DOCSLIB.ORG

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM (Part -1-)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM (Part -1-) General Histology By Sahar M. Ahmed Assistant lecture at Al-Rafidain University college Department of Dentist 1 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM (part -1-) 2 groups of organs compose the digestive system Gastrointenstinal (GI) tract or alimentary canal – mouth, most of pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine Accessory digestive organs – teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas Or can classify to 3 parts, these are: 1. Oral cavity: consist of (lips, cheek, teeth, tongue, & salivary glands). 2. Digestive tract: include (most of pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine). 3. Digestive glands: these include (liver, gallbladder, & pancreas). The digestive system is a group of organs working together to convert food into energy and basic nutrients to feed the entire body. Food passes through a long tube inside the body known as the alimentary canal or the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract). The alimentary canal is made up of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, and large intestines. In addition to the alimentary canal, there are several important accessory organs that help the body to digest food, but do not have food pass through them. Accessory organs of the digestive system include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. 2 Functions of digestive system . Ingestion: Taking in food through the mouth . Propulsion (movement of food) Swallowing Peristalsis – propulsion by alternate contraction &relaxation . Mechanical digestion Chewing Churning in stomach Mixing by segmentation . Chemical digestion: By secreted enzymes: see later . Absorption: Transport of digested end products into blood and lymph in wall of canal . Defecation: Elimination of indigestible substances from body as feces Chemical digestion: Complex food molecules (carbohydrates, proteins and lipids) broken down into chemical building blocks (simple sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids and glycerol) Carried out by enzymes secreted by digestive glands into lumen of the alimentary canal 3 ORAL CAVITY . The oral cavity is lined with a keratinized or nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium depending on what region you’re in. 1. This epithelium is often called the mucous epithelium. 2. The transition between the stratified keratinized squamous epithelium of the skin and the stratified non-keratinized squamous epithelium of much of the oral cavity occurs at the lips. 3. Below the stratified squamous epithelium is a layer of loose connective tissue, called lamina propria. This lamina propria shows some interdigitation with the stratified squamous epithelium of the oral region as the dermis of the skin does with the epidermis. It contains blood and lymph vessels, small glands, nerves and aggregations of lymphocytes. 4. Together, the stratified squamous epithelium and the lamina propria form the oral mucosa - No muscularis mucosae Lips When we think of lips we usually only think of a small part, the vermilion border (or prolabium), of the "anatomical" lips, which comprise the entire fleshy fold surrounding the oral orifice. The outside and inside of the lips are lined by skin and oral mucosa respectively. Between the two, we find labial vessels, nerves, the orbicularis oris muscle (striated), which shapes the lips, and labial salivary glands. The vermilion border is the area of transition from the skin to the oral mucosa. The epithelium is somewhat thicker than in other parts of the facial skin. Connective tissue papilla extend deep into the epithelium and are heavily vascularized. It is the proximity of these vessels to the surface of the epithelium which gives the prolabium it's red appearance. 4 The roof of the mouth consists of soft and hard palates. 1. The hard palate has an intramembranous bone backing which is covered by a keratinized mucous epithelium. 2. The soft palate has a core of skeletal muscle and is covered by a non-keratinized mucous epithelium & Uvula. Tongue The tongue consists of a mass of striated muscle covered by a mucosa consisting of a non-keratinized, stratified, squamous epithelium and lamina propria in most places. The mucous epithelium is strongly adherent to the muscle below. This is because the C.T. of the lamina propria penetrates into spaces between the muscle bundles. Tongue muscle is striated and composed of bundles that are oriented in 3 planes. This sort of structure increases both the potential stiffness and the mobility of the tongue. 