Medical Terminology

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM MATCHING EXERCISES ANATOMICAL TERMS 1. sternum a. lower arm bone 2. coccyx b. fibrous membrane around bone 3. metacarpals c. anklebones 4. patella d. lowest portion of sternum 5.tarsals e. end portion of long bone 6. ulna f. fluid in joint cavities 7. synovia g. hand bones 8. xiphoid process h. breastbone 9. epiphysis i. kneecap 10. periosteum j. tailbone 1. collarbone a. carpals 2. neck bones b. bursa 3. upper arm bone c. phalanges 4. top of skull d. ulna and radius 5. shoulderblade e. tibia, fibula 6. lower leg bones f. scapula 7. lower arm bones g. cranium 8. finger and toe bones h. humerus 9. small fluid-filled sac i. cervical vertebrae 10. wrist bones j. clavicle 1. bone shaft a. marrow 2. hard layer of bone tissue b. diaphysis 3. fibrous membrane around bone c. endosteum 4. found in bone cavities d. epiphysis 5. lining of bone cavity e. compact bone 6. ends of bones f. cancellous bone 7. contains little space g. periosteum Vertebral column 1. first set of seven bones (neck) a. sacrum 2. next twelve vertebrae (ribs) b. lumbar vertebrae 3. nest five vertebrae (inward curve of the c. coccyx vertebrae spine) d. thoracic vertebrae 4. next four vertebrae (fuse together) e. cervical 5. bottom five vertebrae (tail bone) DIRECTIONAL TERMS 1. cephalic a. dorsal recumbent 2. dorsal b. bending foot upward 3. caudal c. posterior 4. ventral recumbent d. superior MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY 5. ventral e. prone 6. proximal f. anterior 7. lateral decubitus g. movement towards body 8. adduction h. towards beginning of structure 9. dorsiflexion i. lying on the side 10. supine j. inferior 1. straightening at joint a. rotation 2. turning inward b. flexion 3. turning around axis c. posterior-anterior 4. bending at joint d. medial 5. from front to back e. abduction 6. from back to front f. inversion 7. away from the beginning point g. sagittal plane 8. vertical division into right and left h. extension 9. towards the middle i. anterior-posterior 10. movement away from the body j. distal SYMPTOMATIC AND DIAGNOSTIC TERMS a. abnormal lateral curvature 1. myodynia b. inflammation of a bone 2. ostealgia c. bone tumor 3. arthritis d. bone death 4. kyphosis e. abnormal posterior curvature 5. osteomyelitis f. inflammation of bone marrow and bone 6. lordosis g. abnormal anterior curvature 7. osteitis h. muscle pain 8. scoliosis i. inflammation of a joint 9. osteoma j. pain in a bone 10. osteonecrosis 1. spondylolisthesis a. any joint disease 2. subluxation b. abnormal development of spinal cord 3. arthropathy c. related to the production of bone marrow 4. arthrolith d. bone marrow tumor 5. myoma e. partial dislocation 6. myelodysplasia f. muscle tumor 7. leiomyosarcoma g. forward slipping of a lumbar vertebra 8. arthrodysplasia h. malignant smooth muscle tumor 9. myeloma i. defective joint development 10. myelogenic j. calculus in a joint .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Vertebral Column and Thorax
Introduction to Human Osteology Chapter 4: Vertebral Column and Thorax Roberta Hall Kenneth Beals Holm Neumann Georg Neumann Gwyn Madden Revised in 1978, 1984, and 2008 The Vertebral Column and Thorax Sternum Manubrium – bone that is trapezoidal in shape, makes up the superior aspect of the sternum. Jugular notch – concave notches on either side of the superior aspect of the manubrium, for articulation with the clavicles. Corpus or body – flat, rectangular bone making up the major portion of the sternum. The lateral aspects contain the notches for the true ribs, called the costal notches. Xiphoid process – variably shaped bone found at the inferior aspect of the corpus. Process may fuse late in life to the corpus. Clavicle Sternal end – rounded end, articulates with manubrium. Acromial end – flat end, articulates with scapula. Conoid tuberosity – muscle attachment located on the inferior aspect of the shaft, pointing posteriorly. Ribs Scapulae Head Ventral surface Neck Dorsal surface Tubercle Spine Shaft Coracoid process Costal groove Acromion Glenoid fossa Axillary margin Medial angle Vertebral margin Manubrium. Left anterior aspect, right posterior aspect. Sternum and Xyphoid Process. Left anterior aspect, right posterior aspect. Clavicle. Left side. Top superior and bottom inferior. First Rib. Left superior and right inferior. Second Rib. Left inferior and right superior. Typical Rib. Left inferior and right superior. Eleventh Rib. Left posterior view and left superior view. Twelfth Rib. Top shows anterior view and bottom shows posterior view. Scapula. Left side. Top anterior and bottom posterior. Scapula. Top lateral and bottom superior. Clavicle Sternum Scapula Ribs Vertebrae Body - Development of the vertebrae can be used in aging of individuals.
