik Helgesson 73 Ph. D. Martin Flodén market and evidence: knowledge ageing populations: macroeconomic and organisation in large-scale effects and implications for fiscal clinical trials policy 69 Doctor of Economics Cecilia Solér 73 Ph.D. Ulf Andersson consumption as code – a descrip- working memory deficits in children tion of the symbolism of with arithmetical difficulties: a (un)sustainable consumption general or specific deficit? 69 Professor Eva Odelman 74 Professor Jan Glete medieval model sermons – in latin protection, organisation and and swedish political entrepreneurship: state formation in europe 1450–1720 70 Ph.D. Dieter K. Müller the swedish countryside as 74 Ph.D. Philip Halldén “pleasure periphery”: is there an rhetoric in arab-islamic tradition: “americanization” of the rural continuity or change and distinct- labor market? iveness in relation to rhetoric in western european tradition 70 Ph.D. Silke Neunsinger female finances. on the Importance of Funding as a Condition for the Early Swedish Women’s Movement’s Political Action, 1880–1950 The Bank of Sweden Donation 63

75 Ass. Professor Birgitta Ney 82 Ph.D. Barbro Wallgren Hemlin genre-crossing columnists – esaias tegnér’s sermons and on political comments under homilies – a scientific edition stylistic cover by women reporters during the first decades of the 82 Ass. Professor Verner Egerland norm, variation and standard- 20th century isation: the referential properties 75 Doctor of Laws Eva Ryrstedt of implicit subjects in two romance the best interest of the child – or languages that of the parents? decisionmaking concerning parental responsibility/ 83 Ph.D. Joakim Tillman wagner influence in swedish opera residence/access between 1880 and 1920 78 Ass. Professor Jonas Ebbesson environmental responsibility of 83 Ph. D. Henrik Oscarsson effects of electoral design transnational corporations under international law 84 Ass. Professor Li Bennich-Björkman alliances and ideas: how can 78 Professor Torbjörn Andersson differences in political parallel and conflicting corruption in post-communist enforcement of law europe be explained? 79 Professor Karsten Legère wild plants in bantu languages 84 Professor Sören Holmberg images of the riksdag – citizens – names and uses and members of parliament in 79 Ph.D. Gerd Carling a representative democracy a revised and digitised lexicon over tocharian a 85 Ph.D. Ylva Stubbergaard the impact of public welfare on the 80 Ph.D. Mikael Parkvall political inclusion of immigrant slimming human language to women the bone 85 Professor Jarl Risberg 80 Ass. Professor Yvonne Lefﬂer stuttering: neuropsychological the early swedish epistolary novel studies of causes and treatment 1770–1870 86 Ass. Professor Claudia Fahlke 81 Ass. Professor Gunnar D. Hansson cross-disciplinary studies the early lars ahlin – studies of regarding risk factors, treatment two unpublished novels and relapse in type 1 alcoholism 81 Professor Lars Bäckman 86 Ph.D. Guy Madison cognitive ageing: the role of musical pulse in human timing and dopamine functions coordination 64 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

87 Professor Philip Hwang 95 Professor Lena Gerholm stability and change in the the orient in sweden: negotiations psychological development of on religion, gender and sexuality young adults 96 Professor Anders Malmberg 87 Ass. Professor Gerhard Andersson clusters and innovation systems in cognitive mechanisms in tinnitus time and space 88 Ph.D. Karin H. Bergmark 96 Professor Bengt Holmberg use and misuse of alcohol and christian identity – the first drugs in sweden – experiences, hundred years attitudes, opinions 97 Professor Anders Bäckström 88 Ph.D. Jan Blomqvist welfare and religion in a european solutions to alcohol problems: the perspective: the role of the significance of treatment and churches as welfare providers other influences within the social economy 89 Professor Peter Jagers 97 Professor Lars-Erik Edlund the history of stochastic the production of texts and population processes manuscripts in the vadstena monastery – production, tradition and reception The Humanities and Social Sciences Donation 92 Professor Lars Engwall 98 Professor Ulf Hannerz governance in europe: mediators kosmopolit: culture and politics in and stakeholders global society 93 Professor Wlodek Rabinowicz 98 Professor Runar Brännlund philosophical theories on value the dynamics of the environmental kuznets curve in sweden 1870–2000 93 Director Keith Wijkander cure the vasa 99 Professor Kristian Kristiansen the emergence of european 94 Professor Stefan Svallfors communities: household, settlement the political sociology of the and territory in late prehistory welfare state: institutions, social (2300–300 bc) cleavages and preferences (isp) 99 Ass. Professor Berit Wells 94 Ass. Professor Bo Bengtsson daily life in the poseidon ethnic organization and political sanctuary on kalaureia (poros) and integration in cities its physical setting 95 Professor Thomas Hall albertus pictor – a painter of his times The Bank of Sweden Donation 65

100 Ass. Professor Kirk Sullivan 107 Director Alexander Husebye identification of “imitated” voices: securing source material from a research project with legal and bankrupt it companies security applications 108 Professor Alf W. Johansson gösta bagge’s diary 1939–1944 Infrastructure 108 Professor Sten Berglund 102 Ph.D. Johan Nordlander baltic peoples in transformation the krio corpus project 109 Ass. Professor Beate Sydhoff 103 Ph.D. Karl G. Johansson decontamination of the the manuscript texts from vadstena “19th-century library” within the monastery in digitised form royal academy of fine arts 103 Museum Director Inga Maria Mulk 109 Principal curator Marianne Landqvist completion of swedish sámi biblio- strindberg’s books graphy up to 1998 110 Professor Sverker Ek 104 Deputy Director Staffan Rydén a scientific edition of hjalmar digitisation of the video bergman’s letters documentations of the royal dramatic theatre of sweden 110 Professor Dag Prawitz kant’s philosophy in swedish 104 Professor Jan Wikander reestablishment of an international 111 Professor Erik Kjellberg toy research centre at kth the düben collection: a musical treasure from 17th-century europe 105 Ph.D. Sverker Jullander a national organ and keyboard 111 Professor Leif Lewin research centre electronic press archive 105 Ass. Professor Per Frånberg 112 Ph.D. Inga Lewenhaupt centre for sámi research documentation of performing arts 106 Ass. Professor Örjan Edström 112 Head of Music Library and Archives Inger Mattsson crime victims and the judicial documentation project of the system royal swedish opera’s scenographic and theatre models 106 Ass. Professor Jan Brunius scanning medieval book fragments 113 President major-general Jörn Beckman in the swedish national archives from svir to näset 107 Licentiate of Philosophy Eva Nylander illuminated manuscripts in swedish collections 66 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Anthropology Reg. no. J2002-0120

Recovering Community: Ph.D. The Revival of Alexandra Kent Buddhism in Post- Göteborg University conflict Cambodia 2003 SEK 475,000 2004 SEK 600,000

The Bank of Sweden • This study examines the regeneration of Buddhism taking place in Cambodia and how this Donation inﬂuences collective recovery and re-creation of community after the violence of the Khmer Rouge era. It looks at how Buddhism is undergoing reinvention, constituting a form of cultural capital that is negotiated, transacted and contested within emergent relations of power. The inquiry concerns the implications this has for countering vengefulness and for rebuilding social relations predicated on moral authenticity and trust. Political legitimacy in Cambodia is related to leaders’ ability to honour and protect Buddhism, but Buddhism is also a potentially subversive institution that may be engaged more or less overtly in political struggle. Monks and nuns play an important role at the village level in healing and counselling lay people and some village pagodas are involved in community welfare and development. This, and the revitalisation of the monkhood and Buddhist ritual may assist in the reconstitution of cultural, moral and social order as well as meaning. However, the legitimacy of those involved in reinventing Buddhism cannot be taken for granted and may be problematic. These dimensions of local, popular Buddhism will be explored in a selected village setting using anthropological methods. The material will be analysed against a backdrop in which national leaders and international interest groups are trying to support, but also co-opt and control Buddhism in their contestations concerning reconciliation and reconstruction. The Bank of Sweden Donation 67

Archaeology Reg. no. J2002-0771 Archaeology Reg. no. J2002-0839

Extended Osteometrical Ph.D. Internationalism and Ph.D. Analysis of Bones from Bengt Wigh Social Changes in Johnny Ragnar Domesticated Animals National Heritage Board Middle Italy during the Bengtsson Found at Viking Age 2003 SEK 570,000 Late Bronze Age and Lund University Birka Early Iron Age: The Luni 2003 SEK 525,000 sul Mignone Case 2004 SEK 525,000

• The purpose of this project is to gather a large • This project concentrates on socio-economic and amount of osteometrical data from parts of the demographic changes in central Italy during the animal bone material found at the archaeological Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age. Investigating excavations of Birka in 1990–1995 that has not yet the transition of know-how and international been analysed. This gathering of data will be made contacts will give a broader perspective. Mostly possible by means of measurements of bones unpublished material from Swedish excavations in according to internationally accepted methods. The the sixties at Luni sul Mignone, circa 65 km NW of results of these measurements can then be processed Rome, will be used as a basis for data. At Luni statistically and used in extensive analyses and unusual architectural remains were found consisting comparative studies of the populations of of trenches cut into the rock, some interpreted as domesticated animals mainly in Birka and its “long houses” from the middle and later part of the hinterland, but also from an international Bronze Age (XVII–XI cent. B.C.). Findings of perspective, providing increased understanding of Mycenaean shards in two of the trenches indicate animal husbandry and systems of trading with international connections. It is possible that they foodstuff and domesticated animals. Earlier point to a Mycenaean interest in the Tolfa osteometrical analyses of Swedish bone materials Mountains copper ores, some kilometres to the have merely provided limited information as to south. Or imply the presence of wandering metal Viking Age husbandry since the materials were specialists teaching the locals more sophisticated small and in a poor state of preservation. The bone aspects of metallurgy. These are problems of material that was found at the archaeological particular interest as well as a unique, probably two- excavation of Birka in 1990–1995 does, however, storeyed house from the Early Iron Age or the allow for such analyses since it consists of almost 6 Tolfa-Allumiere facies (X–VII cent. B.C.), a local tonnes of well-preserved and well-dated animal group of the Protovillanova culture. This building bones, equal to contemporary analysed materials has been considered the seat of a chief or clan leader from Dorestad, Hedeby and York. During recent and may suggest social stratiﬁcation and the rising years, bone materials from Viking Age sites in of elite groups. Contemporary demographic Russia and Kaupang, Norway have also been changes in the surroundings are today better known analysed, providing the possibility to place Birka in thanks to various surveys. Analysing landscape and an even wider Viking Age context. excavated data together may open up a better understanding of those processes that, for instance, led to the Etruscans. 68 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Business Economics Reg. no. J2002-0465 Business Economics Reg. No. J2002-0501

Independent Ass. Professor Market and Evidence: Doctor of Economics Counselling in Lars Norén Knowledge and Claes-Fredrik Helgesson Quasi-markets Göteborg University Organisation in Large- Stockholm School 2003 SEK 385,000 scale Clinical Trials of Economics 2004 SEK 390,000 2003 SEK 485,000 2004 SEK 480,000

• The distribution of welfare services changed • The aim of this project is to study large-scale dramatically in Sweden in the 1990s. The quasi- clinical trials, which is an important, yet to the market became a major tool used by politicians to social sciences relatively unknown, scientific and organise distribution. One consequence was that organisational practice. These are performed in a education services were supposed to be distributed manner that differs markedly from traditional through consumer choice. However, the authorities understandings of the laboratory as the site where became aware that citizens needed support in order scientific knowledge is produced. Clinical trials are to be transformed into consumers. Some initiatives performed in a distributed organisation made up of were taken at the beginning of the 1990s to add several different and coordinated parties. This human and computer-based counselling to support coordination is not least indicated by the fact that citizen choice in the market. The problem we want the results from these endeavours are gathered and to deal with in this project is how the citizen is reported in a few scientific publications. transformed into a consumer of education services. Large clinical trials represent substantial financial The theoretical basis is action network theory and values to both industry and society. They are costly translation is a major concept. We claim that the to run and their results have a significant influence function and the legitimacy of quasi-markets are on health care as a basis for evaluating treatments. dependent on a process of translation, whereby an This project focuses on large clinical trials’ independent consumer agency is constructed. We combination of knowledge production and inter- shall follow a group of counsellors that started an organisational coordination. The research questions independent counselling centre in Göteborg in are: (1) What are the practices for producing Sweden in the early 1990s. The group of knowledge and inter-organisational coordination counsellors had international contacts and had that make large clinical practices possible? (2) How found an interesting model in Germany. The core do aspects of knowledge production and of the model was to create independent counselling coordination manifest themselves in these practices? centres where human and computer-based The project can make important socially relevant as counselling were combined. The group took that well as theoretical contributions to both research model to Göteborg and tried to translate it to regarding inter-organisational coordination and Swedish conditions in the early 1990s. We shall social studies of science. The project will primarily follow this group of counsellors from the early be performed with a case-study approach relying 1990s onwards. largely on ethnographic methodology. The Bank of Sweden Donation 69

Business Economics Reg. no. J 2002-0848 Classical languages Reg. no. J2002-0221

Consumption as Code Doctor of Economics Medieval Model Professor – A Description Cecilia Solér Sermons – in Latin Eva Odelman of the Symbolism of Göteborg University and Swedish The National Archives (Un)sustainable 2003 SEK 355,000 2003 SEK 730,000 Consumption 2004 SEK 355,000 2004 SEK 390,000

• Why do we choose to consume in ways that • This project follows up a previous pilot project influence the environment to different degrees? intended to test different methods of making This question addresses the fundamental issue of electronic editions of medieval model sermon this study, which focuses on the relation between collections. The aim of the present project is to consumption as a major means of human apply the method which was found most communication and the idea of sustainability. The appropriate, viz. to make a semi-critical edition study is based on the assumption that there exists a based on one textual witness (manuscript or major paradox between the idea of a sustainable incunable) and accompanied by variants from a few consumer society on the one hand and the other witnesses. The project plans to make such an function/the meaning of consumption as an activity edition of the Latin sermon collection Sermones on the other. Consumption is seen here as the post- moralissimi de tempore by the Franciscan Nicolaus de modern basis for identity quest and construction. Aquaevilla (late 13th century), which was frequently Thus, what we consume is closely linked to the used all over Europe, not least by the Birgittine image we wish to have, the group we wish to brothers of Vadstena monastery. It is preserved in belong to and who we identify with. By identifying about 50 manuscripts and in some incunables, two and describing the inherent contradiction of the of which belong to Uppsala University Library. The creation of identity through consumption, and edition will be made from one of the Uppsala sustainability as consuming less, one answer to the incunables (UUB 35b:19) and will include an initial question “Why do we choose to consume in apparatus of sources as well as a critical apparatus ways that influence the environment to different containing variants from two representative degrees?” may be found. The overall aim of the manuscripts. It is also intended to use the same study is to describe the meaning of consumption as method when editing an Old Swedish sermon a code. Code is here defined as a system of collection from about the year 1400, preserved in communication and exchange, as a code for signs MS AM 787, 4, Armagnæan Institute, Copenhagen. constantly expressed, received and reinvented. The The sources of this collection and versions will be analysis of the social meaning of consuming objects presented with a different textual structure. These is based on Baudrillard’s theory of consumption as editions are meant to be the beginning of an language or code. international project focusing on the publication of a greater corpus of model sermon collections. 70 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Cultural Geography Reg. no. J2002-0613 Economic History Reg. no. J2002-0091

The Swedish Country- Ph.D. Female Finances: Ph.D. side as “Pleasure Dieter K. Müller On the Importance of Silke Neunsinger Periphery”: Is There an Umeå University Funding as a Condition Uppsala University “Americanization” of 2003 SEK 830,000 for the Early Swedish 2003 SEK 874,000 the Rural Labor Market? 2004 SEK 830,000 Women’s Movement’s 2004 SEK 900,000 Political Action, 1880–1950

• The purpose of this project is to assess to what • Both the women’s movement and the different extent tourism development is contributing to an access to societal power bases of men and women “Americanization” of the rural labor market. have been the object of several studies during the “Americanization” is the process of transformation past years. The importance of economic power towards a labor market that is dominated by service resources has only been noticed sporadically. What production, flexible forms of labor, and a female role did economic resources play for women’s and workforce. Tourism development is expected to men’s access to political power? The aim of this contribute to this transformation by introducing project is to investigate the role of economy in jobs that mirror these three characteristics. This organising the women’s movement and also its change is expected to occur in remote areas that can possibilities to influence the process of political be called “pleasure peripheries”. decisions. We focus on economic strategies and Up until now, the question of what kinds of jobs their legitimation within the early women’s have been created remains unanswered. Are the new movement between 1880–1950, and a comparison jobs equal replacements for those lost in with corresponding organisations in Germany, manufacturing and the public sector, or are they Great Britain and Switzerland. Historical “junk-jobs” that are unable to provide sufficient investigations of material bases for the women’s income? It also addresses the extent to which the movements can help us understand how financial geography of places, i.e. their local characteristics, conditions have influenced organisations, what kind and their location relative to the touristic demand of political questions these could afford to fight for markets, is influencing the labor market and in what way they could afford to fight. The development within the tourist sector, and hence theoretical framework of this project is placed the “Americanization” of the labour market. Finally, within theories of social movements and framing. the consequences for various groups of the ongoing To obtain legitimacy and a powerful position changes in society are assessed. The project is based organisations are dependent on both symbolical and on a GIS analysis of a comprehensive database material power resources. How did they finance covering all individuals in Sweden. Moreover, a their activities? What kind of strategies were used survey is to be conducted among stakeholders for financing and mobilisation? How did they within the tourism sector. obtain legitimacy? We have chosen to study both the Fredrika Bremer Förbundet and the Socialdemokratiska Kvinnoförbundet, which represent two different forms of organisation with different ideologies: one independent, liberal, middle-class organisation and one party-affiliated, socialist, working-class organisation. The Bank of Sweden Donation 71

Economic History Reg. no. J2002-0470 Economic History Reg. no. J2002-0862

Trading in Sex: Ph.D. The Conceptualisation Ph.D. Regulation, Liberali- Yvonne Svanström and Perception of Håkan Lobell zation or Criminali- Stockholm University Money and the Value Lund University zation? Prostitution 2003 SEK 640,000 of Money by Swedish 2003 SEK 358,000 Politics in Sweden 2004 SEK 650,000 Politicians 2004 SEK 382,000 1930–2000

• The overall aim of this project is to investigate • The aim of this project is to examine closely the how prostitution has been discussed in Sweden grasp and articulation of monetary theories by during the period 1930–2000. This aim is Swedish politicians during the period 1815–1862, formulated against the fact that Swedish policies against the background of the modern discussion of concerning prostitution are now radically different the 19th-century Currency and Banking School from those in other parts of the Western world. debate. We will identify 10–15 prominent politicians Some countries in Europe have legalized and follow their role in the discussion on monetary prostitution, while Swedish law criminalizes the policy and examine their political and theoretical purchase of sexual services. This came into effect in statements over time. Their understanding of 1999 and is unique. How is this to be understood? money and ﬁnance had great importance for the Are there historic explanations why this kind of law institutions that were founded in the ﬁrst half of the came about in Sweden? During the last few years 19th century – such as private banks and the the debate on prostitution in Sweden has changed. regulations that surrounded them. The Earlier it was mainly discussed as exploitation and contemporary discussion in Sweden will be the subjection of women. Now arguments hat look compared with that in the United Kingdom. Were upon prostitution as sex work are frequently heard. the Swedish thinkers and decision-makers only How can prostitution be understood – theoretically, repeating the statements of their UK counterparts historically and from a social political perspective? or did they articulate their own thinking? Can the This project will investigate various actors and arguments in the early 19th century be seen as “pre- their discussion of prostitution over a period of Wicksellian”? Thus, we will also attempt to seventy years. The empirical areas will be the contribute to the modern history of Swedish parliamentary debates on prostitution, how sexual economic thought. liberal debaters in the 1960s discussed prostitution, how the women’s movement talked about the question, and how the media have dealt with this issue, particularly during the 1990s. The part of the investigation concerning the later period will also discuss developments in countries that have legalized prostitution. 72 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Economics Reg. no. J2002-0188 Economics Reg. no. J2002-0243

Wage Differences Doctor of Economics Investor Protection and Ass. Professor between Women and Katarina Katz Portfolio Decisions Mariassunta Giannetti Men in Russia: Parental Göteborg University Stockholm School Leave and Career in 2003 SEK 600,000 of Economics Russia and the USSR 2004 SEK 642,000 2003 SEK 680,000

• In this project two aspects of the Russian labour • Corporate finance literature has widely analysed market are studied from a gender perspective, using the distortions due to agency problems and lack household survey data collected in the city of lack of protection of small investor rights in Taganrog in 1989, 1993 and 2000. Estimates of investment decisions. One assumption is that ex- wage equations allows a comparison of the gender ante outside investors require a higher return on the wage differential and standard measures of funds they provide since they anticipate the discrimination at these points in time: at the end of distortions due to agency problems. A weak rule of the Soviet period; a few years into economic laws therefore affects the cost of funds, but not reform; and after the August 1998 crisis and the investor portfolio decisions. subsequent economic recovery. A further analysis of However, there is some evidence that stock female and male wages can be made with the more market participation is larger in countries where detailed individual and job characteristics available minority investor rights are better protected. Our in the 2000 survey of 1,100 households. The 2000 research team plans to look into this issue, Taganrog survey includes retrospective data on the completely neglected in the previous literature, by length of interruptions in work or study in looking at two specific cases. First, the researchers connection with childbirth and whether the mother will examine whether institutions can explain why was able to return to an equivalent job or studies. foreign investors and domestic minority Given the lack of previous studies of this topic, this shareholders invest less in countries where the relatively small data set will add to the existing probability of expropriation by the company’s knowledge. Such information about the lives of insiders is larger and whether this can explain the Soviet women is of considerable historical interest, home equity bias. Thereafter, portfolio investors while that for the post-reform period has important behaviour will be analysed to evaluate whether policy relevance. The last decade has seen an minority investors underweight the companies extension of the right to parental leave, at the same where insiders are expected to extract more private time as there has been a decrease in the benefits. participation rates of young women and a dramatic drop in birth rates. Parental leave and career interruptions can be seen as one aspect of the shift from one type of welfare policy regime to another and be related to theories of gender and welfare regimes. The Bank of Sweden Donation 73

