• Chapter I A brief history of the Marathas Pla~.or the Ch.ptnr the [The chapter deals with the ~aratha history on Itol10w- ln, 11ne8 :- (1) The probuble onl':in or the terms tjl,arathas' and

'~ah8ra.htra' • A briet historical suryey ot ancient ~nd medla8va1 . (li) The ., as they are called, ca•• into pro­ m1nence 1n "the middle or the 17th century, wh1ch marks t~e be,inning or th~ Maratha h1story. Their history

.r~118 into two distinct ~eriod., i.e. from 1645 to 1706 and fr~ 1707 to 1818. (111) The rirst period encompasa.s the reglme or Shivajl. the founder of the klngdom (1645-16801 and that ot his two 80ns, namely, wambh~jl (1680-16891 and Raj.­ ram (16g9 .. l700).

(lvl In th~ second period, the king remained nomlnal and the state power ~radua1ly slipped into the handa or his chi.r-miniet~r, the . The Peahw&s had their

~eredltary office at Poona. As many as nine persons trom their family held this orrice in succession. The second part or the :aratr.as hlstory, thus, embraces t.he regimes ot nina successive P.ahwas. ]

10 11

The historY of the ..aratha. 18 the hlatorlc&l reoord

or the .ar.thl-8pea~lnr people ot •• htra durlnc the' p ••t tbr • centuri•• (Map 10. 11. n .arl, tl •••• th

,eop1. of thi. 1.nd were known •• "Ratth•• ", " .h~&tth ••q 1 or ~ .htr.kut.a~. The .ook Bdiet V ot Albok. proyid••

the •• r11 ••t record or the exl.'enee or the ~ ~shtrlka.­ a. the people ot the necaan In the )rd oentury B.C. Op1nlon8 , howe.er, dilter .e to how aDd when the pr••• nt

te~. Po.erathaa" and " .har•• btr.~ came Into u.e.

There 1. ~ , ood de.l ot .peculat10n •• re,.rd. the origla ot the aboye two teras," but It 1. certaln tba' the, auat haye coae to .tay In the ••1"1, ~hrl.tlan era • There ,,1". • any inecrlption. in the ancient cayes ot Karla , Bhaja

and Bed,. (all 1ft the Poone distriot of '~h.r•• h'ra) In which the male and t ...le archite.t. hay. b.en d •••ribed

as "~ahar.tthi" and ~Mabarat'hln i· respeotl ••1,. Thi. 2 ladlca'•• that the ~ ••htrlka." acquired the a... ~ aha·

1 G. $. Sard•• a' : !lw ula,orr of thl tiar."a., Vol. I, p. 1). 2~Th' t.rm ' ••htrlk' 1. the Senakrltla. fors of tb. '.nn t la.tile' -- thtt people who w.r. mo.' probably the lnb,bitants or ~ahara.ht ra. elne. the ~tthaa w.re the rulina peopl •• 1n .outh Indl.~ _. Dr. Ramkrishna Bhand.rk,r (B.rly Hta'orr of the Dece,n, p~. 26-~8}.

1 MAP No.1

MAHARASHTRA IN

•

()

o 400 80 , ! ! 12

-riitthi" t so:retitlle 1n the fir-st century I~.D. The term

't erath.. ' i e the rurth.u· dftrt vati v~ of the t!- aharatthi ' and the country inhabited by the ~arathas ber:an to be called The pre.ent l .• rathi tomrue ot the ;. aratha. il the direct deacendent l'lt the literary Prakrit 'gaha­ rashtri', t.he l.n~ua,e or :'.aharaahtra.

Anciept and V.edl,eyal lhe Mnclent '~tthaa ruling over V,h@r,shtr. ; A brier . hl.torical 'Pryey the Deccan Ctime to be divided into, and known by the namae of. many families, such as. the ~atY8han68 (7) B.C. to 218 k.U.J • • the ;haluky",. (e.rly 6th e~nturj I •• iJ. to 757 A. D. }, the .aahtr.kutas {who also called themselves .s .• &tthae 6Snd ruled upto 97) A.D.J who, 1n turn. ~er. overpowered by another dynasty of the Chalukyas. Thp.8e 6halukyas were, however. defeated by anoth~r dynasty or the Tadwvaa in lIS? A.D. The rulers ot this dynaaty ruled from Deol'lri

(pre.ent Oaulatabad) for about one ~nd a ouarter of a century until their kingdom was lubjur.ated by ~l;u'd-Dln

Khaljl t ~ hualin: ruler) of the t:halji dynasty of Uelhi t In

1)12 ,~.D. The next two Sultana or this dynasty extlnruiahed the last vestigee or the Hindu power in ~outh India.

3 nb''''ut 1000 .fl. u. the i usllma her-an to knock at th" pates of India. dnd b~ the ~nd of the twelfth c~ntury, Delhi passed into their hand.. They rec.ulred lD nundred years more to reach :: aharashtrl from Ue1h1. 1)

hS the newly concuered territories in the Deccan were beyond the ran~e or efficient control from Delhi. H.'an tilies 28far~&1In was posted as a deputy to the "'rtperor or

Uelhi to run admln1ltr.tlon 1n ~outh India trom D~ulatab.d . Ja ~ararkhan. however. estab1tshe4 his own kin,dom, better known as the Bahmanl kin~dom 1n 1)47 h.D. and severed his connectiona with Uelhl. H1s kln~dom exl.ted tor two centuries and "'a. suba.(1uently apl it up. in 1526 ",.ll •• into five independent sultanate. ot Bljapur, Golconda,

Ahmednavar, Serar and Bidar (~ap No.2). or the •• (l'Ve su1tan~e., only thre~t namely, Bijapur. Golconda .nd

Ah~edna"ar existed tor a lon~er time.

Ih. l.ar,th. tallJ1~ief 1 In the •• rvice or the above thr.e £I~. to pr!minence in ~h. ear y 17th state., many Yaratha r.milie., century such •• the Jadhavs, . ('horped.a, Nimbalkara and several others came to prominence.

They rendered heroic eervlces to their re.pect1, •.~ultana tor, which th~y were ,ranted j.~ir8 or rent-tree lands. They, therefore, enjoyed respectable position at their courts and were usually CoIled as manaabdara. In tho firat cuarter or the sevent.enth century, !Jheahaji Bhons1e, a t· aratha manaabdar came into prominence ------~------Jal..atarkhan. better known Iii 8 I\bul-~.u.arrar Ala-ud-d1n :ihah or Uasan {~an}7u Bahzruanl . MAP No 2

t 600 Km. 0 I . "" I

~'::?;~J,. ~~ ...... : ...... " . THE FIVE . : SULTANATES OF THE r--.:--~D E CC AN

THE. SUL-TANATES OF THE. DEC.:AN IN ,')26 A. D 14

PEl W&8 rrarsr &1 and did not spare bn~ efr,rt to d~rend the state sp&inet t\.p rlslnr u':"'hyl pre~5ure fro't the north c.nd that of 4 Bijapur 1n t~.~ south. But the state, insplte of heroic defence bv ~h.h~ji 'r'nsle, 11 not survive lon er &nd was subju lilted by the eOr'"'blnttd art!' tes of i-~t,lrbn ~~bCad and Bl.'ia't·ur

Its t~rrltory WeS divided and annexed by 5 th~ two stat88 (~ap No.3' and, thus, by the ~nd of the year 16)6 11. • .0. only t~o kino-dar S ot (~j.ja~'ur dnd oleond4i t apart from t":e A ul-hal territory, existed 1n t·'t" Deccan.

Shihajl Bhonpl~, th- wain pl11&r of the e~-A~mednarar dynasty t •• as allowed to hold on his old ja ~ir of Poona

&nd ~upa (which he possessed 1n reeD nit ton to his services for thf' I.hmednsf"ar kin: dom) und hi It seryteel werflt utl1 tsftd bv the kin,. cf Btj~pur. expeditions to t~p ~~rn~tic which thereafter forrred hi.

~a1n ~phere or aetivlty. J~ set up his headcuarters first

I.ike Shar.aji Bhon~lp, t there were many othE'lr 'ilrlithb familiAs in the services of

4The ~hnedn8F6r ~ultbnat for1ed ~ buffer zone between the .IIp"he.l l~mp1re of the nort~ and the . uharr.:r:ed".n states of the south and h~nce was subject to the ~111tary ~res­ sure fron. beth th~ sides. 5 By tinnexinp: a part of the 1'0 medna;ar ~ i nr.dotl. t the souti"lern' ost part of the . urhal u:pire, tt:.. t 18, the pro­ vince of .:.urangab.d ·~rr.brticed the parts of NCislk, I handeeh t t~ e whole of BeT'or end a l)art of tJ'1e Nortl" tonkan. '1 he remainln"" portion of tre kin· dor. fell to thr> share of the Bi~apur Jultbnat. MAP No 3

I)

B A

z f

III

~oo K'115

I".lDIA IN 16.36 A D 15

.'ljapur. r-olconda and that of Delhi. but one 1s more con­ cerned with Sh&h.jl fer his son. Shlvaji. turned out to be

Shahajl died on ~3rd January, 1664. tie left behind three 80ns, two of whom, nallely Sarnbhaji lind .:>hl vaji, ','ere born from the firat wife and th~ third eon, \Yonkoji, tram the second one. where.8 Vyankojl came lnto po8s8.s10n or his jaYir of TanJor. 1n the :arnatic. Jh1vaj1 looked .ft~r his paternal jaglr at

Poona 1n f .aharashtra. Thua the ~.aratha8 atarted lunction- inp as a powerful group during the early part of the

••yent ••nth eentury ,hen Sh.h~j~han W~. ruling at Uelhi ~s the ; u.f"hal li! ..peror.