[Show full text]
Skeletal System? Skeletal System Chapters 6 & 7 Skeletal System = Bones, Joints, Cartilages, Ligaments
Warm-Up Activity • Fill in the names of the bones in the skeleton diagram. Warm-Up 1. What are the 4 types of bones? Give an example of each. 2. Give 3 ways you can tell a female skeleton from a male skeleton. 3. What hormones are involved in the skeletal system? Skeletal System Chapters 6 & 7 Skeletal System = bones, joints, cartilages, ligaments • Axial skeleton: long axis (skull, vertebral column, rib cage) • Appendicular skeleton: limbs and girdles Appendicular Axial Skeleton Skeleton • Cranium (skull) • Clavicle (collarbone) • Mandible (jaw) • Scapula (shoulder blade) • Vertebral column (spine) • Coxal (pelvic girdle) ▫ Cervical vertebrae • Humerus (arm) ▫ Thoracic vertebrae • Radius, ulna (forearm) ▫ Lumbar vertebrae • Carpals (wrist) • Metacarpals (hand) ▫ Sacrum • Phalanges (fingers, toes) ▫ Coccyx • Femur (thigh) • Sternum (breastbone) • Tibia, fibula (leg) • Ribs • Tarsal, metatarsals (foot) • Calcaneus (heel) • Patella (knee) Functions of the Bones • Support body and cradle soft organs • Protect vital organs • Movement: muscles move bones • Storage of minerals (calcium, phosphorus) & growth factors • Blood cell formation in bone marrow • Triglyceride (fat) storage Classification of Bones 1. Long bones ▫ Longer than they are wide (eg. femur, metacarpels) 2. Short bones ▫ Cube-shaped bones (eg. wrist and ankle) ▫ Sesamoid bones (within tendons – eg. patella) 3. Flat bones ▫ Thin, flat, slightly curved (eg. sternum, skull) 4. Irregular bones ▫ Complicated shapes (eg. vertebrae, hips) Figure 6.2 • Adult = 206 bones • Types of bone
[Show full text]
Anatomy of the Spine
12 Anatomy of the Spine Overview The spine is made of 33 individual bones stacked one on top of the other. Ligaments and muscles connect the bones together and keep them aligned. The spinal column provides the main support for your body, allowing you to stand upright, bend, and twist. Protected deep inside the bones, the spinal cord connects your body to the brain, allowing movement of your arms and legs. Strong muscles and bones, flexible tendons and ligaments, and sensitive nerves contribute to a healthy spine. Keeping your spine healthy is vital if you want to live an active life without back pain. Spinal curves When viewed from the side, an adult spine has a natural S-shaped curve. The neck (cervical) and low back (lumbar) regions have a slight concave curve, and the thoracic and sacral regions have a gentle convex curve (Fig. 1). The curves work like a coiled spring to absorb shock, maintain balance, and allow range of motion throughout the spinal column. The muscles and correct posture maintain the natural spinal curves. Good posture involves training your body to stand, walk, sit, and lie so that the least amount of strain is placed on the spine during movement or weight-bearing activities. Excess body weight, weak muscles, and other forces can pull at the spine’s alignment: • An abnormal curve of the lumbar spine is lordosis, also called sway back. • An abnormal curve of the thoracic spine is Figure 1. (left) The spine has three natural curves that form kyphosis, also called hunchback. an S-shape; strong muscles keep our spine in alignment.