Economics Reg. no. J2002-0464 Education Reg. no. J2002-0210

Ageing Populations: Ph. D. Working Memory Ph.D. Macroeconomic Effects Martin Flodén Deficits in Children Ulf Andersson and Implications for Stockholm School of with Arithmetical Linköping University Fiscal Policy Economics Difficulties: A General 2003 SEK 860,000 2003 SEK 385,000 or Specific Deficit? 2004 SEK 860,000 2004 SEK 395,000

• The proportion of people of working age is • This project focuses on children with arithmetical predicted to fall significantly in most OECD difficulties. The purpose is to examine whether countries during the coming 30 to 40 years. Both working memory deficits are responsible for these falling birth rates and increased longevity contribute children’s arithmetical difficulties. Working memory to this demographic change. The overall objective is a mental structure that consists of three different of this project is to analyse how this population components: a central attentional-controlling ageing affects the incentives to save and work, and component, and two components that are to examine the consequences for public finances. specialised in processing and storing verbal The project consists of two separate but related information and visual-spatial information parts. The first will examine the demographic effects respectively. This study will include four groups of on macroeconomic variables such as savings, labour children: 1) Children with specific arithmetical supply and factor prices, and how these effects difficulties, but adequate reading skills (3rd and 4th depend on economic policy (for example the graders); 2) Children with both arithmetical and pension system or the size of the public sector). We reading difficulties, and two control groups: one have two main hypotheses. First, public finances are age-matched control group (3rd and 4th graders) more affected by reduced nativity than by increased and one group of younger ability-matched children longevity. Second, population ageing is more (2nd and 3rd graders). A battery of cognitive tasks problematic if the public sector is large or if the that measure different aspects of the working pension system distorts incentives to work and save. memory system will be used and administered to The second part of the project will examine the the children. In order to determine what aspects of consequences of population ageing on public the working memory system are impaired, the savings. Population ageing means that fewer young performance of the children with arithmetical people will have to support more old people, and difficulties will be compared with the age-matched that the relative size of the tax base will shrink. All children’s performance. By comparing working this will put pressure on future public finances. memory performance with the younger ability- Future tax rates can be held down if taxes are raised matched children (2nd and 3rd graders), it will be before the baby-boom generation retires, and this is possible to determine whether working memory the policy implied by optimal taxation arguments. deficits are responsible for these children’s Studies of the American economy, however, have arithmetical difficulties. shown that the trade-off between saving today and high taxes tomorrow is relatively unimportant. But the results of these studies cannot be directly applied to the typical European country, where the public sector is more comprehensive. 74 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

History Reg. no. J2002-0434 History of religion Reg. no. J2002-0949

Protection, Organi- Professor Rhetoric in Arab-Islamic Ph.D. sation and Political Jan Glete Tradition: Continuity or Philip Halldén Entrepreneurship: State Stockholm University Change and Distinc- Lund University Formation in Europe 2003 SEK 600,000 tiveness in Relation to 2003 SEK 640,000 1450–1720 2004 SEK 600,000 Rhetoric in Western 2004 SEK 640,000 European Tradition

• This study intends to formulate an inter- • The aim of this project is to elucidate the presence disciplinary synthesis of how the permanent armed of rhetoric and its development in Arab-Islamic forces in Europe developed in interaction with new traditions during (roughly) 600–1500 A.D. One structures and institutions for political decision- issue which the project will address is to is the making and administration of resources. It is based extent to which rhetorical traditions in this area on political, military and technological history and show continuity with the traditions of rhetoric in economic theory about entrepreneurship, complex late Antiquity and then how these traditions were organisations and protection against violence seen maintained or otherwise changed or displaced as a commodity on an imperfect market. The within the framework of Islam. Moreover, the methodology and theoretical framework have been project aims at shedding light on the development developed in earlier studies. There are no syntheses of rhetoric in Europe during the centuries before about European state formation based on economic 1500, especially in relation to the issue of Arab theory. Earlier studies have not bridged the gulf influences during that period. A working between state formation as a political process and hypothesis is that rhetoric constitutes a significant the fact that the concrete formation of states was link in the history of relations and interdependence organisation building, which may be analysed with between Western Europe and the Muslim world. theories about organisations and entrepreneurship. This subject has hitherto been treated only States can be analysed as protection-selling sporadically. The academic studies that exist are enterprises, which in competition with each other focused mainly on the discipline called “’ilm al- created armed forces for the control of violence and balâgha” (science of eloquence), while another power wielding. The rise of these organisations was discipline, “’ilm/fann al-khatâba” (science/art of also an early example of complex organisations public speech), has been largely ignored in spite of being possible efficient managers of resources, an the fact that this may be a more accurate equivalent innovation of decisive importance for Europe’s to ‘rhetoric’ in the sense of a theory and practice of position in the world. The study is based on a wide public speech. As part of the project the notion of survey of empirical research about states and armed “rhetoric” will therefore also be discussed; in forces. This is analysed with quantitative and addition, the Arabic sources pertaining to the comparative methods and economic theory. theory and practice of “ilm al-khatâba” will be Questions, explanations and causal connections are surveyed. therefore different from those in earlier syntheses. The Bank of Sweden Donation 75

Information technology Reg. no. J2002-0483 Law Reg. no. J2002-0177

Genre-crossing Ass. Professor The Best Interest of the Doctor of Laws Columnists – On Birgitta Ney Child – or That of the Eva Ryrstedt Political Comments Stockholm University Parents? Decision- Lund University under Stylistic Cover 2003 SEK 360,000 making Concerning 2003 SEK 478,000 by Women Reporters 2004 SEK 342,000 Parental Responsibility/ 2004 SEK 490,000 during the First Decades Residence/Access of the 20th Century

• Women reporters during the first few decades of • Joint parental responsibility, even when the the twentieth century seemingly wrote more at ease parents do not live together, is standard procedure in their columns, as if they could show off their in Sweden. The system of rules is based on stylistic talents when writing outside the genre consensus and only in the two areas of residence conventions of reporting the news. In this study I and access can the court make a decision. When focus on some aspects of this journalistic genre and parental responsibility became standard, the conflict I want to explore the spaces open for women on the was moved from the question of parental pages in the daily press and its capacity to function responsibility to residence/access. There are three as an arena for feminist criticism on contemporary alternative ways of solving such a conflict topics. Women reporters have often been described concerning residence/access. The parents can as having a poisonous quill, as being funny and not together reach an understanding. They can, with a little bitchy – they often used sarcastic language municipal help, through “mediation-conversations” when deconstructing contemporary phenomena. come to a joint conclusion. If the parents still This study also aims at understanding how irony cannot agree, the court can pass judgement. The might have been used as a stylistic cover, creating a purpose of mediation-conversations is to reach an certain space in the columns for gender struggle agreement between the parents. The question, amongst the news. however, is to what extent the agreements The Sunday columns by Elin Brandell from correspond to the best interest of the child, but also around 1910 told a weekly story from a fictitious to what extent they are the results of negotiations in women’s club where political questions could be which the stronger parent has emerged from the found munched upon by these women friends in battle as the winner. It is commonly believed that between sandwiches and love stories. Her later mediation-conversations, much more frequently column, published under the name of “Non- than decisions in court, lead to shared residence. political wife”, gave her many excuses for making This study will consist of three parts. The first fun of MPs and their political tap-dancing and part will, from a comparative perspective, survey language. She highlighted the weaknesses of the different dispute-solving models, while the second political discourse of those days by trivialising it, part will compare the result of court decisions to treating it as witty conversation – with a feminist the results of mediation-conversations, through twist. Elin Brandell is one of around ten women text-analysis – PERTEX. The third part will contain reporters whose texts will be studied as examples of profound conclusions leading to propositions for how to use journalistic space through the columns altering the Swedish regulations. as more or less disguised agitation.

66 Recovering Community: The Revival of Buddhism in Post-conflict Cambodia 78 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Law Reg. no. J2002-0688 Law Reg. no. J2002-0841

Environmental Ass. Professor Parallel and Conflicting Professor Responsibility Jonas Ebbesson Enforcement of Law Torbjörn Andersson of Transnational Stockholm University Uppsala University Corporations under 2003 SEK 718,000 2003 SEK 634,000 International Law 2004 SEK 770,000 2004 SEK 652,000

• This research project concerns the responsibility • There is a clear trend for public law norms to of transnational corporations for environmental have an increasing influence within the private law damage under international law. The number of sphere. An obvious reason for this is the cases in which transnational corporations cause internationalisation of law, which may be illustrated significant environmental damage is increasing with by the effects of Swedish membership of the EU. the expansion of the international economy. Such Norms with cross-over effects within different fields damage is often caused in connection with human of law create new openings for parallel applications. rights infringements, affecting the local This project is based on the thesis that the idea of populations. Today, corporations involved in these uniformity of law, which has been basic during the activities can quite easily escape legal responsibility 20th century, must change when law is subject to for their actions – not least if the activities have “post-modern society”. This development may lead been carried out in parts of Asia, Africa or Latin to new strategies for avoiding conflicting decisions America. Control of these activities is thus or to the abandonment of the striving for problematic, practically as well as legally. In the uniformity. One purpose is to test the instruments present project, international norms will be studied, which have been developed in Swedish law on the for example with respect to criteria for problems which emerge in parallel applications responsibility and liability, the allocation of concerning different legal and/or court orders. The responsibility between parent companies and their need for solutions is greatest in respect of parallel subsidiaries, the possibility of having judicial applications in the context of ordinary courts and decisions on environmental responsibility enforced administrative courts and in the context of Sweden and access to dispute settlement. The study will be and the EU. carried out in the light of a theoretical discussion on The purpose of the project is to describe the idea the relation between environmental responsibility of behind the striving for the uniform application of corporations and states. Finally, existing national law. The problems attached to parallel application rules on corporate responsibility in transnational concern the fact that uniformity is considered to be situations as well as national “conflicts of laws” will an important value. Since the development of be studied. Thereby, conclusions may be drawn as society seems to be making it more and more to whether the experience from national legal difficult to attain uniformity, it is within the scope orders can be used for the development of of the aim of the project, besides analysing international rules and regimes on the instruments for attaining uniformity, to evaluate the environmental responsibility of transnational idea of uniformity and propose modifications or corporations. alternatives. The Bank of Sweden Donation 79

Linguistics Reg. no. J2002-0307 Linguistics Reg. no. J2002-0611

Wild Plants in Bantu Professor A Revised and Digitised Ph.D. Languages – Names Karsten Legère Lexicon over Tocharian A Gerd Carling and Uses Göteborg University Lund University 2003 SEK 600,000 2003 SEK 680,000 2004 SEK 600,000 2004 SEK 680,000

• The project aims at studying wild plant names • Tocharian A and B are two Indo-European and uses in three African (Bantu) minority languages that are attested in text fragments from languages. The focus of the project is on languages present Xinjang, China, dated 6–800 AD. The total whose future is threatened as a result of the latter’s number of fragments is about 4,000, and 520 of marginalized status in society. The three languages these are written in Tocharian A. Most A-texts are are Kwangali (Namibia), Vidunda (Tanzania) and preserved in Berlin and were published in Mpiemo (Central African Republic/Cameroon). transliteration by Emil Sieg and Wilhelm Siegling The selected languages are spoken in distinct in 1921. This material has been collected into a geographical regions. Thus it is assumed that there concordance by Pavel Poucha Thesaurus Linguae is a clearly marked linguistic diversity. This diversity Tocharicae (1955). Unfortunately, this publication is also anticipated for the flora. During field contains many errors in the identification of research plant names supplemented by samples of individual lexemes and passages. A collection of plant specimens (for subsequent identification by fragments, unearthed in Yanqi in 1974, has shed taxonomists) will be collected. The rich indigenous new light on earlier material and solved many knowledge of plant uses will be also recorded in the questions that had arisen with Poucha’s thesaurus. original language. The linguistic analysis of the data The first step of the present project will be to build will mainly deal with the morphological and up a text database consisting of all A material: the semantic structure of the plant names. In this Berlin and Yanqi texts plus unpublished A texts context the use of the noun class system in from Paris. This will be completed by restorations categorising botanical taxa/species will be of and corrections by integrating a reference database, particular interest. Further on, similarities and containing references to individual passages and divergences in conceptualisation and taxonomy in texts. Then Poucha 1955 will be examined and the languages under comparison will be discussed. lemmata that require revision will be dealt with This aspect will be compared to other Bantu completely. In this connection, parallel words and languages or ethno-botanical studies. The project passages in Uighur and Sanskrit will be included. results are expected to present a comprehensive The purpose is to provide a complementary volume documentation of plant names and uses as well as a to Poucha’s thesaurus and the word index of thorough linguistic description of the data. Given Tocharian A in Wolfgang Krause – Werner Thomas the endangered position of the three languages the Tocharisches Elementarbuch (1964), the two main material which will originate from the project is a present lexical facilities for Tocharian A. contribution to the preservation of parts of a rich heritage of linguistic and cognitive experience. 80 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Linguistics Reg. no. J2002-0686 Literature Reg. no. J2002-0367

Slimming Human Ph.D. The Early Swedish Ass. Professor Language to the Bone Mikael Parkvall Epistolary Novel Yvonne Leffler Stockholm University 1770–1870 Karlstad University 2003 SEK 600,000 2003 SEK 715,000 2004 SEK 600,000 2004 SEK 715,000

• The purpose of this project is to study • The aim of this project is to investigate the pidginisation from a typological point of view. The history of the epistolary novel in Sweden, its reason for a study of pidgins is that concepts such specific characteristics and the importance of as ‘simplicity’, ‘complexity’ and ‘expressive potential’ contemporary epistolary theory for the rise of the have begun to attract increasing interest among Swedish novel. The study starts off with an linguists. Questions such as “What exactly does a overview of early Swedish epistolary fiction and its language need to contain in order to be able to relation to the conventions of letter writing of the function as a means of communication?”, “Are there time. At the same time the letter and its social and features of human languages which serve no cultural importance during the 18th and the early communicative purpose, and if so, why do they 19th century is discussed. The main part of the exist?” are examples of questions the project would study consists of an analysis of the narrative like to try to find an answer to. Pidgins offers a technique and its thematic effects in different types possibility to study the extent to which human of Swedish epistolary novels from 1770 to 1870. The communication can be reduced, and yet remain specific characteristics of the Swedish epistolary functional. A pidgin should not been seen – as is all novel are analysed, showing how it expresses a new too often the case – as failed second language view of life and humanity that may be due to those acquisition, but rather as a successful attempt at changes taking place in European societies during creating the simplest possible medium of this period. The study treats well-known authors interethnic communication. Although a pidgin is such as Carl Jonas Love Almqvist and Fredrika considered to lack some of the expressive power of Bremer, as well as previously unstudied text by traditional languages, it is obvious that its simple lesser-known writers such as Hans Bergeström, Per structure guarantees that its users, as it were, get Adolf Granberg, Wilhelmina Ståhlberg, Christina value for their money. The project focuses to some Charlotta Berger, Fredrika Wilhelmina Carstein and extent on how the expressive potential is exploited Marie Sophie Schwartz. Finally the specific to the max, through e.g. polysemy and characteristics of the Swedish epistolary novel in multifunctionality, but also through the shedding of relation to French, English and German epistolary communicatively unmotivated features such as fiction of the time are discussed. grammatical gender and irregular verbs. In order to avoid a Eurocentric bias, the project emphasises the inclusion of pidgins with non-European lexifiers, such as Zulu, Chinook, Malay, Swahili and Arabic. The Bank of Sweden Donation 81

Literature Reg. no. J2002-0587 Medicine Reg. no. J2002-0230

The Early Lars Ahlin Ass. Professor Cognitive Ageing: Professor – Studies of Two Gunnar D. Hansson The Role of Dopamine Lars Bäckman Unpublished Novels Göteborg University Functions Karolinska Institutet 2003 SEK 290,000 2003 SEK 1,000,000 2004 SEK 290,000 2004 SEK 1,000,000

• The aim of this project is to analyse the growth • Several cognitive functions such as episodic and development of Lars Ahlin’s æsthetics and his memory, executive functions and speed of theories of novel writing. Two unpublished novels, processing deteriorate across the adult life span. A “Den lille Prometheus” (1936–1937) and new line of research for understanding these age- “Underklassare av blodet” (1938–1939), provide the related cognitive changes departs from the point of departure for the project. The project is observation that there are gradual losses in the designed to result in a study of these two novels dopamine (DA) system from early to late and their importance as a foundation of material for adulthood. The importance of DA for higher the succeeding novels – from the first published cognitive functions is well established. In six PET book “Tåbb med Manifestet”(1943) to “Din studies, we will investigate pre-and postsynaptic livsfrukt” (1987). The project is the prerequisite for markers of the DA system in the striatum and in a planned annotated edition of the two novels. Lars extrastriatal regions among young and older adults. Ahlin is a fundamental renewer of the Swedish In conjunction with the PET assessment, multiple novel and a social critic. His perspective is based tests of episodic memory, executive functions and upon a Lutheran view of Christianity and his speed of processing are administered. The overall reformist socialist convictions. The origins of these objective is to provide a detailed account of the ideological bases are found in his early writings. relationship between losses in DA function and The aim of the project is to reconstruct the cognitive deficits in ageing. It is of special interest is formative early years in Lars Ahlin’s development. to delineate the chain of events from neurotransmission through blood flow to cognitive performance in young and older adults. It is also of interest to investigate whether DA losses in certain brain regions (e.g. the striatum) are more critical than DA losses in other regions (e.g. the frontal cortex) for some age-related cognitive changes (e.g. slower mental tempo), whereas the reverse is true for other cognitive age deficits (e.g. impaired executive functions). 82 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Modern languages Reg. no. J2002-0283 Modern languages Reg. no. J2002-0364

Esaias Tegnér’s Ph.D. Norm, Variation and Ass. Professor Sermons and Homilies Barbro Wallgren Hemlin Standardisation: The Verner Egerland – A Scientific Edition Göteborg University Referential Properties Lund University 2003 SEK 720,000 of Implicit Subjects in 2003 SEK 350,000 2004 SEK 720,000 Two Romance 2004 SEK 350,000 Languages

• The aim of this project is to publish an edition of • The purpose of this project is to study linguistic all Esaias Tegnér’s sermons and homilies with a variation and standardisation. The point of scholarly commentary. This work is being done at departure is one precise linguistic phenomenon: the the request of Tegnérsamfundet (The Tegnér referential properties of implicit subjects in two Society) within the framework of its edition of Romance languages, French and Italian. These two Tegnér’s complete works. The society has previously languages are closely related from a typological view edited and published Tegnérs letters point, but some important sociolinguistic and (Tegnér/Palmborg 1953–1976), poems (Tegnér/Böök historical differences should be considered. For et al. 1964–1996) and secular speeches. reasons of national unity and centralised (Tegnér/Böök et al. 1964–1996). All that is missing government, the French area has undergone to complete the edition are the sermons and standardisation for a period of at least four hundred homilies. These works of Tegnér’s have so far years, whereas Italian was not subject to received very little attention and it is therefore standardisation in any comparable sense until the important that they are made available, ﬁrstly, late 19th century. Thus, a comparison of Italian and because of his unique position in Swedish cultural French could provide interesting information about life at the time and secondly, because of the great the phenomenon of standardisation as such. signiﬁcance he still has within Swedish cultural Moreover, it could contribute to our understanding history. The project will result in two printed works of the linguistic mechanisms behind the reference of – on the one hand, the sermons and homilies with a implicit subjects. The research, which is partly critical commentary and on the other hand, a corpus based and partly introspective, will seek an volume which from a rhetorical, stylistic, answer to some fundamental questions: Is there a theological and historico-cultural perspective difference in norm between the two languages? Is discusses the different types of speeches he made at there a difference in language usage? Could there be ordinations, visitations and other services. systematic differences in grammatical judgements among informants? In addition, it should be asked whether Italian and French usage have changed over time and, if so, whether such a change coincides in time with the standardisation processes mentioned above. The Bank of Sweden Donation 83

Musicology Reg. no. J2002-0776 Political Science Reg. no. J2002-0477

Wagner Influence in Ph.D. Effects of Ph. D. Swedish Opera between Joakim Tillman Electoral Design Henrik Oscarsson 1880 and 1920 Stockholm University Göteborg University 2003 SEK 615,000 2003 SEK 100,000 2004 SEK 615,000 2004 SEK 150,000

• The purpose of this project is to analyse the • Modern constitutional engineering is now influence of Wagner on Swedish opera between moving beyond educated guesses and pure thought 1880 and 1920 from different perspectives like experiments. In the early 21st century international aesthetics, and reception and compositional history. collaboration between electoral researchers has The focus is on the three most important made it possible to evaluate empirically the effects composers inspired by Wagner: Andreas Hallén of constitutions and electoral laws on individual (1846–1925), Wilhelm Peterson-Berger (1867–1942), voting behaviour. Normative beliefs deduced from and Wilhelm Stenhammar (1871–1927). Wagner’s democratic theories can now be subjected to influence is a complex phenomenon and Stephen empirical testing in a systematic way. What kind of Huebner points out that it is manifest both at a institutional arrangements can actually generate the broad level of aesthetics and dramaturgy, and at a normatively desired traits and behaviours of more local level, revealing the effect of individual democratic citizens? This project aims to address operas, and even individual passages. Thus, one these questions, combining macro data on main problem is to investigate which Wagnerian constitutions and electoral laws with micro data on models the Swedish composers emulated. Another voting behaviour from some thirty countries main problem concerns the relationship between throughout the world. This data has been collected the Wagnerian influences and important Swedish within the framework of the international project and Nordic trends during the time span covered. Comparative Study of Electoral Studies. The results Wagner’s influence is one of the most important will be reported as chapters in international aspects of late 19th and early 20th century music publications. history. Thus, the project is a part of a wider international area of research, and a preliminary paper was presented at the annual meeting of the American Musicological Society in Atlanta in 2001. Departing from the German and American Wagner and opera research of the last 30 years, a theory and method can be developed in order to analyse the Wagnerian influences on Swedish opera in depth. 84 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Political Science Reg. no. J2002-0574 Political Science Reg. no. J2002-0765

