Det Første Folkemordet I Det Tjuende Århundret Namibia 1903–1908

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Det Første Folkemordet I Det Tjuende Århundret Namibia 1903–1908 Tore Linné Eriksen Det første folkemordet i det tjuende århundret Namibia 1903–1908 Unipub 2007 © Unipub, 2007 ISBN 978-82-7477-270-0 Henvendelser om denne boka rettes til: Telefon: 22 85 33 00 Telefaks: 22 85 30 39 E-post: [email protected] www.unipub.no Omslagsdesign og sats: Unipub AS Trykk og innbinding: AIT e-dit 2007 Det må ikke kopieres fra denne boka i strid med åndsverk- loven eller med andre avtaler om kopiering inngått med Kopinor, interesseorgan for rettighetshavere til åndsverk. Boka er gitt ut med produksjonsstøtte fra HL-senteret, Senter for studier av holocaust og livssynsminoriteter. Kartet på side 10: Namibia 1904: Fra Berthold Deimling: Aus der alten in die neue Zeit, s. 59 Kartet på side 58: Gjengitt med tillatelse fra Levende historie «Writing about genocide is not like writing about other matters, even historical ones were the subject so often bespeaks human hor- ror and misery. Genocide is not simply a sustained version of this. It is not even simply about mass murder. At its most elemental level, it is about all the processes by which some human beings are both willed and empowered to deprive and deny other human beings, both individually and as part of a broader familial and communal groupings, of their basic human dignity.» Mark Levene 2005a: 1 «During National Socialism, the Herrenmenschentum (the ‘master race’ mind-set) returned to Europe. The binary encoding of white- black, natives – non-natives, ruler – non-rulers, human – subhu- man, worthy of life – unworthy of life, was profoundly colonial. The discoursive formation of colonial ideas contributed to a broad and wideranging acceptance of such categories by the population.» Jürgen Zimmerer 2005b: 218 Innhold Forord ............................................................................................................ 7 Kapittel 1. Folkemord i komparativt og globalt perspektiv .....................11 Nye spørsmål og nye svar .....................................................................................11 Kampen om defi nisjonene ....................................................................................16 Namibia i et komparativt perspektiv ...................................................................21 Hva kan vi vite? ......................................................................................................24 Kapittel 2. Et kort historisk riss ...................................................................29 Økologi og bosetting ............................................................................................29 På vei mot kolonisering .......................................................................................32 Under tysk herredømme .......................................................................................36 Kamp om jord og kveg .........................................................................................41 Opprør og straff ......................................................................................................44 Kapittel 3. Et samfunn i krise .....................................................................47 Den store pesten .....................................................................................................47 Innvandring og jordokkupasjon .........................................................................49 Jernbanebygging som provokasjon .....................................................................52 Rasistisk avhumanisering .....................................................................................53 Kapittel 4. Motstandskamp og krig ............................................................57 Undergraving av livsgrunnlaget ..........................................................................57 Opprør i sør ............................................................................................................59 Hva førte til krigsutbruddet? ................................................................................60 Krigshysteri og herero-off ensiv ............................................................................63 Angrep mot farmere og handelsmenn ..............................................................66 Patrioter og riksfi ender .......................................................................................68 Ære, prestisje og motstand mot forhandlinger ..................................................70 Illusjonen om lettkjøpt seier .................................................................................72 Lothar von Trotha overtar kommandoen ...........................................................74 Folkefl ytting til Waterberg ...................................................................................79 Det store slaget .......................................................................................................80 Kapittel 5. På vei mot folkemord ................................................................85 På fl ukt mot sørøst .................................................................................................85 Innesperret i ørkenen ............................................................................................87 von Trothas «Vernichtungsbefehl» .....................................................................89 Rasekrig som begrunnelse ....................................................................................92 Leutweins tid er fordi ............................................................................................95 Taktiske omvurderinger i Berlin ..........................................................................97 Krigen utvides sørover ....................................................................................... 101 Geriljakrig under ledelse av Hendrik Witbooi ............................................... 102 Nyvalg om kolonispørsmålet .............................................................................105 Kapittel 6. Konsentrasjonsleirene: Folkemordet fullføres .......................107 «Death by imprisonment» ................................................................................. 107 Menn, kvinner og barn ...................................................................................... 110 «Kulda dreper oss!» ............................................................................................ 114 Rasebiologi og medisinske eksperimenter....................................................... 116 Minst to tredeler ble drept ................................................................................. 120 Kapittel 7. Historiografi sk diskusjon ........................................................123 På vei mot faglig konsensus? ............................................................................. 123 Hvorfor skiller Namibia seg ut? ........................................................................ 126 Frustrert hybris ................................................................................................... 128 Kritikk av rådende oppfatninger .......................................................................131 Militærstrategisk skift e og rasistisk ideologi ................................................... 132 Kapittel 8. Krigen etter krigen: den hvite manns land .............................135 Arbeidskraft uten jord og kveg ......................................................................... 135 Mer ytterliggående rasisme ................................................................................137 Blue Book og forsoning mellom hvite herskere ............................................ 140 Kapittel 9. Kampen om historien ..............................................................143 Omstridt blåbok .................................................................................................. 143 Under sørafrikansk styre ....................................................................................145 Nasjonal bevissthet og økt motstand ................................................................147 Historie som aktuelt stridsspørsmål .................................................................149 Krav om erstatninger .........................................................................................154 Kampen for en unnskyldning............................................................................ 156 Kapittel 10. Forklaringer og fagdebatter ..................................................159 Kolonisystemets grunnleggende strukturer ................................................... 159 Enighet med enkelte nyanser ........................................................................... 162 Situasjonsbestemt utvikling mot ekstreme «løsninger»? ............................... 164 Søkelys på von Trotha ........................................................................................ 166 Et «dysfunksjonelt» folkemord? ........................................................................170 Kapittel 11. Fra Namibia til det tredje riket? ............................................173 Brudd eller kontinuitet? ................................................................................... 173 Strukturelle og personlige bindeledd ............................................................... 178 Etterlysning av et komparativt koloniperspektiv ............................................ 184 Okkupasjon eller kolonialisme? ....................................................................... 186 Bibliografi
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