'1'11. first ouarter of thft .eyenteenth

century ~ltn8s ••d two .1~nlr!cant 6 event., n&mely, the e.t~b11.hment or an ~n~lt.h t.ctory at Surat in 1612 and the birth of 7 ~hiyaji on 6th April. 1('2'1 61t ~hlYn.r. near (1n the present roon& district). .,hl VMj 1, the found er of the

I"arath. Kingdom. w.. s brou~ht up in hi8 paternal jag1r at

6"heae two eventa were- aiy,n1ficant 1n t.he aonae that the Britiah trade 1n India W~. followed by their power which finally subdued the r ·.r4l6tha 14!mplre of wh1ch ';hl vajl ~a8 the founder. 7tJedhe J~kav.11t ~iY.8 ShlvajI's date or bIrth .a 19th February, 16)0. 16

Poona .t the ', lsh<'t8 of hie lather Shahajl. He reoe! .,ed the best tratnlng then available under the care of his

loving mother and M ~l.e. capable ~uMrdlan Dadaji Konddev. In his early career, he atronrly r.lt the

neceasity for the revlv&l of the 'Hind.,! ~warajyat or the

nile of the natives in } ~aharaehtr.. He organi.ed the nati.,e. or the t aval (. hilly district lying to the vest

of Poona) and launched & 11te-1on~ strugr,le to establish a Hindu '-{n, dam 1n the J)"ccan. Thf.: year 1645 a:arka the

berinninp: ot th. 1>~ .. r.th.. history .... h.n he aM his eo-workers took th' oath for revolting against the )~ uall. domination to .stabli.h the 'Hindv! Jwarajya'.

::ll:i!i:pt, j Shlvaji'. achievement. could be etudied In three parts: {1} from 1644 to 165), (11) 1654 to 1663 and (iIi) 1664 to 1!74.

(1) From ~6~4 to 1653:- In thia period of ten year., Shi".ji captured the forts of ·::hakan. Sinhr,ad and Purandhar, took over Supa ~nd extended hie hold on the land between the Bhima and the Wlra. H~ alao became master of the hilly ~.v.l (~ap No.4). (il) From 1654 to 1661:- This decade brourht Shi"aji many good returns aa he .eized the Javali area, or great strategic importance, and captured the province ot lelyan and Shivandt. lie alao took o"er .e".ral fort. or the and the Ghat re,ton. thus bringinv under hi. MAP No 4

Po Ie r I' (] \' .. : ·;1 (H t-

,. I: .1 1644 5~ '1 [~,~ 1654 - 63

'1 F·- -j 16 F, 4 ~3

11)"74 - 80 °Junrar S K~

•

Jor1j ro Indopur

Belga um

o 250 Kms

THE GROWTH OF MARATHA POWER IN MAHARASHTRA UNDER SHJVAJI 17 poee~88ion trian ul&r tr~ct with its bsse along the sea COist, from · ~8~eln t~ ~£japur ~nd ita apex at C: ap No.4).

Enraged by Shlvaji's subversive activlti.s, the ~hah of Dijapur, de.patched hie army twice arainst Shivaj1; once under the com~~nd of Afzal Khan 1n November 1659 and later on, under Slddl Jobar in January 1661. Eut c&me out successful both the times, kill!n Arzalkhan near

Pratapgad (~al T~luk) and rouling the plans of ~lddi Johar.

SubaeQuentl~he brought the region surrounding Kolhapur under h~. control.

;1th the growth of hia kingdo~ 1n the Ghat region and the Ronken, Shlvajl shIfted his headquarters to Rajgad and appointed 80me ministers to look $Cter the administra­ tion. The Murhals wftre not hoatile to Shlvaji till the year 1657 when he, 1n view of the unfriendly policy of the prinee Auran(zeb towards the States or Bljapur and 001- cond. In general and t~.e ~.ar.thas 1n particular, raided the

Mughal territory an~ plundered Junnar and Ahmednagar.

Thi. act of ~htyajl greatly alarmed Aurang.eb who, arter aceeaE.i')n to the throne or Dftlhi 1n l65e. sent 16r~~e

Mugh&l forees under ~hahi.tekhan against ~hiv.jl. only to be dereated by the latter near Poon~ (Battle or Umber­ kh1nd 1n January 1661 and that of Poon~ In April 1663). Thus, by the year 1664, Shlv&ji extended hi. hold upto 18

alwan on the coast and consolidated his pOlltion in the

South Konkan (I~ap No.4). (ili) from 1664 to 1674:- Thi. period witnftsaed maDY ups Mnd downs for Shlvaji. The rout of Shahistekhan and the plunder of Sur&t by whivajl in 1664 irritated the

Mughal ~peror very much. To annihilate the ,rowing power of Shlvaji, Delhi, therefore, despatched a strong expedition to the south under the moat trusted and able commanders like Jayslnp'h and Dllerkhan who left no stone unturned to subdue Shtvaji. Qhlvuji, realising the ~raYlty of the situati.Ofl t ourchased neae ... by n8"'otiAtin~ a treaty at

Purandhar and thereby 8urrenderln~ 23 forts to the ~u,ha18 and aceeptln~ lervices under th8 ~peror. He was Qlloasked to see the Emperor in person at gra, which he did. But. when he found hi~selr to b~ confined by the ~p.ror. he made a darin" eacape ~ro~ Agra to the Deccan.

After his return to th~ Deccan, he reconquered the lost territory and forte, 86cked Qurat tor the aecond time

(October 1670). raided Berar, Ba~lan and ~handesh, plundered many rich town. (like :arlinja 1n Berar), c&ptured new forts

(llke Trimbak and Salherl and conquered ~he territories or Jawhar wnd P.alll'1alt.ar in North Konkan ( .ape 4 and 5). Then, after havlny, established his firm hold in the western part of ~lahCiri:lshtrli (which he called as his 'Swarajya'>, Zhivaji held his coronation (5th June 1674) with pomp. feative prnparations ~nd rell~lou8 functions. MAP No 5

•

fy~ro ~y~, .~) • M arj ro s Bongolore .~/ :/ (/.1 ".R ~Arni r~ ~ Jinji

.••••.••••••• Mohllr(\S'hlro

o '50C K rn 5

THE GROWTH OF MARATHA POWER UNDER SHIVI\JI IN 1680 A D 19

He st~rted his own ers of ~ulculatinp time. fr&med rules and re ulations to conduct th~ adrninl£tr~tlon of the I dratts wt6te.

·:·~ lvaji'8 so:~lC;11 «.lnd adrr.ln18trative .chieverr.cntt) deserve special study. He orf.~n18p.d hie nuval units, built up .~1nd!-u -dur," (e A" fort) u8 hie nayal h"adr ~ u~rter8 and built u ' Ybrds and arsenels at t'alwan . .: .. tried hard to secure his coostal frontier by attacklnu tr.e ~1ddle8 of Janjira and promoted th sea-borne trade.

1th t! e n 11sh bnd th~ rortu-u~8e were full of d1~lomaey.

;;h~ Ylijl' r. last anventureOU8 deed u8 his " rnitic

.xp~dltlon I~ich he conducted in eollaborition wi t h ~o1conda in January, 1677. In this exped1tion, he coneu.red the coustal territory of T~njore and the inland districts of Arni, Kollilr' , Boskots, E",nrGilore and 51rf; \rt:.p No. 5J .

Sub!e~u8n tly u~ fcnh&l~ ) he bullt defensive poats in between and Tanjore. hen h~ ~8S busy in the south. hi» minist@rs went heyond ,jurat and plunrt.,red Broach . Thi. WQS the climax of t-:is achlevem8nts.

~h4vaj! died on Jrd n~r1l, 1680;leaylng behind two sons. Like first Nspoleon. J~~vajt in hie tim. was a

~;-reat organiser, and Q builder f ~lvil institut1ons. hS

~ founder ot the 18ratt,a state he .:ould be eTer rememberpd by t he country. 20

~bha.11 (1680 ".D. to 1689 A. J. i

Shly.jl was 8ueee~ded by his elder eon Samhr.bjt ~ho unfortunately f~ll.d to fn110w the footsteps of hi. t~ther. Hp. was whimsical, hot tempered, and suffered from evil habits. MMny a .enior and experienced persons who had worked w1th ~hlv.jl tell prey to hi. anger. In hie nine­ year regi.e, he fought the Sldd188 of JanjirM (16S2), the Portup.u.e. of Goa (1683-64J and the : ughals of the north t 1681t-1!

• n the year 1681, Aurang.~b descended on the UeccMn with an army of 200,000 atrong Bnd larr;e camp e(:u1pment to subdue the ~ohamroedan (ShlyaJ etMtee at E1japur ~nd Golconda and alao the Mar.thae. He suceeeded 1n aubjuratln£ the

Muslim atat •• and capturing ~ambhaji and hi. family (wife and son, Shahu). Jambh~ji was later on brutally beheade••

J1tJaram (16a C A. 1J . to 1700 A.li. J

The n9 t zuecee80r to Jembhuj1 ~a. his younger brother 'la jaram who Will. recuired to r.ce the might of the lJ.u~hal ar:::y. -*smbhajl' s brutal deat}' horrlft ad the whole of v..aharaehtril. Thft tide of the l. !"hal conquest. 'Waa rieinrr day-by-day and, th~r8rore. In order to divert the brunt of the ):uvhal lnv6810n tl'OIl tiabaraahtrB, lL~jfjra!t flftd to J 1njl, in tt e Camatic. 'Lhe Jinji tort succost.tully stood the Muchal pressure for more than eiVcht ye.ra and, there.fter Hajararr repaired to Maharaehtra where. atter brief illne •• , 21 he died at Sinh- ad on 2nd arch 1700.