Alliances and Ideas: Ass. Professor Images of the Riksdag Professor How Can Differences in Li Bennich-Björkman – Citizens and Members Sören Holmberg Political Corruption in Uppsala University of Parliament in a Repre- Göteborg University Post-communist Europe 2003 SEK 670,000 sentative Democracy 2003 SEK 714,000 be Explained? 2004 SEK 690,000 2004 SEK 595,000

• Interaction between states and capital in post- • This project has two goals: first, to follow up the communist Europe has developed quite differently unique sequence of Swedish Representation Studies during the dual transitions taking place in the covering the years 1969, 1985, 1988, 1994, 1996 and 1990s. High state capture is one outcome, plaguing 1998; and second, to study confidence in societal candidate countries like Latvia, Slovakia, Bulgaria institutions with special emphasis on the Riksdag. and Romania, while the opposite goes for Estonia, Voters’ as well as members’ cognitions and Slovenia, Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic and evaluations of the Riksdag and its performance will Lithuania. Captured states are a threat to be analysed across time. Most of the analysis will be democratic legitimacy, economic development and based on survey data from the Swedish National stability in the whole region. What can explain the Election Studies and the SOM institute as well as difference in levels of state capture? The aim of this from a special mail questionnaire study involving all project is to answer this question. Previous research members of the Riksdag. Part of the project is has failed to adequately recognise the immense comparative. Our results will be compared with importance of state-capital relations for state- data from similar studies in The Netherlands and building in the post-communist countries. The Germany. A special feature of the project is an major idea is to investigate the formation of the experimental study of information and trust effects political elite, by focusing on the networks from among school pupils who visit and who do not visit which core political parties were created and the the Riksdag. alliances embedded in those parties. Alliance formation determined the way interaction between political institutions and market players developed; that is the first idea to be tested. The different strategies chosen to form alliances were rooted in differing cognitive perceptions about the state; that is the second idea. A focused case study of the Baltic states will form the empirical core of the project. The Bank of Sweden Donation 85

Political Science Reg. no. J2002-1105 Psychology Reg. no. J2002-0217

The Impact of Public Ph.D. Stuttering: Professor Welfare on the Political Ylva Stubbergaard Neuropsychological Jarl Risberg Inclusion of Immigrant Lund University Studies of Causes and Lund University Women 2003 SEK 520,000 Treatment 2003 SEK 840,000 2004 SEK 520,000 2004 SEK 1,000,000

• The purpose of this project is to widen our • Stuttering is a complex and relatively frequent understanding of democratic political inclusion. speech disorder, the causes of which are still unclear. Political inclusion conceptualises access and real In severe cases stuttering is a serious influence in political processes. The first aim is to communication problem, often causing secondary analyse theories of political inclusion from a psychological problems. The general aim of this democratic and a gender perspective. The second is project is to increase our knowledge of the causal to elaborate the concept of political inclusion in mechanisms of stuttering, and to develop and democratic theory through the insights of the role evaluate new methods of treatment. A new of bureaucracy in policy processes. Parents in laboratory for neuropsychological and general have specific relations to the welfare services psychophysiological research on stuttering and through childcare, parent’s involvement in school related speech disturbances has been developed at and so on. For immigrant mothers those the Department of Neuropsychology, Lund interactions with public services may have a special University. We are now able to analyse a variety of impact on their images and expectations of the symptoms of speech disturbance and to investigate political system in a broader sense. Do immigrant experimentally, for example, how stress and altered mothers’ first contacts with welfare services affect auditory feedback influence the severity of their future political engagement? Do these stuttering. In the first part of the project about 35 relations encourage participation in other forms of persons who stutter will be analysed regarding politics, constitutional as well as non- symptoms of stuttering and a variety of background constitutional? A comparison between the US and factors and physiological and biochemical measures. Sweden provides an opportunity to discuss A key goal is to discern different subtypes of differences and similarities between two discourses stuttering, with possibly different causal of inclusion and democracy as well as experiences of mechanisms. In the next step, research collaboration involvement in the welfare services in two different with the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada welfare systems. This empirical study contains is planned with the aim of carrying out further immigrant mothers’ experiences of public studies of causal mechanisms. We finally plan to use administrations in their roles as clients, users with methods for functional brain imaging to study the opportunities to engage, for example, in school cerebral organization of speech and hearing in boards, and as members of various associations. people who stutter. We also plan to use such methods in combination with measures of symptoms to evaluate pharmacological effects. 86 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Psychology Reg. no. J2002-0301 Psychology Reg. no. J2002-0791

Cross-disciplinary Ass. Professor Musical Pulse in Human Ph.D. Studies Regarding Risk Claudia Fahlke Timing and Coordination Guy Madison Factors, Treatment Göteborg University Uppsala University and Relapse in Type 1 2003 SEK 990,000 2003 SEK 990,000 Alcoholism 2004 SEK 920,000 2004 SEK 930,000

• The most common type of alcohol dependence, • Humans have the ability to mutually synchronize with late onset and without antisocial behaviour, is their behavior with great temporal precision, for defined as Type 1 alcoholism. By use of established example in ensemble music. This ability avails itself methods the project will study men and women of the shared temporal structure created by the so- with Type 1 alcohol dependence. Psychosocial, called beat or “tactus”. The even subdivision of time psychological and neurobiological risk factors are into isochronous intervals makes the next beat in investigated and the extent to which these risk the sequence predictable, which enables us to factors interact. Furthermore, strategies of coordinate group activities in music, dance and treatments, especially cognitive behavioural therapy drill. We still do not know, however, just how the in combination with pharmacological treatment, human mind detects the pulse in the complex will be studied. In addition, we will investigate temporal patterns in which it is often embedded in whether the risk factors can predict treatment rhythmic music, nor how we manage those outcome and relapse. Since individuals with Type 1 deviations from isochrony which deliberately as well alcoholism are relatively unknown to the social as inadvertently occur in all humanly produced services and addiction treatment units/health care music. In other words, how do we use the rich but system, increased knowledge of this common type “faulty” information of rhythmic sequences to of alcoholism is necessary to improve identification synchronize as well as we do? These questions bear of this specific type of dependence, to conceptualise on fundamental issues of timing mechanisms in the new treatment strategies and to develop tools for human brain; in order to better understand them prevention. we are studying people’s abilities in three different situations: how they synchronize to sequences containing random deviations from isochrony, how they detect tempo differences between two such sequences, and how two to four persons synchronize with one another. In this way we are trying to shed light not only on a central phenomenon in one of the outstanding products of human culture, namely music, but also on issues of human timing more generally. The Bank of Sweden Donation 87

Psychology Reg. no. J2002-0852 Psychology Reg. no. J2002-0918

Stability and Change Professor Cognitive Mechanisms Ass. Professor in the Psychological Philip Hwang in Tinnitus Gerhard Andersson Development of Young Göteborg University Uppsala University Adults 2003 SEK 635,000 2003 SEK 380,000 2004 SEK 635,000 2004 SEK 380,000

• In the spring of 1997 a research grant was received • Tinnitus is the experience of sound in the absence from The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation of external stimulation. These sounds are to conduct a three-year longitudinal study of 127 commonly like a musical tone, or a rushing sound teenagers who have been participating in a study like escaping steam or air. Tinnitus can disturb sleep over a 15-year time period. The follow-up was and concentration. The causes of tinnitus are conducted when the subjects were 16 years of age multifaceted, but different forms of hearing loss are and attending high school. common, and in particular noise-induced hearing The present project concerns another follow-up loss. Individual differences in adaption to tinnitus when the young adults are 20 to 21 years old. The are important, but there is no satisfactory aims of the project are to investigate: (1) the degree explanation why some individuals are more of stability and change in the young adults bothered by tinnitus than others. One neglected cognitive, social and emotional development. As factor in tinnitus research is the role of cognitive these subjects have been followed since they were processes. The aim of this project is to investigate 1–2 years old, there is a unique opportunity to the relationship between working memory, selective investigate their individual trajectories from attention and tinnitus in order to develop a model childhood to adulthood, (2) the possible for tinnitus distress and to test the model importance of so-called critical events during this experimentally. The major questions deal with the period of the life cycle, like the death of somebody, way in which attention inﬂuences annoyance and divorce or life threatening illness, (3) possible long- how tinnitus sound can disrupt working memory term effects of different forms of childcare. This function. The answer to these questions is expected study will give us an opportunity to replicate B-E to provide insight into our understanding of Andersson’s 16-year follow-up study of children tinnitus and will also have implications for who have experienced various forms of child care. treatment. 88 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Sociology Reg. no. J2002-0357 Sociology Reg. no. J2002-0417

Use and Misuse of Ph.D. Solutions to Alcohol Ph.D. Alcohol and Drugs in Karin H. Bergmark Problems: Jan Blomqvist Sweden – Experiences, Stockholm University The Significance of Social Welfare Services in Attitudes, Opinions 2003 SEK 1,000,000 Treatment and Other Stockholm 2004 SEK 700,000 Influences 2003 SEK 800,000 2004 SEK 600,000

• Swedish alcohol and drug culture is not what it • This study aims at improving our knowledge of used to be. We need a new “map” for these the long-term course of problematic drinking, and practices if, for example, preventive strategies are to about crucial factors in recovery from such be useful and successful. Attitudes to and narratives problems. A planned total of 800 former problem of experiences related to the use of alcohol and drinkers will be recruited through a telephone drugs are important sources for research in this survey with a representative population sample of field, particularly in the search for indicators of 4,000 adults in Stockholm County. The specific alcohol or drug-related problems. It is equally aims are to establish: (a) the proportions of important to study how alcohol and drug policy is treatment-related and non-treatment-related interpreted and finds resonance in the general solutions among persons who overcame their population. problematic drinking; (b) how these proportions The main aim of the project is to study the vary with the severity of the alcohol problem and informal regulation, the culturally or category with socio-demographic factors and social defined (sex, age, class) boundaries and the context resources; (c) crucial factors in motivating and of Swedish contemporary alcohol and drug culture, maintaining untreated solutions for persons and to relate the results to data from previous differing in the above-mentioned respects; (d) the decades as well as from other countries and significance of various treatment interventions for cultures. On two previous occasions (1979, 1995), treated remitters, differing in the same respects. almost identical surveys in this field were used in Through collaboration with researchers in Canada Sweden and included in Nordic comparative and Finland, the study will also explore (e) analyses. In the present project a third survey, a differences in the above-mentioned aspects that may replication of these two, will be carried out. In pertain to contextual factors (e.g. the form and addition, previously collected survey data will be content of the treatment system, predominant used for analyses. The project is linked to a group attitudes towards alcohol and alcohol problems etc. of researchers for comparative analyses between the in different countries). Data analysis will combine Nordic countries, but also to GENACIS (Gender, quantitative and qualitative methods. The results Alcohol and Culture: an International Study) – are expected to provide a basis for developing which includes both an EU-based study and strategies that are adapted to individual needs and analyses of the global range. prerequisites. The Bank of Sweden Donation 89

Statistics Reg. no. J2002-0199

The History of Professor Stochastic Population Peter Jagers Processes Chalmers University of Technology 2003 SEK 612,000 2004 SEK 620,000

• Populations evolve through individuals branching. This holds true for plants, animals, or humans, but also for individuals in a more allegoric sense, from atoms splitting or DNA replicating to abstract entities like species or languages mutating or branching off into new species or languages. In probability theory the pattern behind such phenomena is studied under the heading ‘branching processes’. If time is reversed and the population traced backwards, a kind of dual process is obtained, called a coalescent: instead of branching, family lines merge. While branching has been studied under very broad conditions, coalescence has only been analysed under extremely simpliﬁed assumptions like discrete time, constant population size, or asexual reproduction. We aim to penetrate more general coalescents. But there are other retrospective aspects of population development than those of genealogy. An interesting question concerns how extinction caused by a (more or less drastic) change in environment can be distinguished from extinction due to endogenic population ﬂuctuation. Another topic is to determine population size a number of generations back from knowledge of today’s size. Apart from its general interest, this problem arises in modern molecular biology, where PCR technique is applied to amplify the amount of DNA and the original concentration needs to be inferred..

75 Genre-crossing Columnists – On Political Comments under Stylistic Cover by Women Reporters during the First Decades of the 20th Century 92 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Reg. no. K2000-5016

Governance in Europe: Professor Mediators and Lars Engwall Stakeholders Uppsala University 2003 SEK 2,000,000 2004 SEK 2,000,000

The Humanities • The starting point for this project is the fact that three types of intermediaries (consultants, the and Social Sciences media and international organisations) play an increasing role in the interaction between firms and stakeholders. Three stakeholders are particularly Donation significant in this context: investors, governments and civil society. Against this background the purpose of the project is to study the significance of intermediaries for corporate governance in their relation to these three stakeholders. In the first phase of the project interviews will be made with those responsible for relations to investors, governments and civil society in a selection of corporations. The purpose of these interviews is to identify the most important intermediaries and the characteristics of their interaction with the companies. In the second phase the focus will be on the relationships between significant intermediaries on the one hand and companies, stakeholders and other intermediaries on the other. The aim of the second phase is also to generate significant case studies, which will be the subject of a number of deep process studies in the third phase. In this way the intention is to develop knowledge about the dynamics of the interaction studied. The project will lead to a theoretical model regarding the role and significance of intermediaries in modern corporate governance. The outcome of the projects is expected not only to make a contribution to the theory of the firm but also to provide knowledge with practical implications. The Humanities and Social Sciences Donation 93

Reg. no. K2002-0013 Reg. no. K2002-0042

Philosophical Theories Professor Cure the Vasa Director on Value Wlodek Rabinowicz Keith Wijkander Lund University The National Swedish 2003 SEK 2,400,000 Maritime Museums 2004 SEK 2,600,000 2003 SEK 500,000 2004 SEK 500,000 2005 SEK 500,000

• This philosophical research project, with • In July 2000, a number of white and yellow participants from Uppsala and Lund, focuses on precipitates were discovered on the Vasa ship. formal axiology, which studies the structural features Analyses show that these precipitates consist of of our value concepts. The following issues are of sulphate salts and that there are high contents of special interest: analysis of value, value typology, sulphur in various reduced forms, including value bearers and value measurement, which will be elemental sulphur, in the wood. The sulphur dealt with in the sub-projects mentioned below: (1) probably comes from the hydrogen-sulphide- Development of the concept of intrinsic value containing water which surrounded the Vasa when around the turn of the 20th century, with the focus it lay on the seabed, and was thereafter accumulated on the work of Franz Brentano and G. E. Moore. in the Vasa's hull. The sulphur began to be oxidized (2) Examination of the form of value analysis, after the Vasa was salvaged, and this has led to the according to which to be valuable is to be a ﬁtting formation of sulphuric acid and sulphate salts. object of pro-attitudes (representatives: Brentano, Analyses suggest that the quantity of sulphur in the Ewing, Scanlon). Thus, the pro-attitudes are called wood of the Vasa corresponds in an oxidized state for not by the value of the object, as in Moore's to approximately 5 tonnes of sulphuric acid. At a theory, but by the features the value of the object rough estimate, up to 100 kg of sulphuric acid is supervenes. (3) Analysis of value-for: What does it being formed each year in the Vasa's hull. There is a mean for something to be good for someone, rather large amount of iron in the Vasa's hull which comes than just good? (4) Study of axiological mainly from the thousands of corroded iron bolts particularism, that is, a view according to which any which once held the hull together. At the time of feature that in one context makes an object valuable the salvage operation, ca. 5,500 new iron bolts were may lose this value-making capacity in another put in. These are corroding and constitute a context. (5) Modelling of incomparability and continuous source of new ferric ions. vagueness in the area of value. Can one and the The project will be ﬁnanced jointly by Formas same value exhibit both these kinds of phenomena? (the Swedish Research Council for Environment, (6) Analysis of the assumption that values can be Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning), The added. How plausible are the conditions that Swedish National Heritage Board, the Bank of intrinsic value needs to satisfy in order to be Sweden Tercentenary Foundation, the Foundation additively measurable? (7) Preparation of an for Strategic Research, and Vinnova (the Swedish anthology of modern contributions to the debate Agency for Innovation Systems), and the total on intrinsic value. budget is about SEK 8 millions. Researchers are invited to submit proposals for research projects and applications for grants to the National Maritime Museums. The research will focus on the development of solutions that can contribute to stopping the ongoing destruction of the Vasa. 94 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Reg. no. K2002-0058 Reg. no. K2002-0273

The Political Sociology Professor Ethnic Organization Ass. Professor of the Welfare State: Stefan Svallfors and Political Integration Bo Bengtsson Institutions, Social Umeå University in Cities Uppsala University Cleavages and 2003 SEK 2,500,000 2003 SEK 2,900,000 Preferences (ISP) 2004 SEK 2,500,000 2004 SEK 700,000

• This is a multi-disciplinary research program (the • This project investigates if and how ISP Program) that analyses attitude formation and organizational activity can function as a political political/social cleavages in the Swedish welfare resource for immigrants. It relates to theories of state over the last few decades. The researchers are democracy and citizenship, political opportunity sociologists and political scientists. They have a structures and social capital, and is carried out in common interest in analysing how institutions are Greater Stockholm focusing on three ethnic groups. both grounded in, and have repercussive effects on, It is a part of a European research network in which attitudes, values and preferences in the population. similar studies will be implemented in about 15 The program consists of four empirical studies: (1) metropolitan areas. Class and attitudes in comparative perspective. (2) The project consists of four integrated studies. Changing political cleavages. (3) Political The population study, based on face-to-face accountability in Europe. (4) Changing national interviews with 1,500 respondents, highlights identities: a comparative analysis. participation, trust, organizational activity, personal The data sets that are used stem from well- networks and political resources, as well as attitudes established, long-standing international and on issues of relevance to integration. The national collaborations in which the participants in organization study, based on questionnaires to the program have been involved such as: The chairpersons and some case studies, analyses the International Social Survey Program (ISSP) 1992–, organizational structure, activities and networks of European Social Survey (ESS) 2002, Swedish immigrant and housing associations. The member Election Studies 1956–2002, European Voter, The study, based on in-depth and focus group European Election Study, The SOM Surveys 1986–, interviews, identiﬁes the mechanisms that may and The Welfare State Surveys 1981–2002 make activity in associations a political resource for the individual immigrant. The career study, also based on in-depth interviews, explores how organizational activity may serve to recruit immigrants to – and support them in – prominent positions in Swedish society. The research questions will also be analysed from a gender perspective. The Humanities and Social Sciences Donation 95

Reg. no. K2002-0316 Reg. no. K2002-0395

Albertus Pictor – A Professor The Orient in Sweden: Professor Painter of His Times Thomas Hall Negotiations on Lena Gerholm Stockholm University Religion, Gender and Stockholm University 2003 SEK 1,000,000 Sexuality 2003 SEK 2,900,000 2004 SEK 1,000,000 2004 SEK 3,200,000

• Albertus Pictor's paintings on walls and vaults in • As a consequence of migration, a variety of about thirty churches in the provinces around Lake gender orders coexist in Sweden today. This project Mälaren constitute a medieval picture treasure that aims to analyse how everyday Muslim/Oriental and is unique for the whole of Northern Europe. Our Swedish ways of regarding gender, sexuality and knowledge of Albert changed radically during the family are negotiated in five arenas: in the family, in 1990s. What was formerly thought to have been the housing area, at work, in the mosque, and in painted by his supposed teacher, Peter, has proved court. The focus is on issues of freedom of religion, to be the youthful work of Albert himself. It is now human rights, equality, gender segregation, time for broader and deeper research on the topic, premarital sexuality and women's rights and with close cooperation between art history and freedoms. The subsidiary studies are ordered along linguistics. In the new state of research and with an axis of private/public and degrees of social new digital photographic and computer technology, tension. One question uniting all the studies a number of questions are calling for answers, concerns the role of religion as everyday knowledge especially the previously unstudied questions about for interpreting and understanding daily life in interaction with the commissioners of artworks in Sweden; another concerns how reinterpretations the Middle Ages, and about the relationship of the take place in both the minority and the majority in paintings to the liturgy and the congregation. The encounters in the various arenas. other main component of the project is a detailed The first arena is analysed in Studies 1 and 2 investigation of the text ribbons on the painting about transmigrant parenthood and Muslim which are in Latin, the language mostly used by motherhood/fatherhood; it is about the relationship Albert. This has not previously been subject to between segregated/hierarchic and mixed- scholarly study, but for our times it is a key to the gender/egalitarian gender order. Study 3 examines interpretation of the function of the paintings and is new gender patterns among ethnic Swedish women doubtless an important source of knowledge about in housing areas dominated by Muslim norms Albertus Pictor and fifteenth-century society. The concerning gender and sexuality. Study 4 looks at project will result in a doctoral dissertation in art masculinities in encounters between “Swedish” and history concerning the questions now raised, a “Oriental” men in working life. Study 5 analyses the catalogue raisonné of the pictures, and a scholarly guided tours of the mosque as a seat for linguistic edition of the texts in the pictures. The negotiations about values to do with gender, family, results of the project will thereby make the and sexuality. Study 6, finally, focuses on the paintings much more accessible, not least for the judicial management that occurs when everyday general public. negotiations have broken down. 96 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Reg. no. K2002-0450 Reg. no. K2002-0500