5 The dorsal surface of the tongue can be divided into two areas by a V-shaped boundary found in the posterior dorsal tongue surface. The dorsal surface of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue is covered by various types of papillae. Beneath the surface are serous and mucous glands. But the posterior 1/3, behind the V, is composed of small bulges that contain lymphatic nodules. * These include the lingual tonsils that consist of lymph nodules surrounding a single crypt. The type of papillae found depends on what part of tongue you look at. 1. Filiform papillae: Have an elongated conical shape. These papillae have a keratinized surface, are the most numerous and are found over the entire dorsal surface. There are no taste buds in the epithelium covering filiform papillae. 2. Fungiform papillae: These are mushroom shaped. There are far fewer fungiform than filiform papillae.They are found interspersed between the filiform papillae over the entire anterior dorsal surface of the tongue. A few taste buds may be found in the epithelium covering these papillae. 6 3. Circumvallate papillae: These are extremely large circular papillae which have a flattened surface that extends above the other tongue papillae. About 8- 12 in number. these papillae are distributed in the V region of the posterior dorsal surface of the tongue. Many taste buds can be found in the epithelium covering their lateral surfaces. the excretory ducts of serous glands open into the trenches surrounding the papillae ("rinsing glands" or glands of von Ebner). 4. Foliate papilla: these are arranged as closely packed folds along the posterior lateral margins of the tongue and are only common in young children. There are numerous taste buds in the epithelium covering foliate papillae. Serous glands drain through openings at their bases. Taste Buds Oval multicellular structures, Cells surround a cavity that communicates with the oral cavity via a small pore between the apexes of the cells. 7 Teeth In adult humans there are 32 permanent teeth. These are preceded during childhood by 20 deciduous teeth. The tooth lies in a bony socket, the alveolus, that is covered my an oral mucosa called the gingiva (gums) that consists of, keratinized stratified squamous epithelium & lamina propria of loose connective tissue that lies directly adjacent to the bone of the alveolus. The tooth consists of two major parts a. the crown - the portion that protrudes above the gum line. b. the root - the portion that extends into the alveolus. Internally, the tooth consists of a layer of dentin that surrounds a pulp consisting of loose connective tissue, nerves and blood vessels. In the dentin, directly adjacent to the pulp is a layer of specialized cells called odontoblasts - secrete organic matrix that calcifies and forms the dentin. 8 Crown region Dentin is covered by a layer of calcified organic matrix - the enamel, hardest substance in body, Formed by ameloblasts before tooth “erupts” from socket Root region Dentin (mineralized organic matrix) surrounds the pulp. In the root region, the dentin is covered by calcified organic matrix - the cementum - similar to bone, but no haversian system, Between the cementum and the bone of the socket lies the periodontal ligament. Where the gingiva meets the tooth - specialized epithelium - junctional epithelium - binds epithelium to enamel. • Junctional epithelium is non-keratinized stratified squamous without “dermal” papillae • Bound to enamel by cuticle (looks like extra thick basal lamina - called epithelial attachment of Gottlieb) • Cells of junctional epithelium tightly attached to cuticle by hemidesmosomes • Between this attachment and the gumline is the gingival sulcus. Lined by sulcular epithelium. This is a non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. • When dentist probes around your teeth - checking depth of sulcus. • If too deep, indicates breakdown between enamel and junctional epithelium - periodontal disease 9 Salivary Glands Saliva is a mixed secretion, which is derived from numerous large and small salivary glands that all open into the oral cavity. Small salivary glands are situated in the connective tissue beneath the epithelia lining the oral cavity, and, in the case of the tongue, they may also be found between the muscular tissues. Depending on the localisation they are grouped into lingual, labial, buccal, molar and palatine glands. The large salivary glands form three paired groups: 1. the sublingual glands, which are positioned beneath the tongue and embedded deeply in the connective tissue of the oral cavity, 2. the submandibular glands and 3. The parotid glands, which lie outside the oral cavity. All of these glands are tubuloacinar glands, they have secretory acini but the first part of the duct system originating from the acini also participates in the secretory process. The salivary glands are divided by connective tissue septa into lobes, which are further subdivided into lobules. Functionally the secretory acini can be divided into two groups: those that secrete a rather liquid