Tr&nsition~l period (1700-1707}

By 1700, the Mughals tOOi~ over the chier :. aratha strongholds, and the immature death of Uajaram gaye ~ severe blow to the r· aratha government. At this critical period, Tarabal , the widow of .tajaraa:, took the helm of tne at .. te-

'lhe rl.ug;h@ls J affairs and began t~ administer 1n the name rose ground ] of h~r son ~ hlvaji (a~ed four) from the fort V1shalS"arh (near Kolhapur). At this time of emerfency, . 78 aever~l ~aratha chiefs like ~a~chandra Pant, Shankraj1

Narayan, ~antaji Ghorpade, Dhanaji Jadhav, etc. roae to the occasion. T.H!ty or-anised th81r armies and .~ aP':ed a war of

The ~uerill. t8ctic! which the arathus then adopted were so effeetive that they finally emer,ed out succes ~ ful. They gradually recovered the lost forts and tt.e surl oundinl1 territory.

The f~ilure of the . uyhal exp~dition weighed uoon the

Emperor's mind 50 Much that he decided to wit.hdraw from the Deccan, but,before he could do that, was overtaken by death at i.hmednattliir on 20th Feb .. , 17 7. By his death, the twenty

7& Some of the ~ arath~ chiefs, like Dhan~ji Jadh&v, ware already Cictivp.. under Hajaram. 22

____=-_.~'~r ~ ~ thA :mperor'g death, ~hghu. th- son of

damb~ajt, W88 set fren by prince Azi~ ~hah and "8e reco["nisE'!d 8S air t ~hi vajl. ';hahu'l! releC;isEI from the j ur.:hal cC.mp led to a friction amonp-st the .lsratl;os. for his accession to the ~.rone 'as opposed by TarMbal. The

~~aratha country "'bS dl vldd into t,."o principalitl as, !Jbtarti and Kolhapur; ~hahu bec~me th~ r.ead of the ~atara princi­ pality l'Jhile ,jh1v8,11, the second (the son of .'a.jarbm)j hecame the he~d of that ot olhepur. This affected the unity of the J.aratbas w~o were divided ot" th9 basis of loy<yto tte tV/O facti ons. Th~ differ~nces ~nd ill-feelings between the two rlnclpelttles culminated into a civil war which went on for five years (l7J7-l3).

Of the two ~rlncipfilit1 fitS t Kolhapur ~radually lo~t, 1 ts si~nlflc~nce for rant of canahle successors. Jhghu, on the other hand. '11'88 more comp~tent and 8 ~ood or,aniser. His re1~n lasted for more than forty years (1707-4g)~ but he beinr; a 'roi fai n' cant', resi"ned t~8 rO"Jernrl ent to his chief minister or the ~eshwa.

~--fe8hwa dYnasty 1 8 it h~~pened elsewhere in India, is founded the chief minister founded a dynasty of his own, 'Lile tne kinll remained only lSi nominal head of the state. Hereafter, the successive Peshw&e becsme the central fl~ures of the ~aratha history. 23 i~! '1~twwnath. firat Peen~ ~l7l4-d~} Balajl ishvanath, a ' rahmln from the Konkan, greatly

helped \,i} ahu 1n consolldatin"' hi 8 posi tl on in flahl:ir.shtra

1n the face of strong opposition by 1.rab~i. B&1&ji ~thered a troop of horae and reduced the hoatile elements either by defeatinr them or by persuadlnr, them to adhere to Shahu's party. In appreciation of hie service., Jhahu appointed him as his Pe.,hwa or Prime-miniater 1n 1714. Ie a130 appointed seven other members of hia c.blnet.

~~fl . gr.pt.] Aurang •• b's dsath crippled the Mugh81 procured ] power at U81hl ~here the new mperor,

arrukaiyar, bee am" .. nominal te d and ~h8 lniperlal co!.:rt b~ea~e a scene of intrigues and counter-intrigues. The

Sayyad brother8 (&180 known ae kin~-makera ) who had atr?n~ influence at the Imperiliil court. 5(lu~ht the help or the

~ ar&th&. If.'I'alnet their rival. ~lajl rOle to the occaeion, rushed to .oelhi with a strCl!'lP .rr y and arl'~8ted t.he '!I~pGror at the instance of th~ Jayy~d8. ' v rendering this help,

':! aliijl procured tht-etl Irr.p~rlal vrantf', nCim"ly \ l) the e , ahouth' or l/I+th of the '-"'h ole r~vonue -o f the sl::t 8ubhas

------_.~-

8Thp' six euhhii8 (districts) of thft Ueecan were:­ nurantabad, c8dar, B@'r'ar, Pijapur, Hyderabad and . yielding .n e8ti~£ted revenue of f a. lSO,517,300, the 'aard ••hmukhi' on whieh Hi~ t a. 18,001 t 730 and the ehouth and other r1~ht.: \8.117,01(',762. Grant Juff's li!.I~.2.a of th! Varath'8, p. 200, Vol. I. 24 of the OAc:Hn, including the Hyder&bad .nd Bljupur terri­ torie. of the -·.,rniitic, and the tributory atstes of Tanjore,

'lrlchlnoplll1v and "1sore, (1i) th~ 'aardeshmukhl' or an additional one-tenth of the Dftccan r,venue, (111, the , awarajya' or home-rule 1n the sixt.en districts of i",aha­ raahtl"M 'dh1ch \~ere held by clhl".jl at the tlme ot hie death.

Balkji dl~d on 1st Apr!l, 17~Ot s~ortly aft r his re­ turn rro~ the north.

~jJ..raQ, ,Ballal, .!eeond . e$h~.'a (172 ')-~O)

; :l~1 r:.lO Auec~ed.d his father ae Peshwa. H'ls ,mcces-

8t on to th E' n~shwa:!hl p -:o!"e J.d~d v.1th p;reat chanp.41 at

Del:'! wh~r'! the T'!o:\'er or t.he ttyyads had declined and the fJ!:urhal F.rnplre wa. fast dece.ylnr. ':h 1 !1kal1ch khan Unter on known as NtZ3!'l-UJ - f· ulk) t a etronfT man of th'l Imperial vourt had now tak ~ up th. ,ov~rn~r8h1p of tb~ Dec ' an and was on his way to b~eo~e & strrynr,. forwddable opponent to the Peshw ••

Bljirao ~av~ an aggressive design to

thfl policy of t1:e .·;t.irathas which h8reto­

fore W~8 b&a~d on defenaive strategy ainC8 the death of $arobhajl. He formulated the policy of territorial expansion. Th1~ policy initially did not ~e.n anything more than the 1~pos1t1on of the ·chouth' and 'aar­ deahmukhl' on th~ ~uvhal provincee outside the Deccan. 25

8Cl... o execute hi. policy J the Pashwa stirred many '4IIrathas into "etion. Several \aratha ehiers, such as 'lndhla,

Ho1kar, P~war, r.alkwad carne to prominence in this period.

~.lw, 29SMpted ~ The P•• hW5 belie.ed that unless the province of •. a1wa. . hich provides an access from north to south. al broup: t under p09se~~lon, the l(uFhal inroad. to the Jeccen could n~t b cheeked. 'himaji ~rpa, young@r brother or t.he Peehwl:l, th8r forA, led many expedi­ tions to :'alw6 durlnr, Si period of ten years, fro!! 1720 to

1729, an~ fina11v ~xtended firm hold on that .up- hal provln~e.

In t"'e I Ci1wi expedition!', Bolkar, ";indhi bnd Pawar played a very Import~nt role. They, there:ore. got the privl1ere to ahare the revenue of that province. Their successorl, however, developed ~n 6ttitude of indifference to the central Cluthorl ty of Poona c.n:i fur.ctloned as me,r.bera of the • ii.Tiltha confederacy (~ap No. 6i.

The Peshwa then turned his attention to Guja·

rat ~htch was mainly the Iphere of activity of hand.rao nabhade, as assIgned by hahu. Jabhade was the commander-in-chief of the srstho army and Ft1aj1 Gaikwad

8'0.... aj1rao brou~ht into existence an entirely new nobility, loyal to hlffi and ~ore attuned to the spir~of the tl~e8 t ~n the older nobjlity wei. MAP No 6

/ ~"h'

L j f I (J) 5 ( .""''' \"1"'. '\ ~

1>

L-__~ ___

-r'

NORTH IN("IA TERRITCRE.