Clusters and Innovation Professor Christian Identity – Professor Systems in Time and Anders Malmberg The First Hundred Years Bengt Holmberg Space Uppsala University Lund University 2003 SEK 2,000,000 2003 SEK 2,200,000 2004 SEK 2,000,000 2004 SEK 2,500,000

• This four-year research programme adopts a • The aim of this project is to advance scholarly cluster and innovation system approach to interpretation and understanding of earliest industrial transformation. Despite some differences, Christianity, both in regard to method and results. both the cluster and the innovation system concepts We will construct and put to use a new, complex take their starting point in a perspective according but more adequate model for how Christian to which innovation and industrial dynamic is identity was formed during the first hundred years conceived of as the result of interactions between of church history. This model of identity formation various actors, and that such interactions evolve in a widespread movement over several generations over time in some sort of spatially embedded correlates basic motifs, that is, central tenets, rites industrial system. Both concepts have, furthermore, and ethical behaviour patterns common to the early in recent years had a great impact on industrial, Christian groups, with varying concrete innovation and regional policies in Sweden and manifestations of these basic motifs among people beyond. The disciplinary basis of the programme is who live in different cultural milieus. at the intersection of economic geography, The various subprojects will co-operate, creating economic history and business studies. research synergy between three postdoc researchers, The overall aim of the programme is to conduct two doctoral students and one project leader. As we empirical research that in various ways evaluates the focus on the historical material from the church's validity of the claims and statements forwarded in first hundred years, we extend the analysis past a existing cluster and innovation systems research. mere history-of-ideas perspective to a more Broad comparative analyses of selected regional profound understanding of the interchange cluster and innovation systems will be combined between ideas and social structures. The importance with analyses that put to empirical test the received of this project lies in the fact that it aims at a re- hypotheses about mechanisms and relations that interpretation of a historical field of central foster innovation and competitiveness (e.g. importance to biblical studies and church history, concerning local interaction between customers and thereby deepening the understanding of our own suppliers, rivalry between competing firms and culture and increasing insight into the relation industry-university collaboration). There will also between cultural plurality and religious identity. be studies highlighting the impacts of the functioning of labour markets, and of the strategies of transnational corporations, on local cluster dynamics. The Humanities and Social Sciences Donation 97

Reg. no. K2002-0541 Reg. no. K2002-0561

Welfare and Religion in Professor The Production of Texts Professor a European Perspective: Anders Bäckström and Manuscripts in the Lars-Erik Edlund The Role of the Uppsala University Vadstena Monastery – Umeå University Churches as Welfare 2003 SEK 2,700,000 Production, Tradition 2003 SEK 2,700,000 Providers within the 2004 SEK 4,500,000 and Reception 2004 SEK 2,600,000 Social Economy

• Europe is undergoing economic, social and value- • Vadstena Monastery played an important role for related changes that have a direct influence on the the establishment of literacy in Sweden during the organisation of social welfare provision. In post- Middle Ages. The factors that led to the industrial society religion functions both as a development of the so-called Vadstena language are welfare provider, a distinct voice in the debate and a therefore important for our understanding of provider of moral values. This project aims to Swedish literacy. There is, however, no thorough analyse the function of mainstream churches as study of the development of literacy in the welfare providers in a European perspective. The monastery. The aim of this project is to study the study will focus on countries with differing social production of Old Swedish texts in the monastery welfare models and ecclesiastical traditions: to elucidate the development and importance of Sweden/Finland/Norway (social literacy in this milieu. The project focuses on three democratic/Lutheran), England (liberal/Anglican), central factors: (1) The production of translations, Germany (corporate/ religiously mixed), new texts and compilations in Old Swedish is France/Italy (corporate/Catholic) and Greece studied in relation to the reproduction of Old (corporate/Orthodox). Particular attention will be Swedish texts in copies within the scriptorium. paid to the dominance of women in religious and From this a clearer picture emerges of the content social voluntary activity. Case studies will be carried of, and development within, the material preserved out in each country. The project builds on the from the monastery. (2) A tradition for earlier research programme “The state and the syllabification and punctuation, for example, individual: Swedish society undergoing change”. developed in the monastery. The development of After European comparisons have been made, the this tradition will be studied in detail. This provides findings will be re-considered with reference to us with information about the development of the Sweden. The project will contribute new Vadstena language and its importance for the knowledge concerning the links between different establishing of Swedish literacy. (3) The texts and kinds of local providers (bearing in mind different manuscripts produced in the monastery were welfare contexts, different theological traditions and intended for both internal and external use. A study different understandings of gender); it also suggests of the objectives of this production can therefore new models for the role of the churches in the throw new light on the reception and use of texts organisation of social welfare. and manuscripts. Hereby the level of literacy among the receivers and the demands of genre adaptation that were placed upon the producers will be highlighted. 98 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Reg. no. K2002-0658 Reg. no. K2002-0945

Kosmopolit: Culture Professor The Dynamics of the Professor and Politics in Global Ulf Hannerz Environmental Kuznets Runar Brännlund Society Stockholm University Curve in Sweden Umeå University 2003 SEK 2,700,000 1870–2000 2003 SEK 1,600,000 2004 SEK 3,000,000 2004 SEK 1,600,000

• At the beginning of the 21st century the concept • This project aims at increasing our knowledge of of “cosmopolitanism” stands in the middle of a field long-term relations between economic growth and of debates about ways in which people engage with environmental factors. The basic question is why the world and relate to cultural diversity. Through a many types of pollutions increase initially and then combination of theoretical analysis and empirical decrease at a certain income level. Technical and studies, the Kosmopolit project aims at illuminating structural changes related to changes in demand are the relationships between the cultural and political important theoretical tools. Internationally, the dimensions of cosmopolitanism, current shifts in its project can be related to the environmental social bases and its top-down and bottom-up forms economic research that concern the hypothesis in global society. The component studies of the called the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). project include: (1) an analysis of contemporary Differing from many other investigations, this global scenarios, their production and their place in project does not rely on cross-country public debate; (2) a study of how narrative forms in investigations but on the investigation of the TV news reporting influence audience responses; development of one country (Sweden). In this way, (3) a study of political and institutional networks the effect of changing preferences and changes in around “Global Governance”; (4) a study of the technology can be studied more thoroughly. spread of cosmopolitan conflict management and its The project utilises data and methods that up to current significance in Macedonia; and (5) three now have not been used to any great extent within ethnographic studies of variations in institutional this context. First, computable general equilibrium and subcultural bases for cosmopolitan activities models are used to investigate the effect of changes and experiences. One deals with the gay scene in in technology, demand and political measures have Russian cities, one with student exchange within on environmental factors and economic growth. the ERASMUS program and one with peace- Second, new estimates of capital stocks and keeping operations within the UN system, with an indicators of technical change are made. Third, emphasis on preparatory training. Together the thorough investigations are conducted of changes studies within the project aim at giving a in demand for different commodities with different multifaceted understanding of the ways in which pollution intensities. All in all, these three parts the institutions, forms of life, world images and make it possible to examine and evaluate the shape personal commitments of our time shape an of and important factors behind the Swedish increasingly dense and multiform web of Environmental Kuznets Curve. connections across national boundaries. The Humanities and Social Sciences Donation 99

Reg. no. K2002-0947 Reg. no. K2002-0994

The Emergence of Professor Daily Life in the Ass. Professor European Communities: Kristian Kristiansen Poseidon Sanctuary on Berit Wells Household, Settle- Göteborg University Kalaureia (Poros) and The Swedish Institute at ment and Territory 2003 SEK 2,200,000 Its Physical Setting Athens in Late Prehistory 2004 SEK 2,100,000 2003 SEK 2,000,000 (2300–300 BC) 2004 SEK 2,300,000

• The aim of this project is to compare • Two investigations have previously been carried developments over time in household organisation, out in the Kalaureian sanctuary: excavations by Sam internal settlement structure, economy and the Wide and Lennart Kjellberg in 1894 to uncover the formation of cultural identities and political walls of the buildings and a renewed territories. In terms of results it is suggested that documentation of most of the building remains by the basic building blocks of European prestate and Gabriel Welter in the 1930s. By excavating at least early state economies and polities were formed two of the buildings (designated C and D by Wide) during this period. Territories were demarcated in the new project aims at a reconstruction of daily life the material culture between supposed political in the sanctuary, the general environment within units – on Sicily between Greek colonists and the sanctuary, its physical setting on the island and indigenous populations (Monte Polizzo), in its role in a regional perspective as an asylum and as Hungary between confederations of fortified central the seat of a religious federation. To fulfil the “village” settlements, surrounded by smaller sites objectives, traditional studies of ceramics and metals (Szazhalombatta) and in Scandinavia (Tanum and will be complemented with modern scientific Kivik) between groups of single farms in a territory analyses using technical methods like water characterized by ritual manifestations (rock art). flotation, GIS and geophysical survey. To achieve these aims the project has adopted an Palaeobotany, palaeozoology and residue analysis inter-disciplinary research strategy in all three case will be employed to study the physical environment studies. Systematic surveying will be employed to and the sacrificial rituals. Charcoal will be analyzed reconstruct the local settlement pattern, pollen for dating purposes (C14) but also for determining analysis and geological surveying to reconstruct the what tree species were used for building purposes environment. By employing similar theoretical and and for the sacrifices. Metals and slags will reveal methodological frameworks in all three projects possible provenances of the ores employed and the comparative studies can be carried out between the production techniques of objects. A network of histories of these European regions. It is suggested scientists and institutions for laboratory work in that historical regularities can be detected behind Greece is already in place. Information on the the different regional developments and that they progress of the project will be given in the represent long-term trends to be continued or sanctuary through signboards and will be posted on repeated in various combinations, due to short term the project's website. The results will be published political and economic changes. in the publication series of the Swedish Institute at A substantial part of the project will also be Athens. financed by the EU. 100 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Reg. no. K2002-1121

Identification of Ass. Professor “Imitated” Voices: a Kirk Sullivan Research Project with Umeå University Legal and Security 2003 SEK 2,000,000 Applications 2004 SEK 2,000,000

• Internationally, the importance of cooperation between lawyers and linguists, including phoneticians, is increasingly being realised. This cooperation has resulted in international associations that arrange conferences and publish journals. In Sweden developments have not been as rapid as elsewhere in the world, where the expert skills of linguistics and phoneticians have been used in law courts to make judgements about, for example, tape-recordings of voices. These expert witness statements can lead to an individual being convicted or not. Our voices are an integral part of our personality and there are good reasons to believe that it is impossible for an individual to alter his or her voice to such an extent that it cannot be identified. The aim of this project is to define and classify the acoustic correlates of a perceptually successful voice imitation, and to uncover the individual features in a voice that would make it possible to identify even those voices that have been disguised/imitated. The results of this study can be of importance not only in the legal context, but also in areas of security where automatic voice identification systems are used. A range of methods are to be used in this project including auditory and acoustics voice analysis and perception tests. An international network of experts in forensic research in England, Germany, Australia and the USA are linked to the project. Illuminated Manuscripts in Swedish Collections 107 102 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Reg. no. In2002-0020

The Krio Corpus Project Ph.D. Johan Nordlander Umeå University 2003 SEK 1,500,000

Infrastructure • Since 1981 a research group has been collecting materials written in Krio, a West African Creole language spoken primarily in Sierra Leone. Although parts of it have been used in research for a number of years now, we have not been able to systematically compile all the material yet. The Krio corpus project aims at creating a language database of Krio. It will contain both written and oral texts in Krio from different genres and media, and the project will comprise four phases: (1) collection of material, (2) digitisation, (3) systematisation and (4) publication on the Internet. During the initial stage an inventory of our present Krio material will be made, the material will be compiled and new material will be collected. During the second stage the material not already digitised will be re-worked into digital form (sound and video recordings will also be digitised and transcribed). Systematisation of the material will entail indexing for easy access, tagging of texts and the establishment of an overarching structure for the corpus. Phase four, publication on the Net, will entail making the Krio corpus accessible to the research community in the form of a web site at the Department of Modern Languages at Umeå University. The Krio corpus will hopefully contribute to the development of creolistics in general and, in particular, make possible the writing of a grammar of Krio and the production of school textbooks in the language. Infrastructure 103

Reg. no. In2002-0065 Reg. no. In2002-0070

The Manuscript Texts Ph.D. Completion of Museum Director from Vadstena Karl G. Johansson Swedish Sámi Biblio- Inga Maria Mulk Monastery in Digitised Växjö University graphy up to 1998 Ájtte Swedish Mountain- Form 2003 SEK 2,000,000 and Sámi Museum 2003 SEK 600,000

• The main objective of this project is to establish a • The project Completion of the Swedish Sámi data base of medieval Swedish manuscript texts. Bibliography up to 1998 is today a continuous The data base will be open to use for Swedish and project financed by The Bank of Sweden international research and is expected to vitalize Tercentenary Foundation since the year 2000. This research into the medieval texts. The printed project is one of the results of a one-year editions of these texts that are available today do preliminary study of a Swedish Sámi bibliography. not correspond to the demands of modern This preliminary study resulted in the conclusion international research. Here the established data that to realize the bibliography two posts are base will fill a gap. needed, one responsible for the retrospective The extent of the medieval manuscript material is material up to 1998 and one for the current material limited, but it is still not realistic to expect that it from 1999 onwards. This project is responsible for could be made digitally available within the limits the material printed up to 1998. Printed set by the project. Therefore the extent of the bibliographies of the subject cover the period material that is to be encoded has been limited. The 1950–1980. After that and before 1950 there are gaps production of manuscripts in the Vadstena that are partly covered by other libraries and monastery was extensive. A large part of this bibliographies. Some works are not registered at all. production is lost today, but there are still about Those who search for information about Sámi sixty manuscripts preserved. It is difficult, however, culture will find the literature very dispersed and to give the exact number of extant pages. It is difficult to find. This often results in a duplication therefore of great importance that the project will of work from producers. provide an inventory of the material. This project aims to make accessible and In the near future it will be possible to link the rationalize the search for Sámi literature as follows: text archive to the data bases of images of the (1) to register articles from the periodical Samefolket, manuscripts that are being created today. This covering volumes 1918–1998: (2) to register that linking of text and manuscript images facilitates, for part of Lars Thomasson’s bibliographies left to be example, the study of relations between text and registered; (3) to revise the c. 1,500 remaining illustrations. It will also limit the use of the original records in LIBRIS database not yet gone through; manuscripts which is, of course, important (4) to go through several periodicals, e.g. those considering the vulnerability of this material. dealing with anthropology and cultural history; and (5) to investigate various report series. 104 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Reg. no. In2002-0259 Reg. no. In2002-0280

Digitisation of the Video Deputy Director Reestablishment of an Professor Documentations of the Staffan Rydén International Toy Jan Wikander Royal Dramatic Theatre The Royal Dramatic Research Centre at KTH KTH – Royal Institute of Sweden Theatre of Sweden of Technology 2003 SEK 450,000 2003 SEK 2,500,000

• The Royal Dramatic Theatre of Sweden (in • The overall aim of this project is to establish the Swedish Kungliga Dramatiska Teatern or just Stockholm International Toy Research Centre, “Dramaten”) was founded in May 1788 by King SITREC, as an international leading centre of Gustaf III, and has been the national stage of excellence for research on toys and play. The vision Sweden ever since. As such, Dramaten attracts is to create an environment for international multi- much attention from researchers and writers on disciplinary research, development and education cultural matters, as well as from the general public with the focus on the development, design and uses interested in theatre. In this matter, the video of physical and virtual toys. This will lead to recordings made by the theatre are of particularly conditions for new innovative products as well as a great interest. This, of course, is especially the case better pedagogical understanding of play and for extremely interesting productions by learning at different ages. In co-operation with outstanding directors such as Ingmar Bergman, or LHS (The Stockholm Institute of Education) KTH for productions where the work of certain actors has made a long-term commitment to re-establish has attracted much attention. Today, Dramaten has and develop toy research. The aim, within three to at its disposal about 800 video documentations of five years, is to position SITREC as the its stage productions during the years 1979–2001, internationally leading centre for toy research with documentations that are gradually being ruined by special responsibility for a global network of time and repeated use. The aim of this project is to researchers on toys and play. save the most valuable documentations for posterity Three parallel processes/activities will be in focus in the interest of future research by converting them for the first three years: (1) The creation of a into digital form (DVD). research environment and its infrastructure (database development, library, information systems, website, newsletters), an interactive studio, publications, seminars and conferences. (2) Developing long-term research programs within a number of profile areas. (3) Conducting research, development projects and education based on external funding. Infrastructure 105

Reg. no. In2002-0294 Reg. no. In2002-0352

A National Organ and Ph.D. Centre for Ass. Professor Keyboard Research Sverker Jullander Sámi Research Per Frånberg Centre Göteborg University Umeå University 2003 SEK 1,00,000 2003 SEK 2,000,000

• The aim of this project is to develop an • The purpose of this project is to create and interdisciplinary national centre of knowledge at the develop fundamental infrastructural resources Göteborg Organ Art Center (GOArt), Göteborg including archives, databases and easy-access search University, for the benefit of research concerned engines, in order to make sources on Sámi society, with the history, construction, function and music culture and history readily available to scholars in of the organ and other keyboard instruments. The the Nordic countries. It is worth noting here the project follows up, broadens and integrates the work of constructing a database of the Sámi infrastructural work performed within previous population which, in its first stage, will cover most research projects at GOArt. It creates new of the Sámi area of settlement on Swedish territory conditions for research in this field by making from the mid-18th century up to the year 1900. This accessible and bringing together various kinds of database, which can eventually be linked up to important source material, including results from similar institutions and databanks throughout previous and ongoing research at GOArt, archival Scandinavia, will also provide unique opportunities documents of particular importance, as well as both at home and abroad for comprehensive, literature that would otherwise be difficult to access. longitudinal studies of an aboriginal people’s The hub of the project will be an Internet-based history. Also within the framework of the project is system of databases. the establishment of national and Nordic research The project consists of four parts with the networks at the Centre of Sámi Research (CeSam), following central areas of work: further developing Umeå University, providing an opportunity for the GOArt database system and integrating new multi-disciplinary contacts and the coordination of components into it (Parts one and two); improving resources specific to graduate work. The primary the GOArt library, which contains, among other purpose of the construction of this network is to things, an almost complete collection of organ create research-specific environments on a national literature in Swedish, so that it can serve the and Scandinavian basis; one of its most significant function of a national research library within this tasks will be to create financial opportunities for an field (Part three); and making inventories of increased number of graduate students to conduct archival material of particular importance to their Sámi-related studies in a broadened research research, primarily in Swedish collections (Part environment. four). Parts of the project will be conducted in collaboration with the National Heritage Board, Uppsala University and the University of Siegen, Germany. 106 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Reg. no. In2002-0391 Reg. no. In2002-0461

Crime Victims and Ass. Professor Scanning Medieval Ass. Professor the Judicial System Örjan Edström Book Fragments in Jan Brunius Umeå University the Swedish National The National Archives 2003 SEK 800,000 Archives 2003 SEK 550,000

• Victimology is still a neglected ﬁeld in Swedish • In the Swedish National Archives there are legal science. The crime victim’s contacts with the around 22,000 medieval book fragments used as Swedish judicial system have not been adequately wrappers for the tax records of the Swedish studied. This criticism is relevant both to legal administration in the 16th and 17th centuries. The regulations and to questions regarding attitudes earliest fragments are from the 11th century, the towards and treatment of crime victims in the starting period of the christianisation of Sweden, judicial system. This project aims at establishing the and the latest from the 16th century. Many of the victimology perspective in legal science. Through an books were imported, but there are also books analysis of established legal discourses within written in Sweden. The majority are liturgical criminal and procedural law, the discourse of the books, but a small number are theological and law ideal crime victim will be problematised. manuscripts. They are taken from more than 5,000 Fundamental legal constructions such as rule of law, different manuscripts. legal rights and equality of rights will be A cataloguing project was started in the 1930s by deconstructed and aspects such as human rights will Dr Toni Schmid, later aided by Dr Oloph Odenius. be put into focus. The result of their work, ending in 1995, was a card Initially, two areas will be studied. Legal science catalogue of more than 10,500 fragments called and the tasks of the police organisation will be Catalogus Codicum Mutilorum (CCM). The CCM problematised in the context of the obligation to catalogue contains half of the existing fragments. In inform victims of crime of their rights. The other 1995 a database project called the MPO Project area consists of fundamental theoretical aspects of (Medieval Parchment Covers) ﬁnanced by the the legal standing of crime victims. Here an Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and extended gender perspective will be applied, whose Antiquities was launched with the purpose of focus will be on LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual and cataloguing the remaining manuscript fragments. In transgender) persons and their contacts with the this cataloguing work the fragments are scanned judicial system. and the pictures are combined with the text database. The MPO project is presented on the homepage of the National Archives, www.ra.se. The purpose of this project is to scan the fragments in the CCM catalogue. Such scanning means that the whole fragment material will be available in pictures. In the future the database containing text descriptions and pictures of all the fragments will be published on the Internet for international research. Infrastructure 107

Reg. no. In2002-0491 Reg. no. In2002-0508

Illuminated Licentiate of Philosophy Securing Source Director Manuscripts in Swedish Eva Nylander Material from Bankrupt Alexander Husebye Collections Lund University Libraries IT Companies Centre for Business 2003 SEK 4,000,000 History in Stockholm 2003 SEK 1,000,000