[Show full text]
Occipital Neuralgia: a Literature Review of Current Treatments from Traditional Medicine to CAM Treatments
Occipital Neuralgia: A Literature Review of Current Treatments from Traditional Medicine to CAM Treatments By Nikole Benavides Faculty Advisor: Dr. Patrick Montgomery Graduation: April 2011 1 Abstract Objective. This article provides an overview of the current and upcoming treatments for people who suffer from the signs and symptoms of greater occipital neuralgia. Types of treatments will be analyzed and discussed, varying from traditional Western medicine to treatments from complementary and alternative health care. Methods. A PubMed search was performed using the key words listed in this abstract. Results. Twenty-nine references were used in this literature review. The current literature reveals abundant peer reviewed research on medications used to treat this malady, but relatively little on the CAM approach. Conclusion. Occipital Neuralgia has become one of the more complicated headaches to diagnose. The symptoms often mimic those of other headaches and can occur post-trauma or due to other contributing factors. There are a variety of treatments that involve surgery or blocking of the greater occipital nerve. As people continue to seek more natural treatments, the need for alternative treatments is on the rise. Key Words. Occipital Neuralgia; Headache; Alternative Treatments; Acupuncture; Chiropractic; Nutrition 2 Introduction Occipital neuralgia is a type of headache that describes the irritation of the greater occipital nerve and the signs and symptoms associated with it. It is a difficult headache to diagnose due to the variety of signs and symptoms it presents with. It can be due to a post-traumatic event, degenerative changes, congenital anomalies, or other factors (10). The patterns of occipital neuralgia mimic those of other headaches.
[Show full text]
Glossary of Basic Orthotic & Prosthetic Terminology
Glossary Abduction Moving away from midline. Abductor Muscle involved in active abduction. Acetabulum Socket in pelvis, which receives head of femur. Achilles Tendon Prominent cord at posterior aspect of ankle. Adduction Move toward midline. The position of the components of a prosthesis or orthosis in space Alignment relative to each other and to the patient. Reference position of the body permitting description of location and movements. The individual is standing erect. Head facing forward. Arms Anatomic Position Parallel to the trunk, straight at the sides. Forearms and hands positioned so the palms face forward. Legs straight. Feet parallel to each other. Anterior Toward the front. Not symmetrical; denoting a lack of symmetry between two or more like Asymmetrical parts. The degeneration, or shrinking of a muscle due to lack of use, such as Atrophy in an amputation. Axis Imaginary line passing through center of joint; pivot point. Assembly and alignment of the components of a prosthesis or orthosis Bench alignment using only previously acquired data regarding the patient. Two sides; used to describe an amputee missing both left and right Bilateral extremities. A shell composed of two separate parts that open and shut; used to Bi-valve describe many braces that have two halves; clamshell. Light bulb shaped; circumference small on one end growing larger at Bulbous the bulbous end. CG Center of Gravity. Calcaneus Heel bone Calcification Building up of calcium deposits; bone. Callus Thickening of skin. Carpal The wrist bones and their associated soft parts. Process of modifying the positive model obtained by filling an Cast modification impression in order to obtain a shape which specifies the whole, or part, of the form of the final prosthesis or orthosis.