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Microvasculature of Human Infant Oral Mucosa Using Vascular Corrosion Casts and India Ink Injection II
    Scanning Microscopy Volume 8 Number 1 Article 13 3-31-1994 The Microvasculature of Human Infant Oral Mucosa Using Vascular Corrosion Casts and India Ink Injection II. Palate and Lip Q. X. Yu Sun Yat-Sen University of Medical Sciences K. M. Pang University of Hong Kong W. Ran Sun Yat-Sen University of Medical Sciences H. P. Philipsen University of Hong Kong X. H. Chen Sun Yat-Sen University of Medical Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/microscopy Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Yu, Q. X.; Pang, K. M.; Ran, W.; Philipsen, H. P.; and Chen, X. H. (1994) "The Microvasculature of Human Infant Oral Mucosa Using Vascular Corrosion Casts and India Ink Injection II. Palate and Lip," Scanning Microscopy: Vol. 8 : No. 1 , Article 13. Available at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/microscopy/vol8/iss1/13 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Western Dairy Center at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Scanning Microscopy by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Scanning Microscopy, Vol. 8, No. l, 1994 (Pages 133-139) 0891-7035/94$5.00+ .25 Scanning Microscopy International, Chicago (AMF O'Hare), IL 60666 USA THE MICROVASCULATURE OF HUMAN INFANT ORAL MUCOSA USING VASCULAR CORROSION CASTS AND INDIA INK INJECTION II. PALATE AND LIP Q.X. Yu 1,'", K.M. Pang2, W. Ran 1, H.P. Philipsen 2 and X.H. Chen 1 1Faculty of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
    [Show full text]
  • Head and Neck
    DEFINITION OF ANATOMIC SITES WITHIN THE HEAD AND NECK adapted from the Summary Staging Guide 1977 published by the SEER Program, and the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual Fifth Edition published by the American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging. Note: Not all sites in the lip, oral cavity, pharynx and salivary glands are listed below. All sites to which a Summary Stage scheme applies are listed at the begining of the scheme. ORAL CAVITY AND ORAL PHARYNX (in ICD-O-3 sequence) The oral cavity extends from the skin-vermilion junction of the lips to the junction of the hard and soft palate above and to the line of circumvallate papillae below. The oral pharynx (oropharynx) is that portion of the continuity of the pharynx extending from the plane of the inferior surface of the soft palate to the plane of the superior surface of the hyoid bone (or floor of the vallecula) and includes the base of tongue, inferior surface of the soft palate and the uvula, the anterior and posterior tonsillar pillars, the glossotonsillar sulci, the pharyngeal tonsils, and the lateral and posterior walls. The oral cavity and oral pharynx are divided into the following specific areas: LIPS (C00._; vermilion surface, mucosal lip, labial mucosa) upper and lower, form the upper and lower anterior wall of the oral cavity. They consist of an exposed surface of modified epider- mis beginning at the junction of the vermilion border with the skin and including only the vermilion surface or that portion of the lip that comes into contact with the opposing lip.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Anatomy As Related to Tumor Formation Book Four