• The aim of this project is to conduct a total • The Centre for Business History is carrying out a survey of the illuminated Western Medieval and project with the aim of gathering archival Renaissance manuscripts in Swedish collections. information from failed companies within the IT The art-historical knowledge of illuminated sector during recent years, in particular Internet manuscripts in Sweden has been limited in spite of consultants. This project should make further extensive cataloguing projects. Since these research possible through securing source material catalogues, eminent in other respects, have focused that is in danger of being lost because of the mainly on codicological and philological aspects, numerous failures in the trade. It will be executed the illuminations and decorations have often been by the Centre’s Research Department, in close of secondary interest; moreover, their importance as cooperation with the academic community and source material in their own right, and as an aid for parties in bankruptcy proceedings. The dating and attribution the manuscripts themselves, characteristics of these companies are naturally vital has been overlooked. There are, nevertheless, for the choices of methods and principles of the numerous illuminated manuscripts of national and project. Methods of Oral History will be used to international importance apart from the few which gather the necessary information. Digital sources have reached public awareness. Of about 2,700 will also be of great importance. The project focuses manuscripts deposited in Swedish libraries, on the fact that Stockholm is a Swedish centre for museums and private collections, approximately the IT sector. It will, however, also be a starting- 1,000 are decorated in some way, 250–300 of which point for a larger project based on all Swedish could be considered richly illuminated and of business archives, to document the recent history of considerable art historical signiﬁcance. By the IT sector in general. Methods and priorities will establishing a catalogue, in English, with detailed be documented for the purpose of further regional descriptions and information concerning, for activities. example, style and iconography, Dr Thomas Rydén and Dr Eva Lindqvist Sandgren hope to do justice to the pictorial aspects of this large and varied group of manuscripts, thereby also presenting the material to a wider international public and facilitating further research into various disciplines. 108 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Reg. no. In2002-0738 Reg. no. In2002-0787

Gösta Bagge’s Diary Professor Baltic Peoples in Professor 1939–1944 Alf W. Johansson Transformation Sten Berglund The National Archives Örebro University 2003 SEK 600,000 2003 SEK 1,400,000

• Gösta Bagge (1882–1951) was the leader of the • The Infrastructure Project on Baltic Peoples in Conservative party in Sweden from 1935 to 1944. Transformation is a collaboration project between During the Second World War he was Minister of Professor Sten Berglund and Professor Richard Education in the Coalition Cabinet that governed Rose at the Centre for the Study of Public Policy Sweden during that period. In this capacity he kept (CSPP) at the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow. a voluminous political diary. After important The project will be responsible for organising a cabinet meetings he dictated an account to his Baltic public opinion survey in 2003/2004 and secretary (who was also his daughter). This diary is possible follow-up surveys in 2004/2005 in Estonia, the most important source of the internal debates of Latvia and Lithuania. The project will use specially the Coalition Cabinet during the war. It consists of designed IST (Information Science Technology) to 1,088 typewritten pages. The project involves give scholars, students, policymakers, media and the editing the text for publication and preparing an general public open and instant online access to a introductory essay. The diary will be published unique data base monitoring how peoples in the under the auspices of The Royal Society for the Baltic states have responded to the transformation Publication of Primary Sources for the History of of their societies. The distinctive features of this Scandinavia. database include New Baltic Barometer sample surveys (early 1990s–2005) of political attitudes and socio-economic conditions of all major Baltic nationalities: Estonians, Latvians, Lithuanians and ethnic Russians in the three states. Infrastructure 109

Reg. no. In2002-0854 Reg. no. In2002-0870

Decontamination of the Ass. Professor Strindberg’s Books Principal curator “19th-century Library” Beate Sydhoff Marianne Landqvist within the Royal The Royal Academy The Strindberg Museum Academy of Fine Arts of Fine Arts 2003 SEK 900,000 2003 SEK 400,000

• This project implies a complete decontamination • August Strindberg’s last collection of books, and cleaning of the “19th-century library” of the comprising some 6,000 items, is owned by Royal Academy of Fine Arts, which consists of Nordiska Museet but has been on deposit at the about 8,200 books. This library includes the subject Strindberg Museum in Stockholm since 1984. fields of Art History, Monographs on artists, Art Much of the collection consists of volumes Techniques, Literature on architecture and annotated by Strindberg himself. These Architectural History etc. The contents of the annotations, which can themselves be considered library reflect instruction in art and art techniques as manuscripts, are in great demand among Strindberg well as in architecture at the Academy during the scholars. Strindberg’s annotations were of various 19th century. This collection of books is not types. He frequently crossed things out and available for research today, since the books cannot underlined other things, and he often added be removed from the basement where they are kept spontaneous comments in the margins. Other types until a total decontamination has taken place. As of annotations are proof corrections, comparisons, soon as this has been done, the books will also be references to other works etc. restored and repaired; they will then be moved The pages containing annotations are being upstairs to a room within the library space of the scanned and collected in a database with a Academy on the first floor which has been bibliographical reference added for each page. This designated for this purpose. project has been in progress in stages for more than three years. Thanks to the latest grant from the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation, those in charge of the project now expect to be able to register the major part of the relevant annotations in the books and even to make some of the data available on the Internet. The primary goal of the project has been to avoid further handling of the old and often worn volumes and, by transferring the annotations to another medium, to make them more readily available and in a better form for research. 110 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Reg. no. In2002-0876 Reg. no. In2002-0914

A Scientific Edition of Professor Kant’s Philosophy in Professor Hjalmar Bergman’s Sverker Ek Swedish Dag Prawitz Letters Umeå University Stockholm University 2003 SEK 500,000 2003 SEK 500,000

• Hjalmar Bergman is one of the best-known • The aim of this project is to make Immanuel Swedish authors of the 20th century. His novels Kant’s philosophy more readily available in the and plays still attract a wide audience. His life, too, Swedish language. Kant (1724–1804) is generally fascinates us with its changing, sometimes tragic recognized as the greatest philosopher in Germany shaping. His personal letters offer a deep and and he still exerts a great influence on Western interesting insight into the literary intentions philosophy. Few of his works are available in behind his works as well as into his outlook on life. Swedish, however, and knowledge of his Both ethical and aesthetic matters are dealt with in philosophy is hampered by the rather weak position his correspondence with a narrow circle of leading that German has in Swedish school education contemporary intellectuals such as Hans Larsson, nowadays. Ellen Key and Tor Bonnier. Letters to his parents, The project consists of infrastructural measures of his sisters and his wife reveal another, more three kinds. The main one is to support the defenceless, sometimes aggressive side of Bergman’s scientific part of the work of translating four of character. Some 1,500 letters are still extant. As a Kant’s main works. This is done by providing whole they present a rich though rhapsodic diary of expert philosophical advice that should facilitate a an elusive personality and writer. Some of the letters co-ordination and early examination of the already have been published previously, wholly or in part, ongoing translations (which are supported by Erik but most of them are still unpublished. and Gurli Hultengren’s Foundation for This project aims at publishing – in three or four Philosophy). This work was started in the middle of volumes – all the letters in chronological order and 2001 by a first grant from the Bank of Sweden according to current principles for editing texts. Tercentenary Foundation and is scheduled to be The letters will be provided with a detailed concluded by the end of 2003. It is being carried commentary. The work on the edition is first and out by Dr Markku Leppäkoski. foremost to be seen as an infrastructural attempt at A second and minor part of the project is the providing researchers with a meaningful instrument, writing of introductions to three of the translations giving them access to important documentary and of a philosophical examination of a translation material. In addition to this a complete edition of of an introductory German book about Kant’s letters is of great literary interest to the general philosophy. Leppäkoski is also responsible for this public as they constitute a comprehensive document part and for a third part of the project, consisting of humain of important value relating to the history of preparations for a Kant conference with open Bergman’s times. lectures to be held in 2004 in connection with the bicentenary of Kant’s death. Infrastructure 111

Reg. no. In2002-1013 Reg. no. In2002-1040

The Düben Collection: Professor Electronic Press Archive Professor A Musical Treasure from Erik Kjellberg Leif Lewin 17th-century Europe Uppsala University Uppsala University 2003 SEK 2,000,000 2003 SEK 1,000,000

• The Düben collection ranks as one of the most • Uppsala University has assembled a collection of important music collections from the 17th century, press material that is unique in Sweden and since 1732 located in the Uppsala University Library. invaluable for research in the social sciences. It It contains more than 3,000 works in manuscript consists primarily of editorials, comprising 3–4 and print by more than 200 composers from many million cuttings from 50 Swedish daily newspapers countries as well as a great many anonymous works. from the period 1945–2000. It is of great The collection has been part of the repertoire of the importance that these unique sources of Swedish Hofkapelle from Queen Christina up to contemporary history are preserved. If the material Charles XII. It derives its name from the Düben is stored electronically, the press archive will be family, who for three generations served as leader of both simpler and more efficient to use for future the Hofkapelle. A number of musicological studies information researchers. All of the Press Archive’s have been carried over the years, and several clippings are currently being scanned and editions and recordings have been published. registered. Alongside this basic project, work is now However, no published catalogue according to getting under way to develop a database to create a scientific principles has ever been published. fully searchable press archive. Despite previous research many questions of a In order to test and evaluate the consequences theoretical and practical nature remain to be solved. and potential of an Electronic Press Archive, a pilot The principal aim of this project is to construct a study is now being carried out with the aim of catalogue with modern database technology and to creating a model to serve as a prototype of the make important parts of this catalogue available on system to be used when the system is scaled up to the World Wide Web. The history of the collection full production and operation. The objective is to remains to be written. The project is carried out in create a system to enable full-text searches of a close collaboration with the University Library. comprehensive body of material. Experience from Besides the head of the project, four researchers are this project can be made available to other similar active in this project on a part-time basis. Two well- newspaper archives. The pilot study comprises the known experts are also affiliated to the project: development of: a model search system, OCR Professor em. Kerala Snyder, University of software that can deal with varying paper quality, Rochester, USA and Dr Peter Wollny, Bach-Archiv, fonts and layouts and an organizational scheme to Leipzig. optimise the conversion of scanned material to text format. 112 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Reg. no. In2002-1078 Reg. no. In2002-1146

Documentation of Ph.D. Documentation Project Head of Music Library and Performing Arts Inga Lewenhaupt of the Royal Swedish Archives Sveriges Teatermuseum Opera’s Scenographic Inger Mattsson 2003 SEK 2,000,000 and Theatre Models The Royal Swedish Opera 2003 SEK 300,000

• The aim of this project is to work out a • The Royal Swedish Opera currently owns a large methodology for the digital documentation of stage collection of scenographic and theatre models. A performances in various genres for future research scenographic model is a three-dimensional “sketch” of and education. Documentation will be stored in a stage set at reduced scale which the scenographer DVD format and include recordings of uses to illustrate his ideas. The model is used, in performances and other relevant information conjunction with detailed drawing and sketches, as regarding each production. In contrast to what a pattern when the sets are to be built at the applies to printed matter and medial recordings theatre’s workshops. A scenographic model is both there are no legal regulations concerning the a practical tool and in itself a work of art. The other documentation of performing arts. Public support type of model, the theatre model, is a model of an of theatre and other performing arts is considerable, actual theatre building or its interior. The Opera’s but preservation for the future is done only collection of approximately 210 production models sporadically. includes works by Sven X:et Erixson, Stellan The project aims to: (1) make a survey of the Mörner, Sven-Erik Goude, Lars-Åke Thessman, documentation of performances in Sweden; (2) Sven Erik Skawonius and other important artists in work out a methodology for the documentation of Swedish theatre and art history. In most cases the performances especially with regard to the actual sets of a discontinued opera or ballet requirements of research and education; (3) develop production are not saved due to lack of storage a handbook for the documentation of space. The models then serve as a unique performances; (4) produce some twenty documentation of the production’s scenography. documentations in various genres; and (5) give The models are currently kept in a storage room at recommendations for a programme for the future the Opera’s decor workshops and are not available preservation of stage performances. The project will for viewing due to the fact that they have not been be carried out in co-operation with the Department inventoried or photographed. Many of the models of Theatre Studies at Stockholm University, The are disassembled and stored in a non-archival Dramatic Institute and The National Archive of fashion. This project will include documenting, re- Recorded Sound and Moving Images and in assembly, digital photographing and registration of contact with an earlier project at The Royal Library the models into a central database, making this ﬁnanced by the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary unique collection visible and easily accessible Foundation. through computers for future research. It will also serve to protect the models from unnecessary handling. Infrastructure 113

Reg. no. In2002-1172

From Svir to Näset President major-general Jörn Beckman The Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences 2003 SEK 500,000

• Two years ago a scientiﬁc cultural research project was started in Finland with the aim of documenting in an authentic way how Finland’s armed forces were able to tackle the greatest challenge in the history of the country – the heavy attacks of the Red Army during the summer of 1944. Comprehensive research work has so far been carried out and is still in progress in order to describe in detail the relevant events, not least the contributions to Finland’s struggles for its independence by the Swedish- speaking troops and the Swedish voluntary company. The strategically important battle at Viborg’s suburb, Tienhara, at midsummer 1944, followed by the great battle at Ihantala – the largest battle in the Nordic countries – resulted in two of the decisive victories that summer. The Finnish army was able to stop the Red Army on all fronts, thereby preventing the expansion of Soviet power into the Nordic Countries. Documentation of the research project will also result in two documentary ﬁlms, entitled Framom Främsta Linjen and Tali – Ihantala 1944. The research work is led by Assistant Professor Stefan Forss. The authenticity of the research is facilitated by war veterans, Finnish as well as Swedish, who are still alive but whose average age is 82. The project will be completed during 2004 – 60 years after the battles. 86 Musical Pulse in Human Timing and Coordination Statistical information on research grants

his section presents an overview in the form of tables showing the grants approved. The presentation starts with three summary tables (Tables 1–3). Tables 4–8 give statistics of project grants T approved from the Bank of Sweden Donation, while Tables 9–14 give corresponding information about grants from the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation. All amounts are stated inclusive of overhead charges. The distribution of grants between the (various scientiﬁc) subject areas can be seen in Tables 4 and 9. Information about the ratio between continuation grants and new grants is reported in Tables 7 and 12. New and continuation grants respectively, broken down by subject area, are shown in Tables 5 and 6 for the Bank of Sweden Donation and in Tables10 and 11 for the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation. The distribution of grants between different educational institutions is reported in Tables 8, 13 and 15, while Tables 14 and 15 report grants for infrastructure support. Several of the projects receiving grants, especially the larger ones within the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation, are of an interdisciplinary character. For this reason it is not possible to give an exact breakdown by subject or faculty area. As to the gender-based apportionment of project leaders, it can be noted that we are approaching the 40–60 percent mark (with the exception of infrastructure support). A preliminary count of all those taking part in the Foundation’s projects shows that 65 percent are men and 35 percent women.

115 116 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Table 1 Research grants approved in 2002 by donation (ammounts in SEK ’000)

Bank of Sweden Donation 118 360 Humanities and Social Sciences Donation 230 716 Erik Rönnberg’s Donation for research on ageing and age-related illnesses 675 Erik Rönnberg’s Donation for research on illnesses during the early childhood years 220

Total 349 971

Table 2 Research grants approved in 2002 from the Bank of Sweden Donation (amounts in SEK ’000)

Project grants (further details are given in tables 4–8) 100 741 Infrastructure support (further details are given in tables 14–15) 7 000 Travel grants 454 International collaboration 4 608 Sector committee for Culture – Security – Sustainable Development 2 937 Nils-Eric Svensson fund 300 Fees to experts 976 Payment to co-opted members 572 Conferences, information 772

Total 118 360

Table 3 Research grants approved in 2002 from the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation (amounts in SEK ’000)

Project grants (further details are given in tables 9–13) 173 594 Infrastructure support (further details are given in tables 14–15) 41 000 Grants for symposia, research planning and research information 11 500 Sector committee for research on the knowledge society 3 006 Fees to experts 559 Payment to co-opted members 298 Conferences, information 759

Total 230 716 Statistics 117 bank of sweden donation

Table 4

Total number of applications approved (continuation and new applications) in relation to total number of applications, 2002 (amounts in SEK ’000)

APPLICATIONS APPROVED TOTAL NUMBER OF APPLICATIONS

SUBJECT AREA NUMBER MEN WOMEN AMOUNT APPROVED NUMBER MEN WOMEN Anthropology 4 4 3 310 13 2 11 Archeology 4 2 2 2 775 12 7 5 Architecture 7 1 6 Art/aesthetic subjects 7 6 1 Business economics 8 4 4 4 023 22 17 5 Classical languages 2 1 1 1 980 10 7 3 Cultural geography 1 1 830 12 7 5 Economics 9 6 3 6 627 21 14 7 Economic history 7 5 2 3 935 18 14 4 Education 3 2 1 1 935 32 18 14 Ethnology 4 4 2 410 11 5 6 History 12 9 3 8 965 36 22 14 History of ideas 3 1 2 1 647 8 6 2 History of religion 3 2 1 1 975 25 21 4 Information technology 5 3 2 2 782 17 8 9 Law 9 5 4 5 022 21 11 10 Linguistics 8 3 5 4 525 13 7 6 Literature 9 6 3 5 041 39 19 20 Medicine 3 2 1 2 700 27 16 11 Modern languages 5 1 4 3 010 21 8 13 Musicology 2 1 1 1 255 8 4 4 Natural science 1 1 Philosophy 3 3 1 320 12 11 1 Political science 11 7 4 6 079 41 28 13 Psychology 15 13 2 12 085 54 35 19 Sociology 10 7 3 7 005 56 31 25 Statistics 4 4 2 980 5 5

Total 144 92 52 94 216 549 331 218

Printed subsidies approved 2002: 10, to a total of SEK 2 265 300 Conference subsidies approved 2002: 5, to a total of SEK 1 370 000 Special subsidies approved 2002: 6, to a total of SEK 2 890 000 Total amount approved 2002: SEK 100 741 300 118 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Table 5

New applications approved, by subject area, in relation to total number of applications, 2002 (amounts in SEK ’000)

APPLICATIONS APPROVED TOTAL NUMBER OF APPLICATIONS

SUBJECT AREA NUMBER MEN WOMEN AMOUNT APPROVED NUMBER MEN WOMEN

Anthropology 1 1 475 10 2 8 Archaeology 2 2 1 095 10 7 3 Architecture 7 1 6 Art/aestehetic subjects 7 6 1 Business economics 4 2 2 1 558 18 15 3 Classical languages 1 1 730 9 6 3 Cultural geography 1 1 830 12 7 5 Economics 3 1 2 1 665 15 9 6 Economic history 3 1 2 1 872 14 10 4 Education 1 1 860 31 18 13 Ethnology 7 1 6 History 1 1 600 25 14 11 History of ideas 5 5 History of religion 1 1 640 23 20 3 Information technology 1 1 360 13 5 8 Law 3 2 1 1 830 15 8 7 Linguistics 3 2 1 1 880 8 6 2 Literature 3 2 1 1 665 33 15 18 Medicine 1 1 1 000 25 15 10 Modern languages 2 1 1 1 070 18 8 10 Musicology 1 1 615 7 4 3 Natural science 1 1 Philosophy 9 8 1 Political science 4 2 2 2 004 34 23 11 Psychology 5 4 1 3 835 43 25 18 Sociology 2 1 1 1 800 48 25 23 Statistics 1 1 612 2 2

Total 44 27 17 26 996 449 266 183 Statistics 119

Table 6

Continuation applications approved, by subject area in 2002 (amounts in SEK ’000)

SUBJECT AREA NUMBER MEN WOMEN AMOUNT APPROVED

Anthropology 3 3 2 835 Archaeology 2 2 1 680 Business economics 4 2 2 2 465 Classical languages 1 1 1 250 Economics 6 5 1 4 962 Economic history 4 4 2 2 063 Education 2 1 1 1 075 Ethnology 4 4 2 410 History 11 8 3 8 365 History of ideas 3 1 2 1 647 History of religion 2 1 1 1 335 Information technology 4 3 1 2 422 Law 6 3 3 3 192 Linguistics 5 1 4 2 645 Literature 6 4 2 3 376 Medicine 2 1 1 1 700 Modern languages 3 3 1 940 Musicology 1 1 640 Philosophy 3 3 1 320 Political science 7 5 2 4 075 Psychology 10 9 1 8 250 Sociology 8 6 2 5 205 Statistics 3 3 2 368

Total 100 65 35 67 220

Printed subsidies approved 2002: 10, to a total of SEK 2 265 300 Conference subsidies approved 2002: 5, to a total of SEK 1 370 000 Special subsidies approved 2002: 6, to a total of SEK 2 890 000 Total amount approved 2002: SEK 73 745 300 120 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Table 7

Summary table: continuation grants and new grants in 2002 (amounts in SEK ’000)

GRANTS APPROVED TOTAL NUMBER OF APPLICATIONS

NUMBER MEN WOMEN AMOUNT NUMBER MEN WOMEN

Continuation grants 100 65 35 67 220 100 65 35 New grants 44 27 17 26 996 449 266 183

Total 144 92 52 94 216 549 331 218

Table 8

New grants and continuation grants approved, by administering institution 2002 (amounts in SEK ’000)

GRANT ADMINISTRATOR AMOUNT APPROVED NUMBER

Chalmers University of Technology 1 260 2 Dalarna Research Council 1 400 1 EFI, Stockholm School of Economics 1 605 3 Forskning & Framsteg 392 1 Gävle University College 640 1 Göteborg University 16 796 30 Halmstad University College 400 1 Karlstad University 1 090 2 Karolinska Institutet 4 400 5 Linköping University 4 637 8 Lund University 11 483 19 Malmö University College 1 350 1 Mid Sweden University 1 360 2 National Heritage Board 570 1 Nordiska Museet, The National museum of cultural history 600 1 The Office of the Marshal of the Realm 610 1 Örebro University 1 310 2 SISTER 660 1 Social Welfare Services in Stockholm 800 1 Stockholm Institute for Financial Research 1 000 1 Stockholm Institute of Transition Economies 1 212 2 Stockholm University 20 023 29 The Swedish Institute in Rome 525 1 The Swedish Research Council 1 000 1 Telemuseum 595 1 Umeå University 5 015 7 Uppsala University 12 283 17 Växjö University 600 1 Voksenåsen 600 1

