Changes in Rural Areas in Poland. Spatial and Technical Aspects
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Tomasz Budzyński, Sebastian Goraj, Marta Gwiaździńska‐Goraj, Wioleta Krupowicz, Agnieszka Szczepańska, Monika Wasilewicz‐Pszczółkowska, Michał Wrzosek CHANGES IN RURAL AREAS IN POLAND. SPATIAL AND TECHNICAL ASPECTS Zagreb, Croatia, 2015 Reviewers Katarzyna Sobolewska-Mikulska Katarzyna Kocur-Bera Scientific Editor Tomasz Budzyński Published by: Croatian Information Technology Society, GIS Forum 10 000 Zagreb, Ilica 191e, Croatia Copyright © Croatian Information Technology Society, GIS Forum, Croatia All rights reserved Number of copies: 100 ISBN 978‐953‐6129‐48‐5 Nacionalna knjižnica, Zagreb, Croatia 2 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 1. CHANGES IN AGRICULTURAL LAND USE AND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION IN NORTHERN POLAND IN 2002‐2010 .............................................................................................................................................................. 6 1.1. Materials and methods .................................................................................................................................................... 6 1.2. Results and discussion .................................................................................................................................................. 11 1.3. Conclusions ........................................................................................................................................................................ 21 2. CHANGES IN THE AREA OF THE GREEN LUNGS OF POLAND ............................................................................... 22 2.1. Forms of environmental protection in the area of the Green Lungs of Poland ................................... 23 2.2. Characteristics of the area of the Green Lungs of Poland in the aspect of land use and protected areas ................................................................................................................................................................. 24 2.3. Materials and methods ................................................................................................................................................. 29 2.4. Research results............................................................................................................................................................... 31 2.5. Conclusions ........................................................................................................................................................................ 39 3. PROCEDURE, CONDITIONS AND EFFECTS OF CONVERSION OF ARABLE LAND INTO BUILDING PLOTS BASED ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE DĘBE WIELKIE COMMUNE ..................................... 40 3.1. Legal and technical aspects of the procedure of conversion of arable land into building plots ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 1 3.1.1. Planning stage ........................................................................................................................................................ 41 3.1.2. Preparatory stage ................................................................................................................................................. 45 3.2. Conditions and effects of conversion of arable land into building plots in the Dębe Wielkie Commune ........................................................................................................................................................... 53 3.2.1. General description of the Dębe Wielkie Commune ............................................................................. 53 3.2.2. Conditions of conversion of arable land into building plots in the Dębe Wielkie Commune ................................................................................................................................................ 55 3.2.3. Effects of the process of conversion of arable land into building plots in the Dębe Wielkie Commune ................................................................................................................................................ 56 3.3. Conclusions ........................................................................................................................................................................ 59 4. NEW MATERIAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS FOR THE SURFACES OF AGRICULTURAL ROADS IN TERMS OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT .......................................................................................................................................................................... 60 4.1. Sustainable development of rural areas ............................................................................................................... 61 4.2. Classification of roads in Poland .............................................................................................................................. 62 4.3. Structure of agricultural roads in Poland ............................................................................................................. 64 4.4. Technologies of road surfaces using recycled materials ............................................................................... 70 4.5. Ecological surfaces ......................................................................................................................................................... 74 4.6. Comparative analysis of the surfaces of agricultural roads commonly applied in Poland and the world .................................................................................................................................................................... 76 4.7. Conclusions ........................................................................................................................................................................ 77 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 79 LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................................................................................. 84 LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................................................................................... 86 NOTES ON THE AUTHORS ................................................................................................................................................................ 87 3 INTRODUCTION This book presents current research on changes in rural areas in Poland. Particular attention has been paid to the spatial and technical aspects of these changes. The issue of the changes in Polish rural areas is the subject of numerous works and research interests. Particularly noteworthy subject related to rural transformation is agriculture, which plays an important role in the development of rural areas. Chapter 1 is an attempt to show the transformation of rural areas of Northern Polish, which occurred in the period between 2002 and 2010. This chapter contains only selected segments of the spatial structure of agriculture in combination with the structure of land use and agricultural production. For a more complete analysis and evaluation of the obtained spatial systems, in the research there are taken into account the influence of external conditions and the changes affecting agriculture. The scope of the chapter covers/refers to the time period between two Agricultural Censuses (2002‐2010) as especially important for changes in agriculture. For presentation of spatial differentiation of changes in agriculture and the direction of their development, thematic maps produced using GIS software are provided. Basic units for analysis are counties from 4 voivodeships: Pomeranian, West Pomeranian, Kuyavian‐Pomeranian, and Warmian‐Masurian. Chapter 2 concerns changes in the area of the Green Lungs of Poland. The region is situated in the north‐eastern part of the country, and it covers approximately 20% of Polish territory. The Green Lungs region covers the most valuable ecosystems in Poland and Europe. It abounds in large forests and water resources characterized by unique natural value, diverse flora and fauna and low population density. All activities initiated in the discussed region have to comply with the principles of sustainable development. The most valuable resources are entitled to various forms of legal protection to preserve the unique character of the Green Lungs of Poland. The majority of legal protection measures refers to surface resources, which is reflected in the local land‐use structure. Chapter 2 analyses changes in land‐use structure, using GIS, in particular in protected areas, to evaluate the processes observed in the Green Lungs of Poland. The discussed region is analyzed at the level of municipalities, the smallest administrative unit in Poland. The analysis covers the period of 2004‐2013. The results and the goals of Poland's environmental policy are discussed to illustrate development trends in protected areas that contribute to the preservation