    SEER Program Self Instructional Manual for Cancer Registrars Human Anatomy as Related to Tumor Formation Book Four Second Edition U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service National Institutesof Health SEER PROGRAM SELF-INSTRUCTIONAL MANUAL FOR CANCER REGISTRARS Book 4 - Human Anatomy as Related to Tumor Formation Second Edition Prepared by: SEER Program Cancer Statistics Branch National Cancer Institute Editor in Chief: Evelyn M. Shambaugh, M.A., CTR Cancer Statistics Branch National Cancer Institute Assisted by Self-Instructional Manual Committee: Dr. Robert F. Ryan, Emeritus Professor of Surgery Tulane University School of Medicine New Orleans, Louisiana Mildred A. Weiss Los Angeles, California Mary A. Kruse Bethesda, Maryland Jean Cicero, ART, CTR Health Data Systems Professional Services Riverdale, Maryland Pat Kenny Medical Illustrator for Division of Research Services National Institutes of Health CONTENTS BOOK 4: HUMAN ANATOMY AS RELATED TO TUMOR FORMATION Page Section A--Objectives and Content of Book 4 ............................... 1 Section B--Terms Used to Indicate Body Location and Position .................. 5 Section C--The Integumentary System ..................................... 19 Section D--The Lymphatic System ....................................... 51 Section E--The Cardiovascular System ..................................... 97 Section F--The Respiratory System ....................................... 129 Section G--The Digestive System ......................................... 163 Section
    [Show full text]
  • Digestive Tract
    Digestive Tract Introduction The digestive system consists of the -oral cavity( lips and tongue) - digestive tract : (esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, appendex and anus) -accessory glands of digestive system: (salivary glands, pancreas, and liver). Its function is to obtain from ingested food the molecules necessary for the maintenance, growth, and energy needs of the body. Macromolecules such as proteins, fats, complex carbohydrates, and nucleic acids are broken down into small molecules that are more easily absorbed through the lining of the digestive tract, mostly in the small intestine. Water, vitamins, and minerals from ingested food are also absorbed. In addition, the inner layer of the digestive tract is a protective barrier between the content of the tract's lumen and the internal milieu of the body. The gastrointestinal tract has a form of general histology with some differences that reflect the specialization in functional anatomy. It is a hollow tube with a lumen of variable diameter and a wall made up of four main layers: 1- Mucosa 2- Submucosa 3- Muscularis externa (the external muscular layer) 4- Adventitia or serosa 1 Mucosa The mucosa is the innermost layer of the gastrointestinal tract that is surrounding the lumen, or open space within the tube. This layer comes in direct contact with digested food . The mucosa is made up of three layers: A- Epithelium - innermost layer. Responsible for most digestive, absorptive and secretory processes. B- Lamina propria - a thin layer of connective tissue . C- Muscularis mucosae - is a thin layer of smooth muscle that supports the mucosa and provides it with the ability to move and fold.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of Reporting Practices on State and Local Lip Cancer Rates, Or: How Many Per Million Depends on the Vermilion
    The impact of reporting practices on state and local lip cancer rates, or: How many per million depends on the vermilion Francis P. Boscoe, Ph.D. Christopher J. Johnson, MPH New York State Cancer Registry Cancer Data Registry of Idaho July 7, 2015 July 7, 2015 Lipupper parts 2 Skin of upper lip, upper lip Upper lip vermillion, upper lip, upper lipstick area Philtrum Upper lip NOS Oral commissure Lower lip NOS Lower lip vermillion, lower lip, lower lipstick area Mentolabial sulcus Skin of lower lip, lower lip Vermillion border July 7, 2015 3 In the U.S., oral cancer and pharynx incidence ranges from 7.8 per 100,000 (Utah) to 13.5 (Kentucky) – less than a two- fold difference Lip cancer incidence ranges from 0.3 (Ohio) to 2.7 (Idaho) – a nine-fold difference Source: CINA+ 2007-2011 July 7, 2015 4 In Canada, oral cancer and pharynx incidence ranges from 8.9 per 100,000 (Saskatchewan) to 15.9 (Northwest Territories) – less than a two-fold difference Lip cancer incidence ranges from 0.25 (New Brunswick) to 3.0 (Manitoba) – a 12-fold difference Source: CINA+ 2007-2011 July 7, 2015 5 July 7, 2015 6 Utah Idaho Iowa Oral Cavity 7.9 (1) 12.6 (40) 11.7 (26) and Pharynx Oral Cavity 6.0 (1) 9.6 (50) 8.0 (29) Oral Cavity 5.3 (1) 7.1 (26) 6.7 (11) excluding lip Lip 0.7 (25) 2.5 (50) 1.3 (45) Rates (age-adjusted per 100,000) and state ranks (1=lowest rate), 2007-2011, white non-Hispanics July 7, 2015 7 There could actually be two problems: • True skin cancers reported as lip cancers (which inflates lip cancer rates) • True lip cancers being counted as skin cancers and not being reported at all (which deflates lip cancer rates) July 7, 2015 8 True skin cancers reported as lip cancers: NYSCR reviewed all lip cancers in NYS from 1995 to present containing the word “skin”, “basal”, or “BCC” anywhere in the text fields.