Total 94 216 144 122 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

the humanities and social sciences donation

Table 9

Total number of applications approved (continuation and new applications) in relation to total number of applications in 2002 (amounts in SEK ’000)

APPLICATIONS APPROVED TOTAL NUMBER OF APPLICATIONS

SUBJECT AREA NUMBER MEN WOMEN AMOUNT APPROVED NUMBER MEN WOMEN

Humanities 32 23 9 64 350 112 75 37 Humanities/Social Sciences 19 16 3 48 000 56 40 16 Social Sciences 20 15 5 58 650 120 87 33

Total 71 54 17 171 000 288 202 86

15 printing and conference subsidies: SEK 2 593 743 Total amount approved in 2002: SEK 173 593 743

Table 10

New applications approved, by subject area, in relation to total number of applications in 2002 (amounts in SEK ’000)

APPLICATIONS APPROVED TOTAL NUMBER OF APPLICATIONS

SUBJECT AREA NUMBER MEN WOMEN AMOUNT APPROVED NUMBER MEN WOMEN

Humanities 8 7 1 13 250 88 59 29 Humanities/Social Sciences 4 3 1 10 300 41 27 14 Social Sciences 5 5 11 000 105 77 28

Total 17 15 2 34 550 234 163 71 Statistics 123

Table 11

Continuation applications approved, by subject area, in relation to the total number of applications for continuation grants in 2002 (amounts in SEK ’000)

APPLICATIONS APPROVED TOTAL NUMBER OF APPLICATIONS

SUBJECT AREA NUMBER MEN WOMEN AMOUNT APPROVED NUMBER MEN WOMEN

Humanities 24 16 8 51 100 24 16 8 Humanities/Social Sciences 15 13 2 37 700 15 13 2 Social Sciences 15 10 5 47 650 15 10 5

Total 54 39 15 136 450 54 39 15

15 printing and conference subsidies: SEK 2 593 743 Total amount approved in 2002: SEK 139 043 743

Table 12

Summary table: continuation grants/new grants in 2002 (amounts in SEK ’000)

APPLICATIONS APPROVED TOTAL NUMBER OF APPLICATIONS

SUBJECT AREA NUMBER MEN WOMEN AMOUNT APPROVED NUMBER MEN WOMEN

Continuation grants 54 39 15 136 450 54 39 15 New grants 17 15 2 34 550 234 163 71

Total 71 54 17 171 000 288 202 86

15 printing and conference subsidies: SEK 2 593 743 Total amount approved in 2002: SEK 173 593 743 124 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Table 13

New grants and continuation grants approved, by administering institution, 2002 (amounts in SEK ’000)

GRANT ADMINISTRATOR NUMBER AMOUNT APPROVED

Chalmers University of Technology 1 1 200 Dalarna University College 1 2 300 Diakonistiftelsen Samariterhemmet 1 2 700 EFI, Stockholm School of Economics 1 5 000 Göteborg University 8 24 800 KTH, Royal Institute of Technology 3 10 500 Linköping University 1 3 600 Lund University 11 24 400 The National Swedish Maritime Museums 1 500 Örebro University 2 6 050 The Royal Library 1 1 700 The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 1 800 The Sigtuna Foundation 1 2 000 The Silver Museum 1 1 200 Södertörn University College 1 1 100 Stockholm School of Economics 2 7 000 Stockholm University 10 23 600 The Swedish Institute at Athens 1 2 000 Swedish Linnaeus Society 1 3 000 Umeå University 6 14 350 University of Oslo 1 1 450 Uppsala University 14 30 750 Uppsala University Library 1 1 000

Total 71 171 000 Statistics 125 infrastructure support

Table 14

Applications and grants approved 2002 (amounts in SEK ’000)

APPLICATIONS APPROVED TOTAL NUMBER OF APPLICATIONS

SUBJECT AREA NUMBER MEN WOMEN AMOUNT NUMBER MEN WOMEN

Humanities and Social Sciences Donation 27 20 7 41 000 92 65 27 Bank of Sweden Donation 5 5 7 000 5 5

Total 32 25 7 48 000 97 70 27

Table 15

New applications approved, by administering institution, 2002 (amounts in SEK ’000)

GRANT ADMINISTRATOR AMOUNT APPROVED

Ájtte Swedish Mountain- and Sámi Museum 600 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation 1 800 Centre for Business History in Stockholm 1 000 Dagens Forskning (biweekly newspaper) 5 000 Göteborgs University 1 000 KTH, Royal Institute of Technology 2 500 Lund University 4 000 National Swedish Archives 550 Nordiska Museet, The National museum of cultural history 5 000 Örebro University 1 400 The Royal Academy of Fine Arts 400 The Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences 500 The Royal Dramatic Theatre of Sweden 450 The Royal Swedish Opera 300 Södertörn University College 600 The Strindberg Museum 900 Stockholm School of Economics 3 000 Stockholm University 2 500 Sveriges Teatermuseum 2 000 The Swedish Institute of International Affairs 1 200 Umeå University 4 800 Uppsala University 6 500 Växjö University 2 000

Total 48 000 The Orient in Sweden: Negotiations on Religion, 95 Gender and Sexuality financial administration

Any hopes that 2002 would bring a period of recovery to the share market have proved wrong. The year has gone down in history as the worst ever on the Stockholm Stock Exchange with a fall of 36 per cent. A corresponding poor development is also evident on foreign share markets, where accounts scandals, the threat of war and anxiety about a continuing recession have successively aggravated the feelings of uncertainty as well as calling in question previously established theories and rules about financial flows. After closing strongly in 2001 with positive signals for a global economic recovery early in 2002, this optimism lost leeway and fears of a weaker market gained ground. The publicity concerning irregular accounting methods in the energy company Enron led to repercussions in several global companies. This in turn resulted in rising risk premiums for shares and consequent falling prices. During the summer and the early autumn the global decline in stock markets accelerated and major institutional investors decided to reduce their shareholdings and place the capital in risk-free securities instead. During this period it transpired that European insurance companies had been obliged to sell off shares in order to meet their solvency obligations. These factors led to the market becoming drained of liquidity, a trend that was aggravated by several large new share issues, including that of Ericsson. On 10 October the Stockholm General Index reached its lowest level for the year (–48%), after which it began to recover as company reports for the third quarter appeared. Morgan Stanley’s World Share Index had fallen by 33 per cent in Swedish kronor by the end of the year. The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation maintained a high level of liquidity throughout the year in view of the uncertainty of the market. In June it was decided that the share portfolio should be reduced even further in favour of interest-bearing securities. For the year 2002 as a whole the Foundation posted a total return of –16.2 per cent. The share portfolio gave a negative return of –34.1 per cent, while the interest-bearing securities gave a positive return of 6.2 per cent. The long market rates followed the Stock Exchange decline after remaining steady during the first six months. Over the whole year the rate for five- year government bonds fell by 0.75 per cent, which had a positive effect on

127 128 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

the market value of the Foundation’s bond portfolio. For the first time since 1996 the US dollar weakened in relation to the Swedish krona while the euro maintained a relatively stable level. The percentage of foreign assets in the Foundation’s portfolio decreased during the year, partly to counteract the currency effects of the increasingly strong krona and partly because the uncertainty on the foreign markets was considered difficult to handle. The property market in Stockholm developed in different directions; office premises fetched lower prices while attractive apartment blocks in central districts rose slightly in value. During the summer the Foundation sold its 50-percent share in the Adam & Eva shopping mall in central Stockholm to the other owner, Atrium Fastigheter. Financial administration 129

Financial activities – five-year summary Figure 2. Real return (adjusted for inflation) in per cent on equity capital at the start of the year. On 1 January 1988 the Bank of Sweden 50% Tercentenary Foundation received new articles of association that made it an independent 40% financial operator. In order to maintain the 30% research grants at a stable level the Board estab- 20% lished as a long-term goal that the real annual 10% yield (adjusted for inflation) on the Foundation’s financial assets should amount to 0% 5% over the years. Over the past five years the -10% Foundation’s financial assets have provided an -20% average real return of 6.5% despite poor market 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 conditions during 2000–2002. Its equity capital, at market value, has grown by SEK 840 m since the end of 1997 at the same time as SEK 1,859 m has been allocated for research grants. Diagram 3. Equity (MSEK), Market Shown below – in the form of bar charts – are valuation at the end of fiscal year. the developments for the last five years of four 10 000 basic financial indicators: total return, real return (adjusted for inflation), equity capital at 8 000 market value and annual research grants. 6 000

4 000

2 000

0 Figure 1. Total return (before adjustment 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 for inflation) in per cent on equity capital at the start of the year.

50%

40% Figure 4. Approved grants (SEK m)

30% 500

20% 400

10% 300

0% 200

-10% 100

-20% 0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 104 Reestablishment of an International Toy Research Centre at KTH Annual Report 131

annual report

The aims of the The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation (Riksbankens Jubileumsfond) Foundation is an independent foundation whose aim is to promote and support scientific research. The Foundation was created in 1962 by a government decision and a donation from the Bank of Sweden to mark its three-hundredth anniversary, which would also promote “a vital national cause”. The annual return on the Bank of Sweden Donation was to be used to promote scientific research connected with Sweden. On 1 January 1988 the Foundation received new articles of association, which meant that it became an independent financial operator. Its activities in this form began with a capital of SEK 1.5 bn. In the following years further donations have been received. Regarding the way in which the Foundation’s aims are to be promoted, the present statutes state the following: • priority shall be given to fields of research whose funding requirements are not adequately met in other ways; • the Foundation’s funds shall be used in particular to support major, long- term research projects; • special attention shall be paid to new research projects that require prompt and vigorous action; • the Foundation shall seek to promote contacts with international research. In 1993 the Riksdag (Swedish Parliament) approved a further donation to the Foundation of SEK 1.5 bn, the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation. Appended to this decision was a memorandum specifying the following areas of application: • the establishment of research centres or fields of research of international importance; • support for projects involving an interdisciplinary approach; • the establishment of networks or more permanent forms of co-operation, both national and international, by creating, for example, an international exchange program for researchers; • the promotion of postgraduate training and the recruitment of researchers; • the promotion of mobility for researchers both internationally and among universities and university colleges and other operations. 132 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

The year’s activities The Board of the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation met four times during the year. In addition, it held a conference in February at the Långholmen Conference Centre. All the members of the Board except the two financial experts are engaged in the working committees. These committees process research applications at two full-day meetings a year and present proposals to the Board. During the past year applications for a total of some 100 new projects and more than 150 continuation projects were approved. The executive committee of the Board met five times during the year. The Board has delegated to this committee decisions concerning grants for research planning, conferences, seminars, the development of scientific networks and the like. During the past year 83 such applications for grants were approved. From 2002 onwards applications to the Foundation are made exclusively on the Internet. As well as the applicants submitting their applications electronically, the members of the Foundation executive committee and its external experts also communicate via the Foundation’s home page. The Foundation has arranged symposiums and seminars of its own, sometimes in co-operation with other research-promoting bodies, both in Sweden and abroad. The Foundation co-operates regularly with the Riksdag in such arrangements. During the past year the Foundation has also published a number of papers. The Foundation’s financial committee, whose task is to follow up and support the financial administration, met seven times during the year. In the autumn Johan Bygge, Executive Vice President of Electrolux, joined the committee, replacing Hillevi Rosenquist. The Foundation evaluates and continuously follows up the projects that have been awarded grants. At the end of the project period a financial report has to be submitted to the Foundation together with a short summary of the scientific work and the papers that the project has published. In addition, more comprehensive visits are made every year to projects by the various working committees. During the year 12 projects were visited. During the past year a number of scholarships have been awarded from Erik Rönnberg’s Donations for medical research, from Nils-Eric Svensson’s Foundation for the promotion of researcher exchanges within Europe and the Foundation’s “Forschungpreis für Deutsche Wissenschaftler”. The Foundation’s visiting professor at Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin was also appointed during the year. At present the Foundation finances four research schools: in mathematics with a focus on teaching methods, in modern languages and in Pacific Asia Studies, as well as a research school aimed at raising scientific competence among museum staff. For some years now the Foundation has been establishing “area groups” in fields of research that are judged to be important but which are not yet Annual Report 133

properly developed or have not received enough attention, with the aim of initiating and encouraging new research. At present two such groups are operating: The Area Group for Research on the Knowledge Society and the Area Group for Research on Culture – Security – Sustainability. Some ten researchers and two politicians are engaged in these projects. Through its involvement in the European Foundation Centre (EFC), the Network of European Foundations for Innovative Corporations (NEF), the Haag Club and other such organisations the Foundation plays an active part in European co-operation, principally in the social and cultural fields. During the past few years co-operation with Germany has developed in particular, above all because the Foundation began working with Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin in the past year. Through its Managing Director, Dan Brändström, the Foundation is working actively in CNERP (Swedish Committee for a New European Research Policy). Important issues, apart from the allocation of grants, that have engaged the Board during the past year, are: charges for administration and premises at universities and university colleges (overheads), grants to the magazine Dagens Forskning (Research Today), responsibility for the foundation Stiftelsen Skapande Människa under the chairmanship of the former speaker of the Riksdag, Birgitta Dahl and active part-ownership of the Raoul Wallenberg Guest House in Budapest. The last Board meeting under the chairmanship of Professor Stig Strömholm was held on 31 October. The Chairman and half the Board were thanked for their services at a dinner that evening at the Vasa Museum. The new Board, under the chairmanship of Professor Eva Österberg, Lund University, held its inaugural meeting on 14 November. During the year the Foundation’s office had 13 employees. In September Björn Olsson replaced Torgny Prior as the new financial manager as the latter chose to leave to establish his own business. The Board of the Foundation decided on 21 March 2002 to evaluate its own activities. This decision covered three areas: 1) a broad analysis and assessment of the Foundation’s research-supporting activities, 2) the Foundation’s financial activities and 3) part-financing of Stiftelseprojektet 2004 (Foundation Project 2004), which focuses on the role of the employee investment fund foundations in Sweden’s national research and higher education system. The results of the first evaluation will be presented in the second half of 2004, while the financial evaluation will be completed at the beginning of 2003 and the Foundation Project in spring 2004. According to the Foundation’s statutes (Article 10) the Board shall render an account of the Foundation’s activities and administration for the preced- ing year by February 15 at the latest. This account shall include a statement of income, balance sheet, administrative report and a description of grants approved. The Riksdag’s auditors act as external auditors for the Foundation in accordance with the Act of 1988:46 relating to the audit of 134 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

parliamentary administration and the like. The Board is responsible, in accordance with the statutes, for engaging by tender an authorised public accountant to carry out an internal audit. On the basis of the Riksdag auditors’ report and scrutiny of the Foundation’s activities by the Education Committee, the Riksdag determines at a plenary meeting whether or not the audit gives cause for comment.

Result and The result, that is, the sum of all income including realised profits and loss- financial position es with deductions for operating costs, for 2002 is SEK –1,389 m (+796 m), which reduces the previous year’s balanced result. In addition the Foundation has used SEK 350 m for research funds and set aside the equivalent of SEK 85 m in order to maintain the real value of the donations. However, in the budget for 2002 certain reservations were made with the aim of reducing such commitments that have long-term financial consequences. Concerning the Bank of Sweden Donation the Board decided that most of the grants should be for two years. For the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation, too, a certain caution was recommended with regard to grants lasting several years. Instead there was a large increase in one-time grants for infrastructural projects. From 2002 onwards the Foundation’s equity capital has been divided into restricted and non-restricted capital. The capital restricted comprise the Bank of Sweden Donation and the Erik Rönnberg Donations, while the Culture Donation is designated as non-restricted capital. See also the section on the Foundation’s accounting principles. In 2002 the Foundation’s interest income and share dividends amounted to SEK 127 m (167) and SEK 71 m (62 m) respectively. The negative development for the share portfolio resulted in the book value at year end exceeding the market value. It has therefore been necessary to write down the value by SEK 1,079 m in accordance with the valuation rules for financial assets that the Foundation follows. The Foundation’s sales of financial instruments (shares and bonds) resulted in an additional loss of SEK 486 m (+533 m). The Foundation’s properties show a surplus of SEK 34 m compared with 10 m the year before. This year’s result is affected partly by a book depreciation of SEK 18 m of the property Sånglärkan 12 in Sköldungagatan, Stockholm and partly by a realised profit of SEK 37 m from the sale of the Foundation’s share of the property Adam & Eva 17 in Drottninggatan, Stockholm. The corresponding result for 2001 includes a write-down of SEK 10 m of the property Sånglärkan 12. To provide further information on the Foundation’s financial position the report is complemented, as previously, by a balance sheet in which assets and liabilities are listed at market values. In addition, the income statement is complemented by information on “Changes in unrealised capital gains”. Compared with the previous year’s accounts the unrealised gains Annual Report 135

have increased by SEK 83 m. This increase is explained by the fact that the year’s decline in the share portfolio has already been taken into account in the book-keeping through the write-down. The surplus value (market value minus book value) in the share portfolio and the bond portfolio increased in 2002 by SEK 29 m and 86 m respectively. A decreased surplus value of SEK –32 m was posted for the Foundation’s properties. In principle the Foundation has three kinds of assets: shares, bonds and properties, all of which are subject to changes in value. Furthermore, certain parts of the Foundation’s assets are denominated in foreign currency, so changes in exchange rates affect the value of the Foundation’s assets expressed in Swedish kronor. Of the Foundation’s total assets of SEK 6,724 m (at market value) at the end of 2002, shares represented 40 per cent (50% at the end of 2001), properties 10 percent (10%) and interest-bearing assets 50 per cent (40%). Assets in foreign currency amounted to 13 per cent (20%).

Financial result A summary consisting solely of financial items at market value can be made from the income statement (and the various notes). These items have been grouped in a table according to the type of asset. The Foundation’s properties posted a positive result of SEK 2 m, which represents a return of 0.3 per cent on the value of the properties at the beginning of the year. The Foundation’s share portfolio gave a negative result of SEK –1,494 m or –34.1 per cent. The interest-bearing assets yielded a positive result for 2002 of SEK 209 m or 6.2 per cent. The financial result must be charged with interest expenses and financial costs. The overall financial result for 2002 is given in the table as SEK –1,290 m, which corresponds to a negative return of –16.2 per cent calculated on equity capital at the beginning of the year. After an allocation has been made to maintain the real value of the Foundation’s capital the financial result has to cover research grants of SEK 350 m and administrative costs of 19 m. The overall result for the year is not enough to cover this, so the retained earnings from previous years has been charged with SEK 1,741 m. 136 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Financial result SEK ’000

ASSETS INCOME/EXPENSE 2002 2001

Properties Income 44 498 47 893 Realized capital gains/losses 36 503 – Depreciation –7 071 –8 090 Write-downs –17 900 –10 000 Other expenses –21 536 –20 012 Change in unrealized capital gains –32 333 –16 606

Total properties 2 161 –6 815

Shares Dividends 70 991 62 164 Realized capital gains/losses –514 330 488 477 Write-downs –1 079 018 – Change in unrealized capital gains 28 665 –1 385 662

Total shares –1 493 692 –835 021

Interest-bearing Bank funds Interest income 16 270 28 890 Foreign exchange gains/losses –32 956 55 210 Commercial papers Interest income 32 286 45 769 Bonds Interest income 78 154 92 613 Realized capital gains/losses 28 432 44 095 Change in unrealized capital gains 86 419 –33 943

Total interest-bearing assets 208 605 232 634

Interest expenses –3 578 –5 007 Financial expenses –3 352 –4 396

Financial result –1 289 856 –618 605 Annual Report 137

Income statement SEK ’000

NOTE 2002 2001

FOUNDATION INCOME Share dividends 70 991 62 164 Interst income 1 126 710 167 272 Result properties 2 34 494 9 791 Result from disposal and write-downs of financial instruments 3 –1 564 916 532 572 Foreign exchange result etc. 4 –30 065 56 610

FOUNDATION EXPENSES Financial expenses 5 –3 352 –4 396 Personnel expenses 6,7 –12 653 –15 879 External expenses 8 –5 904 –6 239 Depreciation of equipment 13 –473 –537 Interest expenses 2 –3 578 –5 007

Profit/loss for the year 18 –1 388 746 796 351

Change in unrealized capital gains 9 82 751 –1 436 211

Change in equity capital at market value before award of research grants 19 –1 305 995 –639 860 138 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Balance sheet SEK ’000

NOTE 31 DEC. 2002 31 DEC. 2001

BOOK MARKET BOOK MARKET VALUE VALUE VALUE VALUE

ASSETS FIXED ASSETS Tangible assets Properties 11,12 293 622 634 700 441 290 814 700 Investment in progress Sånglärkan 12 1 740 1 740 – – Equipment 13 679 679 875 875

Total tangible assets 296 041 637 119 442 165 815 575

Financial assets Bonds 14 1 675 539 1 837 184 1 666 576 1 741 803 Shares 15 2 653 857 2 711 021 4 348 115 4 376 614

Total financial assets 4 329 396 4 548 205 6 014 691 6 118 417

Total fixed assets 4 625 437 5 185 324 6 456 856 6 933 992

CURRENT ASSETS Other receivables 16 1 559 1 559 174 985 174 985 Deferred expenses and accrued income 17 34 803 34 803 39 502 39 502 Commercial papers 988 496 988 496 790 729 790 729 Cash and bank 513 917 513 917 798 806 798 806

Total current assets 1 538 775 1 538 775 1 804 022 1 804 022 Total assets 6 164 212 6 724 099 8 260 878 8 738 014 Annual Report 139

NOTE 31 DEC. 2002 31 DEC. 2001

BOOK MARKET BOOK MARKET VALUE VALUE VALUE VALUE

EQUITY CAPITAL AND LIABILITIES RESTRICTED CAPITAL 18,19 Donation capital 2 327 883 2 327 883 2 278 441 2 278 441 NON-RESTRICTED CAPITAL 18,19 Humanities and Social Donation 1 683 386 1 683 386 1 647 633 1 647 633 Retained earnings 23 1 733 326 2 293 213 3 557 238 4 034 374

Total equity capital 5 744 595 6 304 482 7 483 312 7 960 448

PROVISIONS Provisions for pensions 2 343 2 343 2 432 2 432

Total provisions 2 343 2 343 2 432 2 432

LONG-TERM LIABILITIES Mortgage loans 65 100 65 100 114 031 114 031

Total long-term liabilities 65 100 65 100 114 031 114 031

CURRENT LIABILITIES Grants approved but not yet disbursed 327 254 327 254 354 637 354 637 Accounts payable 2 810 2 810 1 615 1 615 Other current liabilities 20 13 455 13 455 296 444 296 444 Accrued expenses and deferred income 21 8 655 8 655 8 407 8 407

Total current liabilities 352 174 352 174 661 103 661 103 Total current liabilities and provisions 419 617 419 617 777 566 777 566 Total equity capital and liabilities 6 164 212 6 724 099 8 260 878 8 738 014

PLEDGED ASSETS Property mortgages 22 67 914 117 914

CONTINGENT LIABILITIES Grants approved to be disbursed from return in the year ahead 138 362 105 942 140 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Accounting and valuation principles

The Annual Report and the accounting and valuation principles utilized are in conformity with the Swedish Annual Accounts Act.

valuation of tangible assets Valuation book values Tangible assets are valued at acquisition value with deductions for write-downs and linear depreciation. Here, the following percentages are adopted for annual depreciation: Buildings 2% Equipment 20% Computers acquired before 1999 20% Computers acquired after 1998 33.33% Land is valued at acquisition value less requisite write-downs. Investments in software both developed in-house and acquired are expensed as incurred.