[Show full text]
Vertebral Column
Vertebral Column • Backbone consists of Cervical 26 vertebrae. • Five vertebral regions – Cervical vertebrae (7) Thoracic in the neck. – Thoracic vertebrae (12) in the thorax. – Lumbar vertebrae (5) in the lower back. Lumbar – Sacrum (5, fused). – Coccyx (4, fused). Sacrum Coccyx Scoliosis Lordosis Kyphosis Atlas (C1) Posterior tubercle Vertebral foramen Tubercle for transverse ligament Superior articular facet Transverse Transverse process foramen Facet for dens Anterior tubercle • Atlas- ring of bone, superior facets for occipital condyles. – Nodding movement signifies “yes”. Axis (C2) Spinous process Lamina Vertebral foramen Transverse foramen Transverse process Superior articular facet Odontoid process (dens) •Axis- dens or odontoid process is body of atlas. – Pivotal movement signifies “no”. Typical Cervical Vertebra (C3-C7) • Smaller bodies • Larger spinal canal • Transverse processes –Shorter – Transverse foramen for vertebral artery • Spinous processes of C2 to C6 often bifid • 1st and 2nd cervical vertebrae are unique – Atlas & axis Typical Cervical Vertebra Spinous process (bifid) Lamina Vertebral foramen Inferior articular process Superior articular process Transverse foramen Pedicle Transverse process Body Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12) • Larger and stronger bodies • Longer transverse & spinous processes • Demifacets on body for head of rib • Facets on transverse processes (T1-T10) for tubercle of rib Thoracic Vertebra- superior view Spinous process Transverse process Facet for tubercle of rib Lamina Superior articular process
[Show full text]
Cervical Vertebrae 1 Cervical Vertebrae
Cervical vertebrae 1 Cervical vertebrae Cervical vertebrae or Cervilar Position of human cervical vertebrae (shown in red). It consists of 7 bones, from top to bottom, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6 and C7. A human cervical vertebra Latin Vertebrae cervicales [1] Gray's p.97 [2] MeSH Cervical+vertebrae [3] TA A02.2.02.001 [4] FMA FMA:72063 In vertebrates, cervical vertebrae (singular: vertebra) are those vertebrae immediately inferior to the skull. Thoracic vertebrae in all mammalian species are defined as those vertebrae that also carry a pair of ribs, and lie caudal to the cervical vertebrae. Further caudally follow the lumbar vertebrae, which also belong to the trunk, but do not carry ribs. In reptiles, all trunk vertebrae carry ribs and are called dorsal vertebrae. In many species, though not in mammals, the cervical vertebrae bear ribs. In many other groups, such as lizards and saurischian dinosaurs, the cervical ribs are large; in birds, they are small and completely fused to the vertebrae. The transverse processes of mammals are homologous to the cervical ribs of other amniotes. Cervical vertebrae 2 In humans, cervical vertebrae are the smallest of the true vertebrae, and can be readily distinguished from those of the thoracic or lumbar regions by the presence of a foramen (hole) in each transverse process, through which passes the vertebral artery. The remainder of this article focuses upon human anatomy. Structure By convention, the cervical vertebrae are numbered, with the first one (C1) located closest to the skull and higher numbered vertebrae (C2-C7) proceeding away from the skull and down the spine.
[Show full text]
Clinical Anatomy of the Female Pelvis 1
Clinical Anatomy of the Female Pelvis 1 Clinical Anatomy of the Female Pelvis 1 Helga Fritsch CONTENTS 1.1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Morphological and The pelvic ﬂ oor constitutes the caudal border of the Clinical Subdivision of the Female Pelvis 1 human’s visceral cavity. It is characterized by a com- plex morphology because different functional systems 1.3 Compartments 7 join here. A clear understanding of the pelvic anatomy 1.3.1 Posterior Compartment 7 1.3.1.1 Connective Tissue Structures 7 is crucial for the diagnosis of female pelvic diseases, for 1.3.1.2 Muscles 10 female pelvic surgery as well as for fundamental mech- 1.3.1.3 Reinterpreted Anatomy and anisms of urogenital dysfunction and treatment. Clinical Relevance 12 Modern imaging techniques are used for the diag- 1.3.1.4 Important Vessels, Nerves and Lymphatics of the Posterior Compartment: 13 nosis of pelvic ﬂ oor or sphincter disorders. Further- 1.3.2 Anterior Compartment 14 more, they are employed to determine the extent of 1.3.2.1 Connective Tissue Structures 14 pelvic diseases and the staging of pelvic tumors. In 1.3.2.2 Muscles 15 order to be able to recognize the structures seen on 1.3.2.3 Reinterpreted Anatomy and CT and MRI as well as on dynamic MRI, a detailed Clinical Relevance 16 1.3.2.4 Important Vessels, Nerves and Lymphatics knowledge of the relationship of the anatomical enti- of the Anterior Compartment: 16 ties within the pelvic anatomy is required. 1.3.3 Middle Compartment 17 The Terminologia Anatomica [15] contains a mix- 1.3.3.1 Connective Tissue Structures 17 ture of old and new terms describing the different 1.3.3.2 Muscles 17 structures of the pelvis.