JPlRATI\d:. .., _ : - 41..- 26 wal working on hie behalf in tujarat. Both :Jab hade and Guikwad carried ill-feelings for the Peahwa which ulti- (). m~te1y led tOlaevere fight between the two. ";'in 1ly,

Dabhade W&s defeated &nd the Peshwa succeeded 1n imposing his right of collecting 'chouth' and 'eardeshwukhl' rrom that rich province. ~lnce the above two right. were the forerunners of the I' aratha soverei nty, the ugh .. l. lost that province to the rarathsa in 1()5. The Gaikwada of the Baroda stat. later (')n amerRed Be one of the 6rath8 confederates • (Map No. (; ]

• Bundelkbing ] lhe next tliirget of the Peshwa 'Was Bundel- 1 Q1rtlI aub~sa.~ J khand, hilly c~untry to the south of the Gan~& basin and p089P.8 ~d by Chhatrs88l Rundel ••

Having been hara8sed by the .- ughail Governor of AIlE,ihebad,

Chhatrasal 80urht the help of the P~ehwu &rainat the

Governor. ccordin lY,the P ~hw. rushed to Bundelkh~nd and inflicted 8 crush in" dereat on the u~hal Governor at Jaltpur (30th Varch 1729). Chhatraaal gave in return to the Peshwa one fort and a territory ~orth two and a half lakha of rupe.s) around Jhanei. Kfter Chhatr~sal" death, the Peehwa came into possession of the form~r'e territory yielding a re.enue of thirty three lakha or rupees. It was now left to the third Peshwa to bring the remaining part of 8unde1khand under control (l,'fiP No.6). 27 lbe Pe,h" ,er,v. ~ hen tbe arath.a ••r. en,;a eel 1n t.he the 11.y j north, Chlnkalich Khan alia. Ni ...-vl- ulk who was then the ughal Co.emor ot the eccan, ••••r.d hi. connection. with D.lhi, declared him ••lt a. Mn Independen head ot the Nilam .tate and ahitted his headquartera froa urangabad to Hyderabad. He wa. a shrewd diplomat and .tate.man nd wa. illd1s o•• d towarda th arath. who w.r. th.n tryin, to collect chouth fro. hl. territory. the aratha. h., theretor., rollowed a policy or diylde and rule by pro.oklng the Kolhapur princip lity a,ain.t that of atar and the Dabhad •• agein.t the f •• hwa. H. dl.­ r."ardad the lmp.rlal tirman, challenged the acce.alon of Jhahu to the throne and reru.ed to pay the 'chouth' and t ,erd•• bmukhl' to the 4' arathaa. h. Pe.h.a d.t.ated the Nl ... on two oec ••lon., once at Pelkhed ( arch, 1728) and a~aln at Bhopal (17)8) and forced hi. to reco ai •• the rlght of the raratha. to coll.ct 'chouth'and ' ••rd.abmukhl' from hi. terrltory.

After haYing .ecured hl. po.ltlon in the north, the Pe.hwa, und.r the In- .tructiona of lei Shahu, de.cended to the 'onkan to .top the atrocitie. of the Sld 1.a 1n the r.,lon around the Janjlre .ee-tort. Th. arathaa conouered • lar • part of hl. territory though they t lled to ••1.e the Janjlra tort. The iddie. purchased peace (December, 17))) by r ••lgninl 2t

the re.enue. ot eleven and a half mah4ls or taluks to the Marathas (Map No.7).

~' Porty~u,., and The Siddie. were not alone to hara •• t of Fflrat as the ~~rBtha8 on t~. west coast. The

Portugu••• ~.d .till more religious bi•• and the Non­

Chri.tl~n8 in tbeir territory were oft.n subjected ~o rell-

gloue impeachment. The ~4rathas taught them a good leas'n

by O~cup1in' two of their provine •• , Saleett. and Ba ••• in, within a period of two years (Mareh,l?)? to June 17)9) • • y thie vietory, t:e ·.aratnlis poae ••aed on. hundred twenty kme • • lonr. coaatal b~lt and b.caa. the next door neIghbour of the En,llah (YAp Mo. 7).

'lhe 1.lt achievC!E:nt of the p •• hwa was hie dash to D.lhi. In March 1737. H. had dev.lop.d good contacts with Jay.1ogh ot Jaypur who

alao paIi j tribute to the ~\u&t.<.l SIIperor. Jay.lnlh Dot

only .greed to ~IY. ar. annual ehouth of fly. lakh rup••• to the P•• hwa, but also promi. d to obtaIn tor hta the written grants tor the prov1nc •• of Kalwa and OUjarat frOIl the Mughal E.mperor. Thereupon, the .;.aperor not only re­ fused Jay.logh'. proposal, but also launche l a campalgn

aga.inst the .:aratbae. B. asked the Nlza~ j to rally his forces ags1net the Marathea fro. the aouth. The F.shwa defeated the Mughal otflc0rs near nelhi (March 1737) and MAP No 7

Portug ,( ',€-

w

(/J

•

I I I o 100 I

TEF-'R 'ORlfS ACIJUIRED BY THE MARATHAS FROM T HF" $IDDIES AND THE PORTUGUESE 29 repulred to the south Bfter securinf" the ~r1ceroY6lty of the a1w& province. 'I'he !'eshw... died 1n 1740, leaving behind three 80ns.

9alajl Bajlrao, the elder son, succeeded him uS the PeahwM;

.\tiy,hunath .;..0 I tt e $econ son . bec~me very unpopular for his insane all1~nees 11th the ~ritish, while the youngest

Jsnardan Baw& died Qt ~n early age •

. aj1rao was Q thorouph soldier. ie W~. ambitious, hardy, 8~lf-denying. pr~serv1np. und aboye everything a patriot. He was a worthy rival of the t1za~ and welded the mirh~y arm of the arath~ power with incomparable energy.

ljl~j! n~jlrao talitJLL@r.·~&heb~_!tird P!shwu (1740-61)

!an&5ah~b WgS inve t~ ~s a Peshwa in June 174J.

Hil rerlme ralls under two rerlod8~ one of nine yearl n~' u-

49) until t~e death or ~h~hu and the second of twelve years until hie own 1eath. In the first period he act d ~s ~n

~rent or ~hbhu while in the second rerlod he almost a8su~ed control of the ·aratha ~t~te. ~he seat of ad~tnlstratlon then shifted from ~atara to P ·onw . lIt period (1740-4$) In this period, the eshwa hod four oxpedit ons to the north vIz. to (1 J uhol pur (lov8fr.ber l740 to July 1741 ,

(2) unde1kh.nd (Jece~b8r 1741 to July 1743), {3, h11e& in . a1.,.. (\oven ber 1744 to u'·uet 1',4 J and {4 lewai o

()ecember 174, ~o Jul, 1745) to consolidate th position of ~he arathss tn the regions contuered by hio father.

These expeditions fetched him rr.«ny fOod r~8ults, such bS the Imperial firm.n assip-nlng him ~he vi ceroyal ty of ':alwu, 9 settl8:" ent of Bund elkhtind affaire Cind ilc(;u1s' tion of Import- ant posts like Jhansi .nd ~harkhtirl. e also placed three r aratha chiefs, namely . Sindhia Cind Fawar in the region between the 'ar~da wn 1 t.t: .. I.puna to strenll.then the r aratha hold 1n that area.

~pp.dltion to the Deogal J #.llywardikh n, the '.u;;hal Governor and elash with 3honsle ~ J of )en~al invited the fashwa to protect him frorr: th freQuent inroads of .t61~huji of a:.ppur• Ln return of this, thft hBn "~ree to pay him twenty-tw lakhs of rupees for his expenses ~nd to pay an annual chouth of eng&l to the 'lng Jhahu. In fact, in accordance with the ta3signrn.ent maae by ""hahu, engal W68 exclusively 8 sphere of ctivity of the Bhonsles, but the

!eshwu, nrobably tempted by the substantial re~uneratlon for hie services, went to the easiBtunce of the Kh~n and purchased the anirnoa.1ty of the !honale by defesting hirr. ne :r ThoUG'h the two ,'aratha chI.ff! 'Were

9~undelkhand formed a yery irr.portbnt buse 1n North India to exercise check Ul'on the 'ajruts in the est, to the Doab and "!tldh n the n'1rth end l'atna and Bengal to the ec:ost. 1

IdtAr on rec nc11n1 ct ;ut~ra, they h&rbour~. 111-r~elln.s

towclrd each oth~r whlc~ u1ttmat"ly pulled th4!Jr; apart.

~'h 16st eJCp~dltion of the rtU!~IWi;i to ~h~ 10 north was in !Jecomber 1747 wh~n he

proceqded to .J81b l t prot( et t.he "I peror, on the 1 ttr.r' 6 reQuest. fro!r Ilhlf:ed shah. b 81 i. the ffhan king. "ut before the r ellhwa reached there (ue1hll. thp. ''rr.peror wa~ dl'!ffluted

by I\bdoli ()rd .urch 1746 • ~he ~e8hw~ then turn~d to

1\~"Wui oind returned to onG •

•

to thn n 5th

J t"'e co'u51n brother of t.he Fezshwo

1~unch d an expAdftl n to the ·&rnatic upto the :un~&bhudrs riv8r and reoceupl~d thoee parts which at. the tlm~ of ~hlv~jl rornA~ part of tr.ft 1~warajy¥t.