    [Show full text]
  • Cheilitis Glandularis Apostematosa in a Female Patient – a Case Report
    CASE REPORTS Serbian Journal of Dermatology and Venereology 2013; 5 (4): 177-182 DOI: 10.2478/sjdv-2013-0015 Cheilitis Glandularis Apostematosa in a Female Patient – a Case Report Mirjana PARAVINA* Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Serbia *Correspondence: Mirjana Paravina, E-mail: [email protected] OPEN UDC 616.317-002-092-08 Abstract Cheilitis is an infl ammatory condition of the vermilion border of the lips, which is the junction between the skin and the mucosa. Cheilitis may arise as a primary disorder of the vermilion zone; the infl ammation may extend from the nearby skin, or less often from the oral mucosa. Primary cheilitis lesions are either superfi cial or deep. Deep types include cheilitis glandularis (infl ammatory changes and lip gland swelling), and granulomatous cheilitis (chronic swelling of the lip due to granulomatous infl ammation mostly of unknown origin). Cheilitis glandularis is a rare condition that mostly affects the lower lip and it is characterized by nodular enlargement, reduced mobility and lip erosion. Based on clinical presentation, cheilitis glandularis may be classifi ed into three subtypes: simplex (described as Puente and Acevedo), superfi cial suppurative (described by Baelz-Unna), and the most severe type – deep suppurative, also known as cheilitis glandularis apostematosa (Volkmann’s cheilitis) characterized by deep-seated infl ammation forming abscesses and fi stulous tracts. This is a case report of a female patient with a deep suppurative type of cheilitis affecting both lips. Treatment with systemic antibiotics (using antibiogram tests), corticosteroids and topical therapy resulted in signifi cant improvement. Key words Cheilitis + diagnosis + etiology + classifi cation + therapy; Disease Progression; Prognosis; Treatment Outcome heilitis is an infl ammatory condition of the the lower lip with clinical manifestations of nodular Cvermilion border of the lips, which is the enlargement, reduced mobility and lip inversion (5).
    [Show full text]
  • LAS COMISURAS LABIALES COMO ASIENTO DE PROCESOS PATOLÓGICOS/ Medicina Oral 2000: 5: 165-8 the CORNEES of the MOUTH AS a SITE for PATHOLOGY Ciente, Etc
    mOlCINA Y PATOLOGÍA / MEDICINE AND Pfi El tejido conectivo contiene glándulas sudoríparas, glán• Las comisuras labiales dulas sebáceas y las bases de los folículos pilosos, que atra• viesan el epitelio. Este es continuo alrededor de las bases de los folículos, y el responsable de la producción de la querati- como asiento na de que está formado el pelo. Las glándulas sebáceas drenan en los folículos pilosos o, en ocasiones, directamente en la su• de procesos patológicos perficie de la piel. La zona bermellón carece de anejos de la piel. Sin embargo, pueden encontrarse a veces glándulas se• báceas, especialmente en las comisuras. Puesto que la zona MJTORESIAVTHORS bermellón también carece de glándulas mucosas, requiere un Eduardo Chímenos Küstner (J), José López López (2), frecuente humedecimiento con saliva por parte de la lengua Rafael Caballero Herrera (3). para prevenir su desecación. El epitelio de la zona bermellón (1) Profesor titular. Unidad de Medicina Bucal. Facultad de es queratinizado, fino y transparente. Las papilas de tejido co• Odontología, Universidad de Barcelona. España. nectivo son relativamente largas y delgadas, y contienen ovi• (2) Profesor asociado. Unidad de Medicina Bucal. Facultad de llos vasculares. La proximidad de estos vasos a la superficie, Odontología, Universidad de Barcelona. combinada con la transparencia del epitelio, da a la misma su (3) Catedrático. Unidad de Medicina Bucal. Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Barcelona. coloración roja y, con ella, su nombre. Este color rojo es una característica humana. Chímenos E, López J, Caballero R. Las comisuras labiales como asiento de La zona de unión entre la zona bermellón y la mucosa bu• procesos patológicos.