[Show full text]
I. Axial Vs Appendicular Axial Skeleton Forms Long Axis of Body: Skull
Anatomy Lecture Notes Chapters 7 and 8 I. axial vs appendicular axial skeleton forms long axis of body: skull, vertebral column, rib cage appendicular - bones of upper and lower limbs including girdles that attach limbs to axial skeleton II. bone markings A. functions attachment joint surfaces tunnels for blood vessels and nerves B. general meanings 1. projection = something that sticks out from the surface of the bone 2. depression = something that dips in from the surface of the bone 3. opening = tunnel that goes into or through a bone C. confusing terms: 1. tuberosity trochanter tubercle 2. condyle epicondyle 3. crest line spine 4. meatus foramen fissure 5. fossa groove Strong/Fall 2008 page 1 Anatomy Lecture Notes Chapters 7 and 8 III. axial skeleton A. skull = cranium + facial bones 1. cranium = bones that enclose brain frontal parietal temporal occipital sphenoid ethmoid 2. suture = interlocking, fused joint between flat bones coronal - frontal and parietal sagittal - left and right parietal squamous - parietal and temporal lambdoidal - parietal and occipital sutural bones = small bones within sutures, no always present 3. paranasal sinuses = cavities inside bones located in frontal, maxillary, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones filled with air lined by mucous membrane open into nasal cavity condition incoming air (increase surface area of mucosa), voice resonance, decrease skull bone mass 4. fontanel - un-ossified fibrous membranes of skull allow compression of skull during delivery allow continued cranial growth after birth eventually close: anterior posterior mastoid sphenoidal Strong/Fall 2008 page 2 Anatomy Lecture Notes Chapters 7 and 8 B. spinal column 1. vertebra/vertebrae body (anterior) arch (posterior) lamina pedicle vertebral foramen processes spinous transverse superior articular inferior articular 2.
[Show full text]
Bones of the Trunk
BONES OF THE TRUNK Andrea Heinzlmann Veterinary University Department of Anatomy and Histology 16th September 2019 VERTEBRAL COLUMN (COLUMNA VERTEBRALIS) • the vertebral column composed of the vertebrae • the vertebrae form a horizontal chain https://hu.pinterest.com/pin/159877855502035893/ VERTEBRAL COLUMN (COLUMNA VERTEBRALIS) along the vertebral column three major curvatures are recognized: 1. the DORSAL CONVEX CURVATURE – between the head and the neck 2. the DORSAL CONCAVE CURVATURE – between the neck and the chest 3. the DORSAL CONVEX CURVATURE – between the thorax and the lumbar region - in carnivores (Ca) there is an additional DORSAL CONVEXITY in the sacral region https://hu.pinterest.com/pin/159877855502035893/ VERTEBRAL COLUMN (COLUMNA VERTEBRALIS) - corresponding to the regions of the body, we distinguish: 1. CERVICAL VERTEBRAE 2. THORACIC VERTEBRAE 3. LUMBAR VERTEBRAE 4. SACRAL VERTEBRAE 5. CAUDAL (COCCYGEAL) VERTEBRAE https://www.ufaw.org.uk/dogs/french-bulldog-hemivertebrae https://rogueshock.com/know-your-horse-in-9-ways/5/ BUILD OF THE VERTEBRAE each vertebrae presents: 1. BODY (CORPUS VERTEBRAE) 2. ARCH (ARCUS VERTEBRAE) 3. PROCESSES corpus Vertebra thoracica (Th13) , Ca. THE VERTEBRAL BODY (CORPUS VERTEBRAE) - the ventral portion of the vertebra ITS PARTS: 1. EXTREMITAS CRANIALIS (seu CAPUT VERTEBRAE) – convex 2. EXTREMITAS CAUDALIS (seu FOSSA VERTEBRAE) - concave Th13, Ca. THE VERTEBRAL BODY (CORPUS VERTEBRAE) 3. VENTRAL SURFACE of the body has a: - ventral crest (CRISTA VENTRALIS) 4. DORSAL SURFACE of the body carries : - the vertebral arch (ARCUS VERTEBRAE) Th13, Ca., lateral aspect Arcus vertebrae corpus Vertebra thoracica (Th13) , Ca., caudal aspect THE VERTEBRAL BODY (CORPUS VERTEBRAE) 6. VERTEBRAL ARCH (ARCUS VERTEBRAE) compraisis: a) a ventral PEDICULUS ARCUS VERTEBRAE b) a dorsal LAMINA ARCUS VERTEBRAE C7, Ca.