IInrL r~r1.2!L (17"0-61 J : - '~'hE' s~cond period prove to be very stl rri nr for the arat,ht;ls as it brOuf;ht for them fortunes &n"1 misrortun~s, a"hiev8'"':ent! an 1()s·J~5.

he~i~vement8 ) (1) ThA Peetwa "ade Q Joint venture w1th j "Bikwad <,.Inn concuered. the whole of ------=.------lOThe yP.&C" 1 i4i \<;0;.3 full of Fr&Ve happenlnrs in the north. V b 1trshah w~~ ~.8~8sfnat@d in P~r.t8 ~nd his Dosttion and power W&8 usurped by Ah~ed shah ~bdali, ~lth wnom future. arathG history C&IDft to hI! inked. :e clCll!~d th~ rnd10n conquests of Jad1r8h~h and ttre6tened th~ f!peror ~d th an in .. ,ediute expedition lInlc:98 hi 6 cl ims w"re 'ant.,d. athiawad U"to uw~rka . (tl) ~he aratha8 l~unehed about

e1.rht CBI:'lpai ns in t.1t!l .. ilrn~tlc (June, 1'/5) to lipr!l t 17(.)j and cCluired a 1u rge terri tory and bo ty. (11 1l j hey d,,·

feated the Niza 0~ldbat Jln t~ice, once in January,

17Se at ;indkhed bn ,later on,1n 1760 at Udgir, on the ban 8 'f the river. an"ra. Jhe treaty that followed th* b~ttle of Udyir brou~ht for the '~rath&8 the forts like ,jhivner, Uaulatabo.d , hsirgfarh. tjapur iAnd the province of

,uron~ubad (. ap No. e,) . (i) On the west coast. the brother. f the .ngrey family, ~an6lJ1 and 'Iu1aji . developed an1moa1ty with f)ilch Loss",! j other. ..ul&jl who woe 1n char,e or the arath4i

naval h~6dQuart~r. at Vlj~ydurg pursued & reyen~e­ rul attitude towards hie brother vanaj1 tre protege of the

'eehW8 . e was, ther.for~, Aqually hostile to the Pe •. w •

In ord r to dft8troy the p wer ot Tulajl Ancr8Y. th~ 1~5hwa, w1 ti out any foresight t !50U~ ,t t~~. hel p of thft r'nr11sh a~&in8t 7ulajl ani ~ith thft1r help let his navy abl~se.

Hjs forts were &180 spized and he hl~.elr was captur8d •. he nglieh in return for thoir lH,rvi ee got poese8st on of Banl' ot

Cind iJasy.aon . .I.hou h the e1!lhwcs won the battle. the ~. arathas, by way of the destruction of 'fulaji' 8 navy. lost their hold on the coastal wBters for 9ver.

{ii)n the north, t~e pwlltleal eondi~ions w.r

'h mperor enjoyed bu~ n.m·n~l power. His court WilS di vlded into aevel'41 parties, eacr MAP No 8

r

~J

'.r

... ,

)( Fr'

Acquired by the Marathas

FORTS AI\l[) TERIiITQRIE.S ACQUIRED BY THE MARATHAS

FROM THE NIZAM DURING 1758 - 63 A 1) 33

workin· 1n its own interest. nA such party was that of -ad th~ .tuhl11a shead/by &j lb-utl-U&ulla. ~ atn, thp.re were

alsc small principalities of the uhl1las 1n ttP. r. Yn~a

vCilley, who used to devastate the .L" ullhal territory. Havin

be-n hara8sed by th.,.. internal limd ext.ernal miscreants, t.he the

I.'arathas acc~pted his invitation for it provided for them

on acc~ss to the oab and even upto the Indus 1n the

Punjab. The huhillaa, on t e other side, invited hhmed

s~ah Abda1i from Ar~han18tan to coree down to Delhi and to oust the .1 arathas to th~ Bouth of the hambal. ccordin ,1y J

nbda11 attack~d Delh.l at th~ close of 1'760 and engaged t ,P. r c.ratbas at Fanipat. I n the ensuln~ bat.tle, the . arathas 8uffered such a 10s8 that t he Peshwa could not st&nd the shock of its news and he died at the end of Jlne, 1761. he r eshwa was known for l, i8 polished manners and

pol1. ti cal sagacity. He Introduced many relont.s in the

revenue department. I t WQ8 during hie regime that the

~

-i~ha~-Eao_B&llalt Fourth Peshw8 (176l-72)

adhav ,80 succeeded his rather as the fourth Peshwo

at the youn~ age of s xteen. He was, ther~tore, Bsked to MAP No 9

- .- - , " - , , -- '- /" ... I-\.' S \ " , ,- ••• 1 '-~L __ , J' ''J : .. \. ,1 S '"'"J ..-.:-

'< r

C:l "- / / I Q -:, , \ I I .- I I , I -' H 0 L ./ IN A 0 -Lv '-­ BHCJNS

• to •• - .... ~. ••

B A y

o F

,- B " A L

en I I- , I ~ "'" ... \Y ' ;; r t, ." I f a • m <, " e

MARATHA EMP RE IN 1758 A 0 ,. ( I 'I 34

work un1er tLe vuidcnce f is uncI 1; hunatt ao.

'".~ renmt 'a1" unstt ao 'Wus of t.I weak ~1nd and a vacill~t1n~ nature and cre&t-d many problema than solyed.

~ was not content wit tis position 6S a mere adviaor; h

Gnd his aVarice led to fr .... \:Juent f~H·il· 'lisputet.. he SOUt':,t tLe i 1.s!f '5 .. el p a ainst tt-e eshwe. who latc:.r on rllrct'a8~d tr.e ood ~111 of his uncle by aubordiniitln~ hlms it to him, tAnd t~&t of tie N.t2am by ce 1n~ him & territory worth ru-pe 8 eirhty five lak~s.

~a~run&t .ao JJ 'f 'e reconcil tat! on )f th(t Pes. wa wit' .'1s imprisoned uncle did nvt alevate the 1~tt~r'8 past­ ticn. set unuth ao, th rr-fore. .ohili. d an army at fasik with tr.e help of Datrajl 4.-ikwad . d~ &lso loo~'ed a ('ad for thA ~uccour rro~ J6ncji Bhon8l~ of ~6gFur . But b~fore that coal!t'on too pl&ce, the Feshwa surprised hi. uncle und too hl!'! prisoner.

'The NL l'!" lHr.ar. 1. the l:tzar.. of Hvder6bad, did

not 10le any opportunity to U88 th~ f~r.11y r'u1 of t ~ Fes~~a to eerve his own cause; but Ie wae

Httl!'!rly rOl1t,,"d by tre fp.sn'Wa' CIt amy at ,,~k5ha$b'·uw6n (Slflpt . t

176) j . .. rere y. ti-j'I! 61uu lost to the i araU &:Ie ter.. itcry wurt e_ nty two 16k l s f rure~& for aver.

The unpr~cedented dlll!fetAt of th ur&t. as at PsnipMt in 1761 t ad its r~pprcu~ston5 in ~out~ India a w~ll 88 1n )5 tie north. Th !'~sh'a~ tr1 ed t rf!store the pi'" -.t'ige of the lara. as in b,th th~ arts. 11 In the south, la1d cu~ ~11 had pushed back the i'arlitha

nflul!I!nce (cor-trol) 4"ro1:: t~6 river Tungabhildra to the banks of the Krishna . To retrieve the lost poa ticn, the Peahwa, wit 1n a period of nine years f1762 -71J. launched a~ rr-any a~ four pxpedit .on8 to the Garnatie. in the courlft ot these

xp~dlt ons, the thick forests of ~ednur gave ~ueh rotection to ,'aidar I'll trom the ,·.ar&thas. ut, inapite ot that, he was finally defeated at ~otl T.180 and was orced to ay a fine of tupe s thirty one IBk~s In cash and to surrender to thA srathas a large part of his territory south of the river Tun9abhadra.

Jiml1arly, 1n the North, tr~ power­

ful Jets ot (1 had were defying the

w"hals, the arathas and tte.aja f Jaypur. 'Ihe lIarathae stormed ~oh~d , put down t ~ Jat rebftll, entered t ft ,oab and r conquered th territory which they had loat to Ahmed­ khan :"8n~as\ liB il reaul t or t ir deteat at Pan! pat. i.U8 thn ~1aratha5 r~t.. ri"ved their position 1n tt e south .s well as in t~ft nort~ by the year 17(0 (~ap No. 10). The Peshwa could not 8tand the Itrain or hi. unA.ttled

IlHa1do.r .11. who ow' e :1n tr·C!! service or til., 'lng of ~Y50re , had now riaen to pow r y 8nat~ 1n~' t~· pow"'!'" of the king. B A Y

0 F \ -( , '-- B E N G A L

MARAT.,.c. EMPIR E IN 1770 A. 0 - 6 life; he fell ill ~nd d1ed fit the II • of twent.y eight

(l~th No.ember, 1772) vittout lea,,1n, any children. Juat before his detAth. h summoned hi. uneltt .arrunat- .&0 n~ placed hi. younfer brother, urayan (ao, t e would-be Pe$hvQ, under hi. eh.r~e.