    [Show full text]
  • Unilateral Upper and Lower Subtotal Maxillectomy Approaches to The
    NEUROSURGERY 46:6 | JUNE 2000 | 1416-1453 DOI: 10.1097/00006123-200006000-00025 Anatomic Report Unilateral Upper and Lower Subtotal Maxillectomy Approaches to the Cranial Base: Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/neurosurgery/article-abstract/46/6/1416/2925972 by Universidad de Zaragoza user on 02 January 2020 Microsurgical Anatomy Tsutomu Hitotsumatsu, M.D., Ph.D.1, Albert L. Rhoton, Jr., M.D.1 1Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE The relationship of the maxilla, with its thin walls, to the nasal and oral cavities, the orbit, and the infratemporal and pterygopalatine fossae makes it a suitable route for accessing lesions involving both the central and lateral cranial base. In this study, we compared the surgical anatomy and exposure obtained by two unilateral transmaxillary approaches, one directed through an upper subtotal maxillectomy, and the other through a lower subtotal maxillectomy. METHODS Cadaveric specimens examined, with 3 to 40× magnification, provided the material for this study. RESULTS Both upper and lower maxillectomy approaches open a surgical field extending from the ipsilateral internal carotid artery to the contralateral Eustachian tube; however, they differ in the direction of the access and the areas exposed. The lower maxillectomy opens a combination of the transmaxillary, transnasal, and transoral routes to extra- and intradural lesions of the central cranial base. Performing additional osteotomies of the mandibular coronoid process and the sphenoid pterygoid process provides anterolateral access to the lateral cranial base, including the pterygopalatine and infratemporal fossae, and the parapharyngeal space. The upper maxillectomy opens the transmaxillary and transnasal routes to the central cranial base but not the transoral route.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 1 Oral Structures and Tissues Arthur R
    Chapter 1 Oral Structures and Tissues Arthur R. Hand1 and Marion E. Frank2 1 Department of Craniofacial Sciences and Cell Biology , School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut 2 Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences , University of Connecticut The oral cavity and its component cells, tissues, and structures the lips and the mucosa lining the inside of the lips, and extends constitute a unique and complex organ system and environment. posteriorly to the palatoglossal folds or arch . Beyond the palato- Of necessity, we study its various parts individually, but the glossal folds are the palatopharyngeal folds and the beginning health and function of the components of the oral cavity depend of the oropharynx , where the digestive and respiratory tracts upon and influence one another. Importantly, the oral cavity come together. The palatine tonsils are located in the tonsillar relies on as well as influences the health and function of the fauces between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal folds. entire body. The lymphoid tissue of the palatine tonsils, along with that of the The oral cavity is the gateway to the body, and most of the pharyngeal tonsil ( adenoids ) and the lingual tonsils , guards the substances that enter our bodies do so through the oral cavity. It entrance to the oropharynx. Anteriorly, the respiratory tract is exposed to the physical insults of mastication, hard objects and (nasal cavity) is separated from the oral cavity by the hard palate , various food substances, and extremes of temperature. A variety and posteriorly by the soft palate . The hard palate has an arch-like of chemicals, including those present in foods and drinks and shape that varies in width and height among individuals.