Valuation The market values of properties are based on external valuations per- market values formed by independent valuation ﬁrms. Equipment and computers are valued at book value.

valuation of financial assets

Valuation book values Share-related securities are valued individually at acquisition value less requisite write-downs. Interest-bearing securities are valued collectively at acquisition value less requisite write-downs. Accrued interest on coupon bonds is shown as accrued income in the balance sheet. Zero coupon bonds are valued at accrued acquisition value. Foreign securities are valued on the basis of the lowest of the exchange rate at the time of acquisition and the exchange rate at the balance sheet date.

Valuation Interest-bearing and share-related securities are valued at real value. By market values real value is normally meant the closing rate on the balance sheet date. Foreign securities are valued on the basis of the exchange rate on the balance sheet date.

valuation of current assets

Valuation book value Receivables are posted at the amount, which after individual assessment is estimated to be paid. Receivables in foreign currency are valued on the basis of the exchange rate on the balance sheet date. Annual Report 141

Accrued interest on commercial papers is entered as accrued income in the balance sheet. Bank deposits in foreign currency are valued at the exchange rate on the balance sheet date.

Valuation Market values correspond to book values. market values

valuation liabilities

Liabilities in foreign currency are valued on the basis of the exchange rate on the balance date.

approved research grants

Approved research grants are reported directly against non-restricted equity capital and are debited at the time the decision is taken.

equity capital

At book value Booked equity capital comprises restricted and non-restricted equity capital. The restricted equity capital (donation capital) consists of the Bank of Sweden Donation and Erik Rönnberg’s Donations. According to the donation conditions, the real value of these donations is to be maintained over time. That will be done through an annual allocation to restricted capital, which is calculated on the basis of the development of the Swedish consumer price index over the year. The restricted equity capital is not accessible for distribution. Non-restricted equity capital consists of the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation and the retained earnings. In the case of the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation, the donation conditions state that its capital may be used for research grants. Within the scope of the non-restricted equity capital, an allocation is however done in order to maintain the real value of the Donation. The retained earnings consist of proﬁts less allocation for maintaining the real value of the Donations and less approved research grants. According to a decision taken by the Board 1992, the lowest amount for the retained earnings shall be equal to a normal three-year distribution of research funds.

At market value The equity capital at market value corresponds to the Foundation’s net assets, i.e. assets less liabilities at market values. 142 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Notes AMOUNTS IN SEK ’000

Note 1. Interest income

2002 2001

Bank 16 270 28 890 Commercial papers 32 286 45 769 Bonds 78 154 92 613

Total 126 710 167 272

Note 2. Result properties

2002 2001

Income from rents 44 498 47 893 Income from disposal of property 36 503 – Depreciation –7 071 –8 090 Write-downs –17 900 –10 000 Other expenses –21 536 –20 012

Total 34 494 9 791

Of the property income, 2 482 constitutes an estimated internal rent for the Foundation’s own premises. The interest expense reported in the income statement relates to loans secured against the Foundation’s properties. See also notes 11 and 12.

Note 3. Result from disposal and write-downs of financial instruments

2002 2001

Capital result shares –514 330 488 477 Write-downs shares –1 079 018 – Capital result bonds 28 432 44 095

Total –1 564 916 532 572

Note 4. Foreign exchange result etc.

2002 2001

Unutilized grants 1 818 1 226 Reimbursement from SPP 1 072 – Foreign exchange result unrealized –32 956 55 210 Miscellaneous 1 174

Total –30 065 56 610 Annual Report 143

Note 5. Financial expenses

2002 2001

Safe-custody charge 1 270 1 731 Management fees 880 1 547 Other financial expenses 1 202 1 118

Total 3 352 4 396

Note 6. Salaries, other remuneration and social security costs

2002 2001

Salaries and other remuneration: Board and Managing Director 1 621 1 619 Other staff 5 579 5 848 Accrued salaries 100 2 280

Total 7 300 9 747

Social security costs 4 652 5 733 – of which pension costs 1 842 2 069 Of pension costs 467 (591) relate to the Board and Managing Director.

Note 7. Average number of employees

2002 2001

Women 6 6 Men 7 7

Total 1313

Note 8. Remuneration to auditors

2002 2001

Öhrlings PricewaterhouseCoopers 246 119

Total 246 119

Note 9. Change in unrealized gains

2002 2001 CHANGE

Shares 57 165 28 500 28 665 Bonds 161 645 75 226 86 419 Properties 341 077 373 410 –32 333

Total 559 887 477 136 82 751 144 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Note 10. Allocation for maintenance of real value

The average consumer price index in 2002 was 272.9. The corresponding index for 2001 was 267.1, giving an increase between 2001 and 2002 of 2.17%. The indexed real value of the donation capital (restricted capital) will therefore increase by 2 278 441 x 0.0217 = 49 442 while the Humanities and Social Donation (non-restricted capital) is increased by 1 647 633 x 0.0217 = 35 753. See also note 18 and 19.

Note 11. Properties

BOOK MARKET VALUE VALUE

Styrpinnen 23, Stockholm 33 835 108 000 Claus Mortensen 24, Malmö 77 594 102 700 Brännaren 7, Stockholm 15 939 50 000 Kampsången 4, Stockholm 10 898 32 000 Sländan 2, Stockholm 8 024 30 000 Trädlärkan 2, Stockholm 14 998 30 000 Rekryten 6, Stockholm 25 477 75 000 Snöklockan 1, Stockholm 22 188 52 000 Jasminen 4, Stockholm 15 090 33 500 Apelträdet 5, Stockholm 14 339 27 500 Hjorten 17, Stockholm 17 257 56 000 Sånglärkan 12, Stockholm 37 983 38 000

Total 293 622 634 700

The properties are owned by 100%. Annual Report 145

Note 12. Properties

2002 2001

Buildings Acquisition values, brought forward 404 500 403 604 Investments for the year – 896 Disposal of building for the year –101 882 –

Accumulated acquisition values, carried forward 302 618 404 500

Depreciation, brought forward –64 957 –56 867 Disposal of building for the year 17 785 – Depreciation for the year –6 052 –8 090

Accumulated depreciation, carried forward –53 224 –64 957

Write-downs, brought forward –64 958 –58 258 Disposal of building for the year 14 258 – Write-downs for the year –12 000 –6 700

Accumulated write-downs, carried forward –62 700 –64 958

Land Acquisition values, brought forward 214 747 214 747 Investments for the year – – Disposal of land for the year –79 619 –

Accumulated acquisition values, carried forward 135 128 214 747

Write-downs, brought forward –48 042 –44 742 Disposal of land for the year 25 742 – Write-downs for the year –5 900 –3 300

Accumulated write-downs, carried forward –28 200 –48 042

Residual value according to plan, carried forward 293 622 441 290

Tax-assessment values, buildings 296 690 317 904 Tax-assessment values, land 164 954 191 897

The market values of properties are specified in note 11. See also note 2. 146 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Note 13. Equipment

2002 2001

Acquisition values, brought forward 4 207 3 815 Purchases 292 392 Sales and rejects –1 017 –

Accumulated acquisition values, carried forward 3 482 4 207

Depreciation, brought forward –3 332 –2 795 Sales and rejects 1 002 – Depreciation of the year –473 –537

Accumulated depreciation, carried forward –2 803 –3 332

Residual value according to plan, carried forward 679 875

Note 14. Bonds

MATURITY YEAR NOMINAL BOOK MARKET VALUE VALUE VALUE

Swedish nominal-interest bonds 2003 150 000 150 554 150 566 2005 200 000 198 582 202 982 2006 150 000 151 651 151 477 2007 100 000 100 149 102 875 2009 310 000 316 201 323 311

Total 917 137 931 211

Swedish real-interest bonds 2004 80 000 84 751 87 818 2008 200 000 192 488 240 984 2015 278 000 287 335 315 577 2020 100 000 93 828 127 245

Total 658 402 771 624 Total bonds 1 575 539 1 702 835

Interest-bearing fund Nektar 100 000 134 349

Total 100 000 134 349 Grand total 1 675 539 1 837 184 Annual Report 147

109 Strindberg’s Books 148 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Note 15. Shares

SWEDISH SHARES NUMBER BOOK MARKET VALUE VALUE

ABB 220 000 5 478 5 478 Allgon B 76 100 913 913 Assa Abloy B 350 000 34 825 34 825 Astra Zeneca 355 000 108 630 108 630 Atlas Copco A 250 000 42 500 42 500 Axis 495 000 6 426 9 108 Ballingslöv 96 000 5 280 5 280 Bergman & Beving B 622 000 24 192 26 745 Biora 25 000 323 323 Boliden 250 000 3 600 3 600 Electrolux B 320 000 44 000 44 000 Ericsson B 15 465 844 94 342 94 342 Expanda B 250 000 7 025 7 025 Finnveden B 290 500 7 379 7 379 FöreningsSparbanken A 1 130 000 116 390 116 390 Gambro B 359 600 17 405 17 405 Haldex 130 000 10 140 10 140 Hennes & Mauritz B 1 000 000 168 000 168 000 Holmen B 65 000 13 550 13 748 Hufvudstaden A 456 000 12 312 12 312 IFS B 424 400 1 888 1 888 Industrivärden A 237 500 23 750 23 750 Industrivärden C 198 000 18 017 18 017 Intentia B 199 500 3 471 3 471 Investor B 850 000 44 200 44 200 JC 135 000 4 455 4 455 JM B 223 900 36 272 36 272 Kinnevik B 40 000 3 480 3 480 Lagercrantz Group B 558 600 10 613 10 613 Lundbergs B 208 000 37 635 40 560 Mekonomen B 100 000 11 092 23 900 MTG B 75 200 5 302 5 302 NCC B 189 000 10 017 10 017 Neonet 201 000 1 446 1 446 Nexus 200 000 1 650 1 650 Nokia SDB 240 000 33 120 33 120 Nolato B 30 000 900 900 Nordea 1 600 000 61 440 61 440 Observer 221 520 7 532 7 532 Annual Report 149

SWEDISH SHARES NUMBER BOOK MARKET VALUE VALUE

Pandox 90 000 6 264 6 570 PartnerTech 126 300 2 981 2 981 Perbio Science 75 000 7 425 7 425 Pergo 340 000 5 372 5 372 Proffice B 594 000 11 405 11 405 Pyrosequencing A 207 800 1 642 1 642 Sandvik 160 000 31 120 31 120 SCA B 350 000 86 542 102 900 Scandiaconsult 400 000 14 775 15 120 Scania B 200 000 33 700 33 700 SEB A 700 000 50 750 50 750 Skandia 2 465 000 57 188 57 188 Skanditek A 816 000 8 405 8 405 Skanska B 1 300 000 66 300 66 300 SKF B 100 000 22 600 22 600 SSAB B 200 000 17 686 19 500 Svedbergs 247 700 21 055 21 055 Svenska Handelsbanken A 630 000 73 080 73 080 Tele 2 B 165 000 38 033 38 033 Telelogic 550 000 3 410 3 410 TeliaSonera 1 826 862 59 921 59 921 Teligent 183 500 1 596 1 596 Trelleborg B 335 200 23 632 23 632 Volvo B 200 000 28 400 28 400

Total Swedish shares 1 712 272 1 752 261 150 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

FOREIGN SHARES NUMBER BOOK MARKET VALUE VALUE

Denmark Auriga B 72 400 5 125 5 112 D/S 1912 B 500 30 810 30 513 Danisco 30 000 8 826 8 859 DSV 50 000 10 558 10 560 Group 4 Falck 50 000 9 178 9 179 Jyske Bank 30 000 7 149 7 073 Topdanmark 50 000 12 526 12 586 Vestas Wind 90 000 7 830 7 791 Finland Kone B 30 000 7 874 7 824 Metsä Tissue 615 000 55 966 58 866 M-Real B 306 500 21 221 22 352 Nokia A 440 000 62 893 60 767 Nordea 400 000 15 764 15 570 Novo Group 539 750 11 556 11 464 Tecnomen 423 238 2 010 1 968 Tieto-X 254 000 4 222 4 538 Uponor 50 000 8 990 8 879 Germany DaimlerChrysler 25 000 6 645 6 689 SAP 15 000 10 280 10 326 Siemens 30 000 11 262 11 076 Wella 10 000 5 229 5 196 Netherlands Euronext 25 000 4 834 4 720 V N U 15 000 3 447 3 398 France Aventis 30 000 13 101 13 127 Axa 115 000 13 605 13 408 BNP Paribas 25 000 8 819 8 849 Carrefour 40 000 15 742 15 472 Havas Advertising 175 000 5 936 5 903 Hermes 13 000 15 543 15 595 Pinault Printemps 12 000 7 682 7 668 Remy Cointreau 25 000 6 812 6 769 Renault 30 000 12 101 12 246 Société Generale A 17 000 8 572 8 601 Total Fina Elf 22 000 26 760 27 295 Great Britain Aviva 100 000 6 494 6 196 BT Group 100 000 2 980 2 727 Compass Group 300 000 14 718 13 847 GlaxoSmithKline 200 000 36 229 33 344 Serco Group 300 000 6 875 6 420 Annual Report 151

FOREIGN SHARES NUMBER BOOK MARKET VALUE VALUE

Switzerland Roche 30 000 16 118 18 167 USA* AT&T Wireless 125 000 7 434 6 131 Citigroup 70 000 22 402 21 385 Foundry Networks 140 000 10 062 8 556 General Electric 30 000 6 742 6 342 Merck US 46 000 26 771 22 607 Pfizer 71 600 21 118 19 002 Schering Plough 50 000 11 029 9 636 Service Corp 161 500 5 653 4 655 Sun Microsystems 250 000 8 196 6 750 Toys R Us 25 000 2 473 2 170 Trinity Industries 137 500 26 468 22 633 Total foreign shares 690 630 670 807 Write-downs currencies –19 823 Total foreign shares after write-downs 670 807 670 807

Externally managed share portfolio SEB America 149 607 113 653 Write-downs –35 954

SEB America after write-downs 113 653 113 653

External share investment funds Eikos 50 000 58 282 Zenit 100 000 108 893

Valhalla 7 200 7 125 Exchange rate write-downs –75 Valhalla after write-downs 7 125 7 125

Total external share investment funds 157 125 174 300

Grand total shares 2 653 857 2 711 021

* Flexible currency hedge The Foundation has hedged foreign assets amounting to 5 MUSD at the price of 9.32 SEK/USD by using a so called “Flexible currency hedge”. This currency hedge consists of two different currency options: one put option, bought by the Foundation, which gives the owner a right to sell USD at the price of 9.32 SEK/USD and one so called “Reversed knock-in call option”, sold by the Foundation. The “Reversed knock-in call option” gives the Foundation an obligation to sell 5 MUSD at the price of 9.32 SEK/USD if the USD spot rate, at any time during the period between June 24 2002 and June 24 2003, reaches 10.525 SEK/USD or higher. The spot rate, at December 31 2002, was 8.68 SEK/USD. 152 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Note 16. Other receivables

2002 2001

Rental receivables etc. 3 84 Claim on SPP 1 072 – Securities sold but not paid for – 174 286 Miscellaneous 484 615

Total 1 559 174 985

Note 17. Deferred expenses and accrued income

2002 2001

Accrued interest 34 231 38 876 Deferred expenses 572 626

Total 34 803 39 502

Not 18. Equity capital, book value

RESTRICTED CAPITAL* NON-RESTRICTED CAPITAL EQUITY CAPITAL

HUMANITIES AND RETAINED SOCIAL SCIENCES DON. EARNINGS

Equity capital 31 Dec. 2001 3 009 419 4 473 893 7 483 312 Transference of Humanities and Social Sciences Donation –1 500 000 1 500 000 Allocation for maintenance of real value of donation capital 1989–2001 769 022 –769 022 Allocation for maintenance of real value 1994–2001 147 633 –147 633

Adjusted equity capital, 31 Dec. 2001 2 278 441 1 647 633 3 557 238 7 483 312 Allocation for maintenance of real value of donation capital 49 442 35 753 –85 195 Profit/loss for the year –1 388 746 –1 388 746 Research grants approved –349 971 –349 971

Equity capital 31 Dec. 2002 2 327 883 1 683 386 1 733 326 5 744 595

* Bank of Sweden Donation and Erik Rönnberg's Donations. Annual Report 153

Not 19. Equity capital, market value

RESTRICTED CAPITAL* NON-RESTRICTED CAPITAL EQUITY CAPITAL

HUMANITIES AND RETAINED SOCIAL SCIENCES DON. EARNINGS

Equity capital 31 Dec. 2001 3 926 074 4 034 374 7 960 448 Transference of Humanities and Social Sciences Donation –1 647 633 1 647 633

Adjusted equity capital, 31 Dec. 2001 2 278 441 1 647 633 4 034 374 7 960 448 Allocation for maintenance of real value of donation capital 49 442 35 753 –85 195 Change in equity capital at market value –1 305 995 –1 305 995 Research grants approved –349 971 –349 971

Equity capital 31 Dec. 2002 2 327 883 1 683 386 2 293 213 6 304 482

* Bank of Sweden Donation and Erik Rönnberg's Donations.

Note 20. Other current liabilities

2002 2001

Employees' tax at source 420 533 Securities purchased but not paid for 12 037 291 326 Rent deposits – 60 Tax owed 119 744 Management of funds from SIDA – 393 Management of funds from the Swedish Research Council 740 2 944 Management of funds from the Riksdag 139 144 Atrium properties – 51 Current part of mortgage loan – 249

Total 13 455 296 444

Note 21. Accrued expenses and deferred income

2002 2001

Social costs 367 458 Holidays earned in advance, but not utilized 500 554 Special (salary) tax on pension insurance premiums 454 501 Accrued salaries 2 311 3 028 Accrued interest on mortgage loans 348 490 Deferred rental income 3 664 1 953 Miscellaneous, properties 728 1 047 Other accrued expenses 283 376

Total 8 655 8 407 154 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Note 22. Pledged securities

2002 2001

For own allocations and debts In respect of liabilities for secured loans Property mortgage 67 914 117 914

Total 67 914 117 914

Note 23. Approved grants for research

2002 2001

Grants from the Bank of Sweden Donation, incl. the Nils-Eric Svensson Fund 118 360 118 003 Grants from the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation 230 716 231 367 Grants from Erik Rönnberg's Donation for research on ageing and age-related illnesses 675 705 Grants from Erik Rönnberg's Donation for research on illnesses during the early childhood years 220 220

Total 349 971 350 295

For more detailed information, see the sections “New research projects in 2002" (page 61) and "Statistical information on research grants" (page 115). stockholm 7 february 2002

Eva Österberg Sonia Karlsson Per Bill Chair Vice Chair

Johan Bygge Bernt Ekholm Christer Jönsson

Lars-Erik Klangby Lennart Kollmats Mats Larsson

Lars Lilja Majléne Westerlund Panke Rune Åberg

Dan Brändström Managing Director

Audit Report

We have examined the Annual Report, the accounting records and the administration by the Board of Trustees of the Stiftelsen Riksbankens Jubileumsfond for the year 2001. The Board of Trustees is responsible for the accounts and the administration of the Foundation. Our responsibility is to express our opinion concerning the Annual Report and the administration on the basis of our audit. This audit has been conducted in accordance with generally accepted accounting standards in Sweden. These standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance that the Annual Report is free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the accounts. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and their application by the Board of Trustees, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of information in the Annual Report. We have examined signiﬁcant decisions, actions taken and circumstances of the Foundation in order to be able to assess whether any member of the Board of Trustees is liable to pay dam- ages to the Foundation, whether there are grounds for dismissal or whether any member of the Board of Trustees has, by any other means, contravened the Foundation Act or the Deed of Foundation. We are of the opinion that our audit gives reasonable grounds for our statements below. The Annual Report has been prepared in accordance with the Foundation Act. The members of the Board of Trustees have not contravened the Foundation Act or the Deed of Foundation. stockholm 11 february 2003

PricewaterhouseCoopers AB

Ulrika Granholm Dahl authorized public accountant 155 156 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

donations at

market value AMOUNTS IN SEK ’000

The funds administered by the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation are derived from ﬁve different donations. • The donation from the Bank of Sweden to promote and support scien- tiﬁc research • the Bank of Sweden Donation • The Nils-Eric Svensson Fund • The Humanities and Social Sciences Donation • Erik Rönnberg’s Donation for research on ageing and age-related illnesses • Erik Rönnberg’s Donation for research on illnesses during the early childhood years (For a more detailed description of the purposes of the various donations, please refer to the section “Activities in support of research”.) All funds donated to the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation are managed jointly. The yields of the various donations are, however, earmar- ked for different purposes. The Foundation’s total yield on managed funds must therefore be split between these donations.