The P•• hwa ~.dha" ~o was braY., prudent. flr~ and 8ucctt,.sful. he 18 considered .a tt-. gre"te.t ot the Felthwas tor the plalne or r8n1pat were not 80 fat.al t the aratha power •• v •• th~ pr.n~ture de¥th of the P~8bwa • b.c~u •• 1n his death. th IIP"5th •• lost the centralis.d power lor ••er •

• aray,n f~,o t,.ll,l, fifth ahw. (1772-73)

Narayan~.o succeeded hie lder brother aa a Peetw.,

.t th@ a~. or a8yente.n and carried out the adaln1.~r8tion with the help of thr " . .aratha ,!ier., 'fis. 'ak} .ra!'l hapu (Kart- ari or :(ltad elflrki. ajaba J uTQndare ('ivan or 1nl&t'!r and ans P~adn18 ( adanavia or eeord@r). n t~e beginnlnlJ

.'Yeryt ·in~ went on limo' tl ly bet.w ••n t ... young Fft.tlwa and hi' &mhit10UB uncle t"~f unat!'.~.o. but 800n dirference. cropped up w ich ultimately led to the aasa. 1nation of the Pee ~w. Ot ·, .luv.uat. . 1773 j •

.'r;~.un.th nao . .13th t .th.... (1773-71.) ~rhunath '.0'. succe~81on to th~ .8hw~'E of ice did not hring .n1 pood ..e.ult foz' he utterly failed 1r! dlt.ipelling t~~ 111-! ftlln~8 of eome of the ~ ratha Chier. ~·"ln.t him; )7

and when it w~. rouna that • as conneet8d with the eon- .piracy which waa fatal to the preceding r ••hwa, the V'aratha

cr.iet., head~d by

thta t'appened VI .en I &~ JUnath ow•• away from Foona; and

when he CUtOUt to know or thie, he 'withdrew iind tUMled towilrd. the north to look for source. trom which he could aecur.

help. The J..n,llah end th~Nl.l.Iim were eager to flah in tht trQubled watera •

.fJ.adhev 'lao ";arayan .,,~a the posthun.uI 80n ot the fifth

r'eehwa and he being f nstalled al Fe.llwe 1n hi. lnt.ncy, &

connell of twelyo men;bers headed by ~*kh.ram tlepu and llana

P~ad .1s wae formed to conduct the adm1nlatratlon on hi. behalf.

Treaty or ~ur~t:1755 i Tr. arlo.y tioYsrn~ent w • k•• nly

w.tcoing the f'oonli sftair. an.d &8 t.~'e1

found tnat roona wae engro •• ed ~1th tamily feud" they

attacked thft aratha territory and took oyer the r~rt of

Th.n~. w.ieh eOmffianded Uln ~al.8tte region. l 8, a180 con­ cluded • treaty with thft absconder nagrunath tao at Surat.

In 175v, ~nd undertook to reinstate h1~ at roona in r8turn

1he treaty ~.... de without ) theretor~. as it 1nvo~od n~lo- ~rd~. con!liets in tl. plain. of ~ja~at, th~ 09 tnor·C~eral of Calcutta. un\l­ einatin" ita 1:t ll!ctltions, ."nt hie envoy '01 . Upt.on to

!re~~I of [email protected] } The 'olonel n~ o,i"t.d u trftat1 with th~ "arath,a 1"0' neil Itt Purandhar (1776), by w; ieh the .' arat as wt'!re ob11 ,ed t.o ~1 "11ft \I t.h~ !'ort of '1'han-ail , 'roae:t an 1 t.lI aur'roundlnp.; terri tory wort.h ,upe~8 five lakt. 'too th$ 'ngl ish, to ,ett.Ar with .upana tvelYf) lakh ae a payment. for the war

8Kpeneea •.and for &11 this t. 1"8 ~n J11"h 'Were to hani over

{aghuYlit'!., \ 1&0 to tl· e '. arat.':lGi ounc11 (~ap lf~ . 11).

ut the treaty w#s not r .~eted by

tt. Bombay OY$rn .!It. t~ot alit I.fied wtt.h th1.&, thfty d.8patc~.ci their army up the oor-gli1t affilnet Peon. to reetor6 for'clbly : aghuluit.h ,'&0 to tb6 office of This halty.t p r'.ulted 'n the firat Anglo-

~arathll war in IIfrdei~ tho Rt,.,11ah suffered he•• y 10•••• t 1779) • Tt.., n~ll.L .n~y J·.t.urned to rSOtIlbay .r".1" Clonelud- 12 in~ at (" 'umeful t.re.. ty t Vadgaon w. ieh the Eo..-b ..y (OYftrn- ment turned down I '.ap No. 11). ------~-~------.------~---. -. ---- 12 '1 th~ Tr~aty or 'adguon, ~r . ,olmfts. t ~ leaier r the Vng11ah any aerel!d to re tore to th' ,'arath (ll. all the territ.ory a8 'W8' P08888'ttd by t}-.m 1\1 1772. l~l"Id to hlind over \• .,.ht1n~!.h !&o to r itl:adji ,1r. hia.. Th" ;or.:bay ·overnr.ent, how 'fer, turntl4 do~n t.his tr

De/nl

L aswari• - Allgarh • • Aqro

• 'ndorf'

. Vagpf.. r . Arqcf..m S~'S{'tte' T ~ II, ]

B A y

o F

B E N G L

o 500 Kms

IMPORTANT PLAcrs IN CONNECTION WITH THE THREE ANGLO-MARl.T 39

Nex.t year. the n lish arrey n,ade another bid to capture Poona , but was b aten otf the gain at / ~or-ghat . his timfl, the \arathlljl had organi. d

" grand q _drupl e alliance wi th the Nilan; (Hyderabad! t

Haidar A] 1 (itYlore) and tht!! ~~honsle ( til pur) ."ainet thtt

Ii n,crli sh . ~he til11ance worked well an achle.e4 some success in t p 8outh, ut in th north the Vnglish had t~e upper

Ilowever. t ,- lOSI!Ets suffered by t"'e ":nJ.l':lis' 1n dif .. ferent part. so !!UC he8y1lv weip:h~d Utlon the mlnd of arren 13 haltings that h~ concluded a treaty with ~lndhla/ at

alba!, ?O rr11ee south ot Cwalior ~~ - 8 - 1780), and t~u. the second Anr.lo-~'a!"at a war caml!) to an end (PJUlP No.ll).

ihe ~orth Indian orr.irs were conducted

mainly by ~indhla and Holk&r ~lO lack~d coordination 1n tl,e1r policy and fiction. Thf! .olkars, th" honelee and the Calkwada--all suffered .from their family feuds and;therefore,failed to cont.rihute to the growth and etabililatlon of th air pmter in Nnl'th India . ',6lhadji

Sindhia wee the only exception. He was a good or~&n1.er and dlplO!te.t. .Ie ereat~d e n w fi eld for hip. filct1ytt.y.

In th last Quarter or t~e 18t~ century, the POI ~lon ------.------.------l)T~ treatv forrr.s &n 1~port6nt land-ryark in thp. rise of t Bri t Gh DOWflr in Inc! ia for 1 t brol.ll!llt the fort. of 'Ihans t l..lssein &:nd v ~ fertile 1Gland of 'alaette under thfl Urlt 8~ Do.s~Blon for ever. 40 or th Del hi Irlper.or was redueed to 4i l~' ebl>. ihe I~plt .. rial court was d1y1.ded into two (oetlons. oth of tf~.m h.,inp; e.uillJy w~ak~r, th~ '~peror ln~lt.ed .'lIi.hadj1 .Jlndhi.1.o run t he JeH 1 "dt'1''!.ni str.t1on {1;-ll-17S4} and r store order an paAe~. ; ahadji rose to tt e oecaa1 n &nd warke~ aUCC8S.­ tully to that effect. Hi. rrowl~~ 1nflu~nee at t~e n lrl court, h weY~r, was not tolerated by the rinc. Jawan -.ktt w~o ~ad absconded to lucknow. .v mob111'1~ hi' forc.s,he foreed Yaha~ji to withdraw south ot thft h*sbal. 'or wbnt of any timely bel p rrOlt Poons . ~.r. .. dji 'lh1. thdrow 8outhw.:-d. but later .on r~rl.y.d ni8 posit1on by spftndlnp next I ~er, year. in fighting battles or de,endlng and protecting the

.:) 1!"1 terri tory. ~urln this period, hi. ~eadouart.ra WQa at ·at~ura . but th8re~rter it W~. 8~lrted ~o wulior. n his return to 100na (11th June 1792i. he was Inve.ted aa the f~sr.w,, ' 3 deputy in the orfiee or • ~'akl1 -i-l~ utalik' • .. &in of $UO~ a C«ireer dltt n 1, tL i ebruary 17""4. e W'I8 success- ful in ru11nr.: the puppet 'tt fJr r of .J('tlh1 with an iron red.

~ was succeeded by hi s roilnd nttphew .l.>iiulat :aO 1n~hl •

ftor a adji ~lndh18, the only arstha at t.sm~n ~)O welded the .rat~a power w~&&na P ~dn s. lou~ r.e ,as recorder of the srw•• y t' way or di ,lo~~ey ~~erci.9d a f!'relit 1 rtfl ueno en the aratt J)oll t 1 C s. l 1. c rip ov r tle Poono urfQir~ ecame 80 tl,ht that ~ e younr ~e WQ hlm­

.~lr could not ~seap~ it. elng tired of kll t 1$, he

omrnitten ~u1cidft on 25tl 'ctober 179~ . Ie w~e. sueee~ded by . \h \C~ SC:J

iy. g 6 i 8' 41

13 cou in \rother ~bl nc.jl t e youn;-Pl son of l1Ir1'untit

0- 1 ;t Q h~l tr~ otf1 c:e or "nly 1 x. ont.l'\ S II.nd ,r:t)V 8 11.. up

17..,6.