    [Show full text]
  • Description Concept ID Synonyms Definition
    Description Concept ID Synonyms Definition Category ABNORMALITIES OF TEETH 426390 Subcategory Cementum Defect 399115 Cementum aplasia 346218 Absence or paucity of cellular cementum (seen in hypophosphatasia) Cementum hypoplasia 180000 Hypocementosis Disturbance in structure of cementum, often seen in Juvenile periodontitis Florid cemento-osseous dysplasia 958771 Familial multiple cementoma; Florid osseous dysplasia Diffuse, multifocal cementosseous dysplasia Hypercementosis (Cementation 901056 Cementation hyperplasia; Cementosis; Cementum An idiopathic, non-neoplastic condition characterized by the excessive hyperplasia) hyperplasia buildup of normal cementum (calcified tissue) on the roots of one or more teeth Hypophosphatasia 976620 Hypophosphatasia mild; Phosphoethanol-aminuria Cementum defect; Autosomal recessive hereditary disease characterized by deficiency of alkaline phosphatase Odontohypophosphatasia 976622 Hypophosphatasia in which dental findings are the predominant manifestations of the disease Pulp sclerosis 179199 Dentin sclerosis Dentinal reaction to aging OR mild irritation Subcategory Dentin Defect 515523 Dentinogenesis imperfecta (Shell Teeth) 856459 Dentin, Hereditary Opalescent; Shell Teeth Dentin Defect; Autosomal dominant genetic disorder of tooth development Dentinogenesis Imperfecta - Shield I 977473 Dentin, Hereditary Opalescent; Shell Teeth Dentin Defect; Autosomal dominant genetic disorder of tooth development Dentinogenesis Imperfecta - Shield II 976722 Dentin, Hereditary Opalescent; Shell Teeth Dentin Defect;
    [Show full text]
  • Lichen Planus Affecting the Lips
    erimenta xp l D E e r & m l a a t c o i l n o i Journal of Clinical & Experimental l g y C f R o e l ISSN: 2155-9554 s a e n a r r u Nico et al., J Clin Exp Dermatol Res 2015, 6:6 c o h J Dermatology Research DOI: 10.4172/2155-9554.10000306 Review Article Open Access Lichen Planus Affecting the Lips Nico MM 1, Juliana Dumet Fernandes2 and Silvia Vanessa Lourenço3 1Department of Dermatology, Medical School, University of São Paulo- Brazil 2Federal University of Bahia, Brazil 3Department of General Pathology, Dental School, University of São Paulo- Brazil *Corresponding Author: Nico MM, Department of Dermatology, Medical School, University of São Paulo, Rua Itapeva 500, 3A, CEP-01332-000, Brazil, Tel: 55-11-3288-5763; E-mail: [email protected] Received date: June 24, 2015; Accepted date: October 22, 2015; Published date: October 30, 2015 Copyright: © 2015 Nico MM, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract Lichen planus frequently compromises the skin, and the oral mucosa. There is plenty of medical and dental literature about the cutaneous and mucosal lesions of lichen planus, but, comparatively very little has been written specifically about lichen planus compromising the lip vermilion. This structure has a peculiar anatomical and histological architecture, and lichen planus lesions at this site may have some distinct features.
    [Show full text]
  • The Review on a Structure of the Digestive System
    THE REVIEW ON A STRUCTURE OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Fig 2.. Oral region. purposes of description into three parts, the duodenum, the jejunum, and ileum. In the small intestine the process of digestion is Fig. 1. Parts of the digestive system. completed and the resulting products are The apparatus for the digestion of the food absorbed into the blood and lacteal vessels. consists of THE DIGESTIVE TUBE and of Finally the small intestine ends in the large certain ACCESSORY ORGANS. THE intestine, which is made up of cecum, colon, DIGESTIVE TUBE (ALIMENTARY CANAL) is a rectum, and anal canal, the last terminating musculomembranous tube, about 9 metres long, on the surface of the body at the anus. extending from the mouth to the anus, and lined The accessory organs are: the teeth; the three throughout its entire extent by mucous pairs of salivary glands, the parotid, membrane (Fig. 1). It has received different submaxillary, and sublingual the secretion names in the various parts of its course: at its from which mixes with the food in the mouth commencement is the mouth, where provision and converts it into a bolus and acts chemically is made for the mechanical division of the food on one of its constituents. The liver and (mastication), and for its admixture with a fluid pancreas, are two large glands in the abdomen, secreted by the salivary gland; beyond this are the secretions of which, in addition to that of the organs of deglutition, the pharynx and the numerous small glands in the walls of the esophagus, which convey the food into the alimentary canal, assist in the process of stomach, in which it is stored for a time and in digestion.
    [Show full text]