At the beginning of 2002 the market values of the various donations were as follows:

1. Bank of Sweden Donation, including the Nils-Eric Svensson Fund 5 172 008 (64,9713%) 2. Humanities and Social Sciences Donation 2 765 358 (34,7387%) 3. Erik Rönnberg’s Donation for research on ageing and age-related illnesses 17 623 (0,2214%) 4. Erik Rönnberg’s Donation for research on illnesses during the early childhood years 5 459 (0,0686%) total capital at market value on 31 dec. 2001 7 960 448 Donations at Market Value 157

The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation’s total return in 2002 (reported proﬁt for the year + change in unrealized gains = –1 388 746 + 82 751 = –1 305 995) is to be allocated proportionately to the various donations.

1. The Bank of Sweden Donation, including the Nils-Eric Svensson Fund

Value, brought forward 5 172 008 Share of total return for the year –848 522 Grants for the year –118 360 market value on 31 dec. 2002 4 205 126

The grants from the Nils-Eric Svensson Fund have no direct link to the return on managed funds. The Board of the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation has undertaken to ensure that the grants made each year can amount to a particular sum – which for 2002 is 300. The donation is to be regarded as used up by the end of 2015. In this summary the Nils-Eric Svensson Fund has therefore been combined with the Bank of Sweden Donation.

2. Humanities and Social Sciences Donation

Value, brought forward 2 765 358 Share of total return for the year –453 686 Grants for the year –230 716 market value on 31 dec. 2002 2 080 956

3. Erik Rönnberg’s Donation for research on ageing and age-related illnesses

Value, brought forward 17 623 Share of total return for the year –2 891 Grants for the year –675 market value on 31 dec. 2002 14 057

4. Erik Rönnberg’s Donation for research on illnesses during the early childhood years

Value, brought forward 5 459 Share of total return for the year –896 Grants for the year –220 market value on 31 dec. 2002 4 343

total capital at market value on 31 dec. 2002 6 304 482

The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation 159

Publications by the Foundation

Research reviews and documentation from Liv. Verk. Tid. Till biograﬁskrivandets renässans (Life, symposia, conferences etc. arranged by the Bank of Works, Times. For the Renaissance of Biography). Sweden Tercentenary Foundation are published Book issued in cooperation with the Royal either in series form or as independent publications. Academy of Music (Publications Series No. 82). The staff of the Foundation’s secretariat will gladly Tabergs tryckeri AB (1995) supply information about the contents of the In the Eye of the Beholder: Opinions on Welfare and publications as well as the addresses to which orders Justice in a Comparative Perspective. Editor: Stefan should be sent. Thirty-six volumes in the series have Svallfors. The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary appeared between 1977 and 1989. The books Foundation in association with Impello, Umeå published since 1990 are as follows: (1995) Riksdagsutskotten inifrån. Tretton ledamöters Forskning i ett föränderligt samhälle, Stiftelsen hågkomster (The Parliamentary Standing Riksbankens Jubileumsfond 1965–1990. Editors: Committees from the inside. Recollections of Kjell Härnqvist and Nils-Eric Svensson, Gidlunds thirteen members). Editor: Lars Gustafsson, Bokförlag (1990) Gidlunds Bokförlag (1996) Swedish Research in a Changing Society, The Bank of Björn von Sydow: Parlamentarismen i Sverige. Sweden Tercentenary Foundation 1965–1990. Edited Utveckling och utformning till 1945 by Kjell Härnqvist and Nils-Eric Svensson, (Parliamentarianism in Sweden. Evolution and Gidlunds Bokförlag (1990) shaping until 1945). Gidlunds Förlag (1997) Riksdagen inifrån. Tolv riksdagsledamöters hågkomster, War Experience, Self-Image and National Identity: erfarenheter och lärdomar. (The Riksdag from The Second World War as Myth and History, within. Twelve Members of Parliament recollect Editors: Stig Ekman and Nils Edling, Gidlunds their experiences and lessons learned). Editor: Förlag (1997) Nils Stjernquist, Gidlunds Bokförlag (1991) Trying to Make Democracy Work. The Nordic Att åldras. Rapport från ett symposium om forskning Parliaments and the European Union. Editor: kring åldrande och åldrandets sjukdomar (Growing Matti Wiberg, Gidlunds Förlag (1997) Old. Report from a symposium on ageing and Forskningens roll i offensiv kulturarvsvård (The role age-related diseases). Editor: Bengt Pernow, of research in assertive care of cultural heritage). Gidlunds Bokförlag (1992) Report from a seminar on 14 November 1996, Riksdagen genom tiderna (The Riksdag: a history of Gidlunds Förlag (1997) the Swedish Parliament). H. Schück, G. Rystad, Promoting Cultural Research for Human Development. M.F. Metcalf, S. Carlsson & N. Stjernquist, Report on seminars held by the Bank of Sweden (1992, second edition) Tercentenary Foundation within the framework of Europa – historiens återkomst (Europe – the return of his- the Intergovernmental Conference on Cultural tory). Editor: Sven Tägil, Gidlunds Bokförlag (1992) Policies for Development (“The Power of Culture”) in Research Funding and Quality Assurance. A Stockholm, 30 March–2 April, 1998. Editor: Carl- symposium in honorem Nils-Eric Svensson. Gidlunds Johan Kleberg, Gidlunds Förlag (1998) Bokförlag (1993) Arkitekturforskning med betydelse för konst och Bengt Wieslander: The Parliamentary Ombudsman gestaltning – inventering och kommentarer. in Sweden. Gidlunds Bokförlag (1994) (Architectural research of signiﬁcance for art and Bengt Wieslander: JO-ämbetet i Sverige. Gidlunds interpretation – a catalogue and comments). Bokförlag (1995) Björn Linn, Jan Ahlin och Gunilla Enhörning. Parlamentarismen i de nordiska länderna: En egen Published by Chalmers University of Technology modell? (Parliamentarianism in the Scandinavian and the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary countries. A distinctive model?). Editor: Nils Foundation, Teknolog Tryck (1998) Stjernquist, Gidlunds Bokförlag (1995) 160 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Kulturarvet, museerna och forskningen (Cultural Förståelse och inlevelse i lärandet. Rapport från ett heritage, museums and research). Report from a seminarium om konstens och kulturens roll i skola och conference on 13–14 November, 1997. Editors: lärarutbildning. (Understanding and insight in Annika Alzén & Magdalena Hillström, Gidlunds learning: Report from a seminar on the role of Förlag (1999) art and culture in school and teacher training). Konkursinstitutets betydelse i svensk ekonomi (The Editor: Egon Hemlin, Gidlunds Förlag (2001) importance of bankruptcy in the Swedish Björn Hettne: Kultur – Säkerhet – Hållbar economy). Editors: Karl Gratzer & Hans samhällsutveckling (Culture – Security – Sjögren. Gidlunds Förlag (1999) Sustainable development). Gidlunds Förlag Globalisering, ideologi och nationell politik (2001) (Globalization, Ideology and National Policy). Staden, husen och tiden: Rapport från seminarieserien Editor: Håkan Holmberg, Gidlunds Förlag (1999) Staden – allas rum, samt reflektioner om stadens Kultur och kreativitet i lärarutbildningen. Rapport egenart (The City, Dwellings and Times: Report från två seminarier (Culture and Creativity in from a series of seminars on: “The City – a room Teacher Training. Report from two seminars). for all, and reflections on its distinctive Editor: Egon Hemlin, Gidlunds Förlag (1999) character”). Björn Linn, Gunilla Enhörning & Den vackra nyttan. Om hemslöjd i Sverige (Attractive Hans Fog (2001) and Useful. About handicraft in Sweden). Europe. The Return of History. Editor: Sven Tägil, Editor: Gunilla Lundahl. Gidlunds Förlag (1999) Academic Press (2001) Vetenskapsbärarna. Naturvetenskapen i det svenska Tage Erlander: Dagböcker 1945–1949 (Tage Erlander: samhället, 1880–1950 (The Bearers of Science. Diaries, 1945–1949). Edited by Sven Erlander, Natural science in Swedish society 1880–1950). Gidlunds Förlag (2001) Editor: Sven Widmalm. Gidlunds Förlag (1999) Tage Erlander: Dagböcker 1950–1951 (Tage Erlander: Magnus Isberg: Riksdagsledamoten i sin partigrupp. Diaries, 1950–1951). Edited by Sven Erlander, 52 riksdagsveteraners erfarenheter av partigruppernas Gidlunds Förlag (2001) arbetssätt och inflytande (Members of Parliament Rösträtten 80 år. Forskarantologi (Eighty Years of in their party faction. The experiences of 52 Suffrage: Research Anthology). Editor: Christer parliamentary veterans of the modus operandi Jönsson, Swedish Information Service (2001) and influence of party factions). Gidlunds Förlag När Tage Erlander styrde landet. Rapport från ett (1999) seminarium i Riksdagshuset 19 september 2001. Jan Johansson: Hur blir man riksdagsledamot? En (When Tage Erlander governed the country. undersökning av makt och inflytande i partiernas Report from a seminar in the Riksdag on nomineringsprocesser (How does one become a 19 September 2001). Editor: Leif Andersson. member of the Riksdag? An investigation of Gidlunds Förlag (2002) power and influence in the party nomination Tage Erlander: Dagböcker 1952. (Tage Erlander: processes). Gidlunds Förlag (1999) Diaries, 1952). Edited by Sven Erlander. Gidlunds Den representativa demokratins framtid. Seminarium Förlag (2002) vid Umeå universitet (The future of the Colin Mercer: Towards Cultural Citizenship: Tools for representative democracy. Seminar at the Cultural Policy and Development. Gidlunds Förlag University of Umeå), 18 October, 1999. Gidlunds (2002) Förlag (2000) Creative Europe: On Governance and Management of Musik, Medier, Mångkultur – förändringar i svenska Artistic Creativity in Europe. An ERICarts Report musiklandskap (Music, Media, Multi-culture – presented to the Network of European Foundations changes in Swedish musical landscapes). Dan for Innovative Co-operation (NEF). Danielle Lundberg, Krister Malm & Owe Ronström. Cliche, Ritva Mitchell, Andreas Wiesand (Eds.). Gidlunds Förlag (2000) European Research Institute for Comparative Ekonomisk brottslighet och nationalstatens kontrollmakt Cultural Policy and the Arts (ERICarts) (2002) (Economic crime and the nation-state’s power of control). Editors: Leif Appelgren & Hans Sjögren, Gidlunds Förlag (2001) The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation 161

The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

board of trustees finance committee 1 November 2002–31 October 2003 1 Director Lars-Erik Klangby (Chair) Director Johan Bygge Members Professor Eva Österberg, 2 Chair Sonia Karlsson, MP (s), Vice Chair auditors Professor Christer Jönsson The auditors to the Riksdag are the Foundation’s 2 Professor Mats Larsson external auditors according to the Act (1988:46) Professor Rune Åberg relating to Audits of the Parliamentary Director Lars-Erik Klangby Administration etc. The auditors appointed by the 2 Director Johan Bygge Board of Trustees in accordance with the statutes of Per Bill MP (m) the Foundation are Öhrlings Pricewaterhouse- Berndt Ekholm MP (s) Coopers. Principal Auditor: Ulrika Granholm Dahl 2 Lennart Kollmats MP (fp) (Authoriszed Public Accountant). Lars Lilja MP (s) 2 Majléne Westerlund Panke MP (s) 2 preparatory committees (s) Social Democratic Party 2002–2003 (m) Moderate (conservative) Party (fp) Liberal Party Preparatory committee 1 Deputies Professor Mats Larsson, Economic History, Professor Eva Haettner Aurelius 2 Uppsala University (Chair) Lena Sandlin-Hedman, MP (s) Professor, Claes Göran Alvstam, Culture Professor Claes Sandgren Geography, Gothenburg University Professor Margareta Ihse 2 Professor Anders Björklund, National Economy, Professor Jan-Eric Gustafsson Stockholm School of Economics Professor Riitta Hjerppe, Economic History, Anne-Marie Pålsson MP (m) 2 Helsinki University Hans Hoff MP MP (s) Professor Margareta Ihse, Natural Resource Yvonne Ångström MP (fp) 2 Management, Stockholm University Christina Nenes Mp (s) 2 Professor Bengt Jacobsson, Business Economics, Ronny Olander MP (s) 2 Södertörn University College MPs Hans Hoff, Anne-Marie Pålsson and Yvonne Ångström advisory committee Professor Eva Österberg (Chair) Sonia Karlsson, MP Director Lars-Erik Klangby

1. The mandatary period for Professor Stig Strömholm (Chair), Professor Gunnar Törnqvist, MPs Lars Bäckström, Åke Gustavsson, Chris Heister and Tuve Skånberg, and Director Hillevi Rosenquist terminated on 31 October 2002. 2. Took up duty as from 1 November 2002. 162 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation 163

Preparatory committee 2 Professor Ella Johansson, Ethnology, Humboldt- Professor Rune Åberg, Sociology, Umeå University Universität zu Berlin (Chair) Professor Sven-Eric Liedman, History of Ideas, Professor Peter Allebeck, Social Medicine, Gothenburg University Gothenburg University Professor Thorleif Pettersson, Sociology of Professor Gunilla Bohlin, Psychology, Uppsala Religion, Uppsala University University Professor Wlodek Rabinowicz, Philosophy, Lund Assistant Professor Christina Garsten, Social University Anthropology, Stockholm University Professor Turid Karlsen Seim, New Testament Professor Jan-Eric Gustafsson, Pedagogics, Exegetics, University of Oslo Gothenburg University MPs Lennart Kollmats and Majléne Westerlund Professor Olli Kangas, Social Policy, Turku Panke University MPs Per Bill and Christina Nenes Preparatory committee 6 (The Humanities and Social Sciences Donation) Preparatory committee 3 Professor Eva Österberg, History, Lund University Professor Christer Jönsson, Political Science, Lund (Chair) University (Chair) Professor Peter Allebeck, Social Medicine, Professor Kent Asp, Media- and Communication Gothenburg University Science, Gothenburg University Professor Eva Haettner Aurelius, History of Professor Claes Sandgren, Law, Stockholm Literature, Lund University University Professor Annegret Heitmann, Scandinavian Professor Eivind Smith, Law, University of Oslo Studies, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Professor Bengt Swensson, Statistics, Örebro München, University Professor Riitta Hjerppe, Economic History, MPs Berndt Ekholm, Lars Lilja and Lena Sandlin- Helsingfors University Hedman Professor Margareta Ihse, Natural Resource Management, Stockholm University Preparatory committee 4 Professor Christer Jönsson, Political Science, Lund Professor Eva Haettner Aurelius, History of University Literature, Lund University (Chair) Professor Olli Kangas, Social Policy, Turku Professor Östen Dahl, Linguistics, Stockholm University University Assistant Professor Henrik Karlsson, Musicology, Professor Thomas Hall, History of Art, Stockholm SISTER University Professor Mats Larsson, Economic History, Assistant Professor Henrik Karlsson, Musicology, Uppsala University SISTER Professor Turid Karlsen Seim, New Testament Professor Annegret Heitmann, Scandinavian Exegetics, University of Oslo Studies, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Professor Eivind Smith, Law, University of Oslo München Professor Rune Åberg, Sociology, Umeå University Professor Brynja Svane, French Literature, Uppsala MPs Sonia Karlsson and Lennart Kollmats University MPs Sonia Karlsson and Ronny Olander

Preparatory committee 5 Professor Eva Österberg, History, Lund University (Chair) Professor Noel Broadbent, Archeology, Umeå University 164 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

sector committees Professor Peter Wallensteen Professor Mats Widgren Sector committee for research on the knowledge society Professor Lars-Olof Åhlberg Managing Director, Professor Dan Brändström Dr. Fredrik Lundmark (Secretary) (Chairman) Beatrice Ask, MP Professor Boel Berner graduate schools Professor Lars Engwall Professor Peter Gärdenfors Languages Professor Thorsten Nybom Professor Inge Jonsson (Chairman) Vice Chancellor, Professor Ingegerd Palmér Professor Lars Gunnar Andersson Professor Ulla Riis Professor Lennart Elmevik Professor Bo Rothstein Professor Gunnel Engwall Director Roger Svensson Professor Moira Linnarud Professor Sverker Sörlin Professor Inger Rosengren Majléne Westerlund Panke, MP Professor Astrid Stedje Dr. Kjell Blückert (Secretary) Research Director Mats Rolén (Secretary)

Sector committee for research into Culture – Security Mathematics – Sustainable Social Development Professor Hans Wallin (Chairman) Managing Director, Professor Dan Brändström Professor Mats Andersson (Chairman) Assistant Lecturer Maria Bjerneby Häll Professor Göran Bexell Assistant Lecturer Ulla Dellien, Berndt Ekholm, MP Lecturer Gerd Brandell Professor Björn Hettne Lecturer Barbro Grevholm Professor Alf Hornborg Lecturer Bengt Johansson Professor Magnus Jerneck Professor Christer Kiselman Director Lena Johansson Professor Mikael Passare Göran Lennmarker, MP Secondary school teacher Karin Wallby Director Anders Mellbourn Research Secretary Anna-Lena Winberg (Secretary) Professor Thorleif Pettersson Professor Birgitta Skarin Frykman The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation 165

secretariat Patrik Hellgren Telephone International: +46 8-50 62 64 00 Portfolio Manager Fax International: +46 8-50 62 64 35 08-50 62 64 16 Management: +46 8-50 62 64 31 [email protected] Finance Dept.: +46 8-50 62 64 30 Elisabeth Hong Research Dept. : +46 8-50 62 64 35 Accounts and Personnel E-mail: [email protected] 08-50 62 64 05 [email protected] Management Board Professor Dan Brändström Research Department Managing Director Dr. Kjell Blückert 08-50 62 64 02 Research Secretary [email protected] Preparatory committee 6, Ass. Professor Mats Rolén Infrastructural support Research Director 08-50 62 64 22 08-50 62 64 17 [email protected] [email protected] Dr. Fredrik Lundmark Björn Olsson Research Secretary Finance Director Preparatory committee 4 & 5 08-50 62 64 04 08-50 62 64 21 [email protected] [email protected]

Margareta Bulér Kerstin Stigmark Secretary to the Managing Director Research Secretary 08-50 62 64 01 Preparatory committee 1 & 3 [email protected] 08-50 62 64 07 [email protected] Annsofi Lövgren Office Assistant Anna-Lena Winberg 08-50 62 64 09 Research Secretary annsofi[email protected] Preparatory committee 2 08-50 62 64 08 Finance Department [email protected] Christina Alm Controller 08-50 62 64 14 [email protected] 166 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation Riksbankens Jubileumsfond 167

Picture captions

page 6 Moses smites water from the rock and page 76 Angkor Wat, Cambodia. Photo: manna falls from Heaven to feed the children Grant V. Faint, Image Bank. of Israel. (Exodus 16–17) Mural in page 90 Idun No. 48, Sunday 26 Nov. 1916 Härkeberga Church, Uppland, by Albertus page 101 Plutarch manuscript from Padua or Pictor, c. 1485. Photo: Pia Melin. Rome c. 1480, written by Lorenzo Dolobella page 9 Photo: Jonas Berggren and illustrated with 19 illuminations in the page 10 Photo: Hans Hammarskiöld classical style by Gaspare da Padova or his page 22 Preparing for reconnaissance on the school. A less well-known but first-class Svir Front in 1944. In the middle, the example of the magnificent Italian commander of IR 61 Regiment, Lieutenant Renaissance manuscripts. Linköping Colonel Alpo K. Marttinen, later a colonel in Diocesan and County Library, Class. Author the U.S. Army. Lieutenant Börje Mangs, 23, f. 278r later a Swedish citizen, reports on the page 114 Drummer, Morocco. Photo: Jean- operative plan to Lt. Col. Marttinen Francois Gate, Getty Images. page 33 Stina Ekblad and Marie Richardson page 126 Photo: Robert Blombäck, Bildhuset in the Royal Dramatic Theatre's production page 130 Photo: Nick Kodis, Getty Images of The Marquis de Sade. Directed by Ingmar page 147 Marginal notes made by Strindberg Bergman, Costumes by Charles Koroly. in Oscar Wilde's De Profundis. Photo: Bengt Wanselitz. page 4, 158–166 From the offices of the Bank page 42 Rounding up reindeer at the village of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation. Photo: of Mellanby, Lapland. Photo: Lars Paulsson. Jonas Berggren page 60 From Luca Pacioli, Divina proportione, Rome, 1509. Graphics & layout, illustrations editorial dept. Sandler Mergel, www.sandler.se English Translation Michael Knight Printed and reproduced by I & N Grafisk kommunikation Stiftelsen Riksbankens Jubileumsfond The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Postal address: Riksbankens Jubileumsfond, Box 5675, SE-114 86 Stockholm, Sweden Visits: Tyrgatan 4. Telephone International: +46 (0)8-50 62 64 00. Fax International: +46 (0)8-50 62 64 35 E-mail: [email protected]. Web site: www.rj.se. Postal Giro: 67 24 03-3