~~=-..:::.:..:.z.,;:;...... ____ """,,-l§ ~ t.. "!I~ WQ {l796-1~17 }

~ 1 fit (!s"w WQS ti'ld d. \'ajcl11at1n, and of re~ n e- ful natur~. . e trul5t d nobody n 1, at th '~!H) tim." d c(t>1 'Ved

_ r8&lm~ or=an1~o!1£I everybody. ~~~h 'ana P ¥ nla and lntrtlu~l.and coynt!!-J ir.tri£u., j ... in t& w ware tryln fP to assert

their pnwer. !fl'ft fe$hva, t.h.r~rore, • ~ ntfll to •. t't ere r1.m~.,1 f fron: th~1r control. t~·ou,. for hin.

pri 'oned flinG. l>-adn1s lilnd t)rutally treated ill U Ole wlo hiid rone Qr- \net tn- ,uJeend~ney of hi8 r8tb~r snd 1. own. '\,An.

• QQni8 Ie on 13t "arch ltOO and in hte dfJ8th the .r~tha8

n n 1y lost t~e tr@acure of wlado~ and diplomacy.

After BrlCi t 5 e~t., ~1n1h 1~ hees1"!e ell powerful at

oonal. • k pt t)e estw .. undel uard. fore! blv coll4tetlng

47 lak 8 f r~ ~8 rro~ him nd t en fouv t 8ev~r.l battles

1 tt. Yesi,\\tint \.80 olkar. i.1 s only rlval, in th alw6.

GO' 1kar W 0 carrled on :ereditary f49Uc1 14 wi t h tt, e ·1 ndh 1s nd t.i' ~ n4t" ea. wu, marched soutt 'Ward. in

bid to t ke revenge .. ainst tl'e two nd d'!lfeat.ed the feshwa'f'j

1 brut,.lly killed his brother. 42

1'1 ad tor tt. help of tot;e 'ngl1at:. rOOD! plu~~ ~ 0 ns w 8 now ur-torn. deputy rhatr.. had plu dared it 1n 1797: r.ow it. was replundered :1 lflsbwllnt .• ao in It02.

n )lat D.c~b.r, 1 02 the !ugl- tty., ahw 81 ned \or at.,., bettftr known ., the treaty or B.85ein , wIth the 'ngl18h aer."ptlnJ~ t.he rl t~:,d eubsl di ary rOt'Cft of <..000 r.,r,ula.r in­ fantry and som _rtlller· i" return for tb. d1stricts 1i~ld1n an .n~ual reyenue or 26 l~kk8. r U8 Ie bou ht •• rety at the coat or his independence. 1 OU, h this treaty broulht Poona under th~ ~rl or th 1111., yet it led to t. t ird nglo-

arath. war, as neither j d~la. "or D onlle could tolerate 1. depttndenc". n 13t

.Y 1802. the eahw8 .8eo~t~d y tte ~lll.h).nt8r.d Poon Ie . was in ruin.

obi.f, Yt. ~ hI.'! ca1ltJ'algnll whle~ followed 4J. the ....____ .... ~.-.....=.:r.linp_y j treaty or '~!~eln were u. at is-

rilo.rul tor t.ft General Artr.ur he forrt:f9r operated 1 n t e IJsecan. wtere, in a few months, h., won the 43 decisive battles t aaaye nd r?su~ ( ap No. 11). Lak.'.

e,mr~i n In North In 1s was e ually auceensful. .~~ln.t

h~ won the pltcied attlea tit Allgarl .nd '.ewart nd took th cities of elhi and lpra. disbanded the

rench-trained troops of ~lndh1a. &nd ••t the 8a~~ time, stoea t1 rRl 88 th- ell,u'pion of the 'm-peror of Delhi. ero", leO). • oth indhla and ihon8le sued tor peacG. )indhia oeded all hlft 1.1ma to th~ t~rritory north or the YMmuna and lett he

Delhi r.. peror • ..,h r 1 •• under • rit.J.ah protection. .,honele

rortelted 0r181li to th ?ngllah and tbe iierar to the Ni.am

(~ap No . 12) • • TAsr.want ,80 Holkar remained slone in the field, .up­ porting hi. troop. "'y ;raids t rou"h c<.,l wa nd s.ajGistt- an. He also call.ed some dlsaetera to tbll! ..,rlt1ah in Central India, but waa later on put down.

The .,hlla had 1 on I' heft'" chaffing under the terMS 1m-

~oth honale an4 olkar were waltill, for _ right opportunity to rise IS, a1nat the

1'"3 t1al • at {loona t Na,pur and Indore rose eeparately against the

.nf:llah. hut due to lack 01 unity in t elr action they were

put down. Ii~ Fe.ehwa lost hil territory. the onk .. n and

residency. 'i'he rhOrt81e ret£ined 61 rrfu,ter part of hie • \" •• '- •• • • • • \ o -•• •'...... ,. ". 0 '.

/ " \> I / I o

,,/" ONagpur \ \' " o N S l ',B,, H , •• ", , •• • -" ... • -- ... .• ..... \... A M .- " ", .. ~ ...' -<- o •• , 1 H~derabo ••••• .­ ..

•

Aquisilions of terriolory J res·jlt,ng from the lost Anglo- Morotho war, by the British

r~' ~ ":J CesSion to the Rajah of Sataro

o 250 500 Kms

~RS or THE MARATHA CONFEDERATES AND THE TRANSFER OF -RRITORY AFTER THIRD ANGLO-MARATHA WAR 44 . p08.ft8s1ons nd uettlements were effected in Centl~l India y to~ln separate stat B of Bolkar (IndoreJ, ~d ~lndhl.

( wallor 1 (Ii Mo. 12). 'h det"\roned f~.hwi\ wa. pensloned or. T ~ atatee or ~atara and 'ar,pur lapeed. t~routh derault or issue. 1n lS48 and leS) re.p ctiYely. hua t e bl. panorama of th ~aratha ht.tory CaMe to an end atter one and . alt century of it. eour'f! •

• Appendix I

(a) Genealogl of the "Bhopale t.ill (SAiyaj1's Bou.e)

..,hivaji (1130-80) • , S.. bha~1 Ra~.r.. (16So-eg) • (188'-1700), Shahu ( Princi­ !arabai (Iolhapur (1706-'~), pa11tl) , Principal1ty, R.. ra~. (Adopted) Shiftji • ambba.,1 (17.11-'7) (1700-08) • • Shahu II (Adopted) Rura~a 1177-1808),

(b) GeR.aload ot the Peab•• 1.,'11 Firat Pe.h.a Bi8aj1 Y1ahw!p,th (17 t 4- ) , • • Bajirao Bhiuba1 Ch1.. ~1 App. Anub&1 • T,------,t • T , . , Ba1aj1 (alia. Ramcnancra Ra&hunath Rao Janardan fiana Sah1b (1773-74) (1'1.0-61) , • Baj1rao II Ch1aanaj1 Amr1t "Rao , • (1';6-161'1 , , Vi.b-a. Rao KuhaT Rao Y.ah.ant laray&n Bao (1761-72) (1"'72-'7~) • SaTa! j( aabTrao (17'4-~fI) (Figure. in the bracket. reter to the rul1nl period.) ( , Ae."~n

1., 8-13 ~ Jd dni

171) bru.:r'" - 171u .pr11 l.l~hl, -ul- ul. . 171 ) &y 1 1- OV. ~ i 'iA U8i1 n 11

171~ -0 ber .. 1720 u,uat It1r .11

l?d} u ust 7~ , u.ry 12 -u -'ulk

• Appedy II

ctj ONOLOGI

1594 March IS Sbabajl BhoDale bOrD 1627 April 6 irth or Sniyejl (19 reb. 16)0). 1630-31 Dr•• dful t ..1I1. 1ra tbe DecCAD 1636-1644, uranl.eb Go.arnor ot the Deccan : uran•• bad D••• d .fter hla.

16)6-161,.7 h1ysJ1 t • reeldeace at ~OOD •• 1647-61 at Raj,ad, there.fter at aal,ad. 1641 OrsanlaatloQ or tbe 12 KawaI .al1e,l. 16.. , MarcO. )0 Sacred YOW to found Hlndwl SvarajJ., official ••a1 1Dtroduc~d b1 Shiyaji. Orfices created tor bi. n .. loyern.ent. 16'3 Jan.-16S8 'eb. Auranc.eb .gulo Governor or the neccan. 16S5 elesln! aoatba SblYaJl'a tira' attack Oft Jay1!. 1657 April Shlyajl plUMer. Junnar aDd Ahmfldnagar.

1657 Oewber Shlvajl .u~jul.t •• North lonken. 16S8 July 21 Auran, ••b •• co... EBp.ror.

1659 Noyember 2~ Sh1 •• ji capture. Penhale. 1660 .luI, 1) Shlyajl .ac.p•• from Panhala. 1660 JulJ 14 Bajlprabhu alQln at Vlabal&arb. 1660 Augu., Shahlat.khan captur•• Chakan. 1660 ShlYajl con.tructa $uvarnadura. 1664 Shl.ajl con.tructs Slndbudur.g.