[Show full text]
The Vertebral Column Is 33 Vertebrae Held Together by Ligaments and Muscles, with Intervertebral Discs in Between
The vertebral column is 33 vertebrae held together by ligaments and muscles, with intervertebral discs in between. The vertebral column provides support and upright posture (attenuates loads) for the body. It is also a site for many muscle attachments. There are natural curves in the spine to help with the support and posture, as well as increasing the flexibility of the spine. The 33 vertebrae are divided into 5 sections, with each group having unique features designed for specific purposes. The groups are: cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacrum (5), and coccyx (4). All vertebrae have a body, 2 transverse processes, a spinous process, superior/inferior articulating facets, lamina, pedicle, and a vertebral foramen. 1 There are anterior convex curves in the cervical and lumbar spines. Posterior concave curves occur in the thoracic and sacral-coccygeal spines. The curves of the spine may increase/decrease as the body’s center of gravity shifts (ex: pregnancy, weight gain/loss, trauma)—this is a result of trying to maintain in the upright position, the brain over the body’s center of gravity. 2 Scoliosis—excessive lateral curvature; side to side Kyphosis—hunchback; excessive curvature of thoracic Lordosis—swayback ; excessive curvature of lumbar 3 C1 and C2 are shaped differently than the other 5 cervical vertebrae to permit the head to rotate. C1 (atlas) = holds up the world (head) and is missing a body; it articulates with the occipital bone as well as rotating around the odontoid process (dens) of the C2 vertebrae (atlantoaxial joint). The atlantoaxial joint is what type of joint?? C2 (axis) = odontoid process projects up C3-C7 = the body is small and all the processes are short and blunted.
[Show full text]
Evolution of the Hominoid Vertebral Column by Scott
EVOLUTION OF THE HOMINOID VERTEBRAL COLUMN BY SCOTT A. WILLIAMS DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2011 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor John D. Polk, Co-Chair Assistant Professor Charles C. Roseman, Co-Chair Assistant Professor Laura L. Shackelford Professor Steven R. Leigh Professor Lyle W. Konigsberg ABSTRACT This is a study of the numerical composition of the vertebral column, the central structure of the vertebrate body plan and one that plays an instrumental role in locomotion and posture. Recent models of hominoid vertebral evolution invoke very different roles for homology and homoplasy in the evolution of vertebral formulae in living and extinct hominoids. These processes are fundamental to the emergence of morphological structures and reflect similarity by common descent (homology) or similarity by independent evolution (homoplasy). Although the "short backs," reflecting reduced lumbar regions, of living hominoids have traditionally been interpreted as homologies and shared derived characters (synapomorphies) of the ape and human clade, recent studies of variation in extant hominoid vertebral formulae have challenged this hypothesis. Instead, a "long-back" model, in which primitive, long lumbar regions are retained throughout hominoid evolution and are reduced independently in six lineages of modern hominoids, is proposed. The recently described skeleton of Ardipithecus ramidus is interpreted to support the long-back model. Here, larger samples are collected and placed in a larger phylogenetic context than previous studies. Analyses of over 8,000 mammal specimens, representing all major groups and focusing on anthropoid primates, allow for the reconstruction of ancestral vertebral formulae throughout mammalian evolution and a determination of the uniqueness of hominoid vertebral formulae.
[Show full text]