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UMI A Bell & Howell Infonnation Company 300 North Zed) Road, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 EL IMAdNARIO NACIONAL URUGUAYO: TEXTOS, RESCATES Y OLVIDOS HASTA EL 1900 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Maria Cristina Burgueno, M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1996 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Jaime Giordano, Adviser Approved by Dr. Steve Summer hill Dr. Donald Larson Dr. Lucia Costigan Department of Spanish and Portuguese UMI Number: 9710534 Copyright 1996 by Burgueno, Maria C ristina All rights reserved. UMI Microform 9710534 Copyright 1997, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeh Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 Copyright by Maria Cristina Burgueno 1996 ABSTRACT This dissertation is a study of formation of the Uruguay’s national "imaginario" during the latter part of the 19th century (1848-1900). This "imaginario" is analysed as a discourse developed by the privileged and dominant sectors of society and focusses on the following texts:Caramurû (1848) by Alejandro Magarinos Cervantes, La leyenda patria (1879) by Juan Zorrüla de San Martin,Ism ael (1888) by Eduardo Acevedo Diaz andA riel (1900) by José Enrique Rodô. The hypothesis of this work is th a t th e texts created by these novelistic and poetic discourses, produced a national "imaginario" based on an imitation of conflicting european models that excludes gender, race and certain social groups. Women, Indians, blacks and the lower classes in general are excluded as referents of identity. The work are considered in chronological order so that the reader WÜ1 better perceive the changes and modifications that were taking place in the images that eventually constituted the national "imaginario". In the chapter dedicated toCaramurû, national protoimages, such as that of a "gaucho" hero rescued via his relationship to those belonging to the conquering classes from Brazil, and to the ruling groups of the "Provincia Oriental" are analyzed. In the novel Artigas is vilified and marginalized, while the author presents his doubts concerning the Uruguayan state's viability. In La leyenda patria the fhaterland’s ideology and its images appear explicitly, as if they were a product of God’s, the poet’s and the ii people’s wills. On the other hand, Zorrilla’sTabaré underlines the nation’s Spanish origin, its racially white character and, finally, its inheritance from the indigenous people —valor and love of freedom—. These are contrasted with the image of the indian whose disappearance is explained as an event of the distant past in order to avoid dealing with the question of the 1831 genocide. Ismael, casts images that became entrenched in the "imaginario" with few posterior modifications, such as that of the "gaucho" and the "montonera". In Acevedo Diaz’s novel, Artigas is presented as a founding hero of the nation, but his socio-political program, opposed by the propertied classes is ignored by the author. Montevideo, in opposition to the countryside, is depicted as the center of power. The Montevidean patricians are granted the role of rulers of the nation. The nation’s white Spanish origin are rescued, but Indians and women are excluded. The "gauchos" as a living and active presence during the period of the civil wars, are forgotten as well. Finally A riel signal’s the "imaginario’s" idealization, by expressing an elitist conception of democracy which latinizes its origins by emphasizing the "afrancesamiento" and the "espanolismo" as elements of national identity. Urban monuments and public sites demonstrate the extent to which the formation of the "imaginario" succeeded. Therefore, fotographs, which support and illustrate this assertion, are included in this work. ui AGRADECIMIENTOS En primer lugar mi agradecimiento al Doctor Jaime Giordano, por la orientacion que me brindo en las diverses etapas de este trabajo, por sus valiosas sugerencias y cuidadosa correcciôn de los originales. Al Doctor Stephen Summerhill mi reconocimiento por su respaldo intelectual agudo y Kdgente. A la Doctora Lucia Costigan por sus recomendaciones bibliograficas y sus sugerentes comentarios. Gracias ai Doctor Donald Larson, que me ha respaldado con sus finas observaciones y juicios. Esta tarea hubiera sido imposible sin el incondicional afecto de mi familia. Carlos, mi esposo, que ha colaborado incansablemente de muy diverses formas para que Uegara a la culminaciôn este trabajo; mis hijos Joaquin y Manuel que me ban ayudado con su generosa y comprensiva aceptaciôn del menor tiempo y atenciôn que les he dedicado, Siempre tendre présente a mis amigos con sus preguntas y observaciones, sus ayudas bibliograficas y su apoyo afectivo. A Hector Ambrosio Soto por sus invalorables fotos e informaciôn, a Lidia Baracchini, Cristina Bruch, Beatriz Amestoy, Jorge Agosto, Liliane Dorado y Francisco Bustamante, a todos ellos gracias por las multiples formas en que me ayudaron. IV VITA July 2, 1951 .... Born - Montevideo, Uruguay 1969 . B.A. in Law. Instituto Alfredo Vazquez Acevedo. 1977 ....................................Profesora de Historia (History Teacher/ Professor); Instituto de Profesores Artigas (I.P.A.), Montevideo, Uruguay. 1977-1992.......................... Secondary School Teacher (for High School and Undergraduate levels) in Montevideo, Uruguay. 1992-1995 .... Graduate Teaching Associate, Department of Spanish and Portuguese, The Ohio State University. 1994 . .......................... M.A. Spanish and Portuguese, The Ohio State University. 1996 ....................................... Assistant Professor, Department of Modern Languages of Marshall University, West Virginia. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Spanish and Portuguese Specialization: 19th Century and Contemporary Spanish-American Literatures Minor Field: 19th and 20th Century Spanish Literature INDICE CONTENIDOS % . ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... ü AGRADECIMIENTOS......................................................................................................iv VITA ...............................................................................................................................V INDICE DE ILUSTRACIONES...................................................................................ix CAPITULO 1. INTRODUCCION............................................................................. 1 -Investigaciôn preœ dente...............................................................................4 -Objetivos del tra b a jo..................................................................................11 -Marco teôrico-crîtico........................................................................................12 -Conceptos y definiciones bâsicas.............................................................. 14 -Método y co rp u s...........................................................................................24 - H i p ô t e s is......................................................................................................... 30 CAPITULO 2. MAGARimS CERVANTES: PROTOIMAGENES Y VACILACIONES................................................................................. 34 1. Nacionalismo, romantidsmo y lo am ericano...................................... 34 2. Caramurû en la historia y en la literatura...................................... 39 -Argumente de O Caramurû, poema de Fray José de Santa Rita D urâo......................................................... 42 -Argumente de Caramurû, novela de Alejandro Magarinos C ervantes......................................................... 46 -Relaciones, coincidencias e influencias intertextuales.... 48 3. Caramurû: la creaciôn de las protoimâgenes........................................58 -El héroe gaucho fundacional.............................................................. 59 -El in d io..........................................................................................................66