1680 Shl.ajl co~truct. Colaba. 1661 February Shahlat.khan capture. Ka1ren.

47 1664 January 8-9 Shlyajl .ack, and burna Sur.t. 1664 J anual'7 2) neath or SbabaJl. 166S Jue 14 Shl.ajl coaelude~ trea', witb Jay S1rl.9~ 166, JUDe IS treaty or l)uraadbar. 1666 May 12 SblvaJl 18 pr ••ented to Auranlseb at Court. 1666 AUlu,' 17 Shlvljl ••cape, tro. Alra. 1667 S.pteab.r Adl1 Shah conc1ud •• tr•• t, with Shlvajl. 1667 D.c_b.r 11 Portucu ••• aat. p.ace wlth Shlvajl. 1661 Bljapur and Golconda a,ree to Irant Chouth to ShlvaJl. 1610 J anuIIT Shl.ajl p1und.r. aerar • • 1670 February 24 lrtb ot RaJlra•• 1671 .J anury , hlyajl capture. tort Sa1ber. 1614 JUlle 6 ShlvaJl crowned at Ral,ad. 1617 J Inuary ShlvaJi 1.a••• tor H,derabad. 1680 April) Shi'laJl die•• 1680 April RaJara. enthroned •• ebh.traptl. 1680 Ju1, 20 S•• bbajl contlne. RaJaraa IDd b.eo••• Chh.trapa~l .

1680 loyeaber Sa~bajl opens oaapalgo 1,1108t the Muaha11.

16'1 J anual")' 16 S ••bhajl crowned. 16eZ MI, 18 Shahu born. 1689 Nov_ber ) hahu i. captured at Ral,.d. 1698 Ma, 2) '.nh::>jl Dlr... de Sarkh.l. 1707 'ebNal7 20 urangaeb di •• at A.hlledna,ar. 1707 May 6 hahu 1 ..... Mughal caep for louth. 49

110' J aauary 12 Shabu CroWDed kine. 170' loY ..be .. 20 alaji VlaYaaatil _d. Seaaurt••

1713 'ebruary Nl ...-*1~u1k appo1Dt.d SUbabdar of the n.CCaD. 171) .0 ...... 11 Salajl V1.bwaDatb appolnt.d P•• bwa. 1715 O.c ....r 26 Cbarl.e 800ne Preeideat of Boaba,. 1718-24· 1111110 .ar a,alna' DIrer. 1718 loy_b ... 2 Boon. a,ta.k. lbanderl. 111. 10Y"'e.. alaj1 Vi.hYaaath l ..de Karatba expedition to Delhl. 1719 )Jareb ) rant ot Cbouth ratltled. 1719 March> l' Graat ot Sard.abaukhl ratltl.d. 1120 prll 2 alajl Yl8byaDatJl dl ••• 1700 Aqu.t 1. ajirao born. 1120 April 17 Baj1rao appolnt.d ' ••bw. 172' JUII. 20 uap.ror conti.... D•••• a to t.be 1 .... 172' Noy"'.r- aJirao'. la' expedition iato Carnatic. 1126 Ii.y 1728 Flbruary 2' B.j1rao huab1 .. 11 ... a' 'alkbed. 172. K4Irch 6 Tr ••ty ot Muaci b.. aoa. 1128 MoY.-b.r 29 aatt1. of Aajhere, 01rldhar aad Day. Sabadur kliled. 1129 Api'll 1. Sajlrao rout •• Baaca.b aDd re el.e. a portlon ot BUDdel. d.-1Dl••• 1729 Malva, luadelkb.ad, QuJarat p••• uad.r Marat.ba 1nfluence. 1729 "ul., 4 'anhojl ADlr., dl ••• 17)2 Ju1, 29 Th. f •• hwa .rtecta dl n.loD ot a1.a batween SiDd,la, , Ho1kar aad Paw4r. 17)) Maroh-Apr11 Chlanajl pp. aDd Holkar captura part or Bundalkba.d. 17)) pr11 .jlrao opens operAtions ~~a1n8t Janjira.

17)6 Noyemher s~jlrao leavee oon. for • da~ on ... ftlhl.

1737 ~areh 26 ~.jlr.o ·e eurpri.e attack upon Ue1hl. 1737 Jecf!mbor 16 "ajir¥o b"aieg•• Ni.aII at ,hop.1.

1737 .I~.r ar o-pp.Ded ag~inst tl.. 'ortuguel••

17)7 larch 'J."l 1mnaJl Appa c*pturee ~rana . Uharav1 and otn r place•• 1739 l\:,arch 7 N¥dlrahah arrive. at DeIhl . 17)9 ray 1 adlrahah le.vea Oelhi for hom • 1739 "ay 1 ; arathe. at t.ack aSflel1'1 violently • • 1740 June 2.J 3 laj1 lnvelfted with rot-Jea of ~'e8 lWCl ­ ship. 1741 January 5 Holl

1740 i ebnaary 1745 .Y 6 \agnuj1 captures luttack, po.se •••• Orl •• fil . 1745 Dec_ber 21 {aghuji routed n ar .ur.midabad.

171.7 ;anuary J~noji hon81e marches upon ~eng.l dereated.

1748 ;.:.abnj 1 .~hons le arches on ~ngal.

174£ !, 4Y 21 Nlz8m-ul-~ulk dies a~ed 77.

174.9 J~cemb.r 10 ... it U 1e8. 1750 January 4 UiDlrltja. crowned. 51

1751 neceaber 2 ort Trl.bak captured b1 t,b. i.s.a - .sala re.tored to Ni ... (1752 Jaa.6j.

1752 No ••~.r 24 Tr•• ty ot Shelki, a.IlaD aDd pert 01 rlerar co.. lnto Marat,be po••••• lon.

1754 Octob.r 24 The P•• hwa .t.art. Oft hl. )I'd expedl tlon to SeQ,u'. 17'" Octob.r 25 Iaperial r.r.an lIsued a.. antlD1 di.trlct.s 10 the Doab and the col18ct.10n of pl1,rla taxe. b, Matath •• at 08,. and Kuruk.hetra. 1755 'ebruary 21 Jayappa captures AJ ..re. 1757 February bd.11 •• cka aDd plUDdere D.lhl wltb the help of H.jib lbaD. 1757 April Abda11 1..... Delhi to.. 'abul. 1757 AUIU"t. Jla,huut.b Rao tak •• ob ..... or DelhI. 17'7 Sept.. ber 6 The Do.b 1. .eoured by the Marath ••• 1759 April Oatt.jI .ppolnts Sabaji 8iadbla at Labore to hold tb. YUIlje_. 1759 Ma,. Cattaji r.turn. trom Laho ..e. 17'9 Ju1, Dattaji pitch.. hI. aaapbear Sbuk ... tal 1759 Sept.. ber l' Dat.taJl at.'.cks -aJib Kban but talls. 1759 October 21 Goriad,.t Bwadel. cto.... tbe Gang •• and barass.. tb. Rubl1laa. 1759 October Abdall take. po••••• loa ot Lahore. 17'9 nec ..ber 11 n.t,tajl hurried1, maroh.. t,owards Delhl. 1759 Dec ..be .. 18 Dat.tajl oro •••• tbe taauaa at lunj.pur•• 1759 Dec_her 24 S ••ere actl0. betwe'D Abdali aDd nattaJl at Tban ••bwar. 1759 n.o ..ber )1 the two opponents race .ach other at Bur.ttl Ghat_

1760 JaDWU"1 10 Dattajl t.1le ti,htlng at Buradl Ghat 1760 Karch 14 8hau Sabeb start. fro. P•• dur. 52

,/ 1760 January Maratha. attack Ni.am Ali near Udglr. 1760 'ebruary ) Treaty of Udglr 1760 Maroh 14 Bhau.aheb .tart. from Patdur 1760 October 17 Shau.ah.b capture. Kunjpura. 1760 No.e.ber 4 Two parti •• tace at Panipat. 1761 January 14 Final combat. 1761 January 16 Abdali leav•• for Delhi. 1761 June 2) The Pe.h.a di ••• 1772 April 14 Abdal1 di •• at Kabul. 1745 February 16 Madha. Rao born. 1761 July.20 Madha. Rao recei ••• robe. of Pe.h.a.hlp.

1761 November Hieam Ali'. a~~re'81on on Poona. 1762 No._ber 7 1ndeci8i.e action on the Ghod ri.er. 1762 No.e.ber 21 Raghunat~ao re8tore. to Ni.am 11 all the territory ceded by him at Udt1r.

176) February 3 ~lraj .urrendered. 1763 April-June Poona .acked and burnt. 176) .Sept., 10 Battle of Rakha.bhuyan. 176) September 23 Treaty of Aurangabad; the Pe.hwa get. back all the re.tored territory. 1764 February The P•• hwa .tart. tor the carnatic 1764 May Battle of Rattenhalli; Haidar routed. 1764 tfo.oaber 6 Pe.hw. capture. Dharwar. 1767 Maroh 27 Malhar Raa Holkar die •• 1770 December 15 Maratha. capture !tawa and march on Farrukabad where Nawab re.tore. Maratha territori••• 53

1772 lI.srch 4 J.lahadjl Capture8 hUkratal.

1772 November IS Th~ P•• hwa dies at Poona. 1774 Oct. 26 :'arren lasting. becomes G.G.

177g f:ar. 23 Hastings declares war upon ~oona. 1780 May The British r.apture Thana 1782 tlay 17 Treaty of Salbai concluded l7e.:; ,·~arch 26 Sindhia takes posses 10n of Agra fort 1788 July 4 Sindh!a occupies Mathur. 1790 June 1 Tripartite treaty concluded at oona

1794 Feb. 12 Ma~adji indhia dies at Poona leOO Jf.arch·13 Nana Phadni8 die.

1803 AUKust 7 ~elle81ey opens war with the Yarathas 1803 ... ept. 24 Marathas routed at Assai ISlS Jan. 6 1818 June ) Bajlrao surrenders to .' alcolm