Master Thesis
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Faculty 3 Social Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Bremen International Studies of Leisure and Tourism M.A. Master Thesis Assessment of sustainable tourism development in Windhoek, Namibia. Development and implementation of an adapted criteria catalogue in line with respective local conditions. Elena Eckert Matriculation number: 406103 [email protected] First supervisor: Prof. Dr. Rainer Hartmann Second supervisor: Prof. Dr. Bernd Stecker Submission: January 6th 2020, Bremen Introduction Abstract Ziel der vorliegenden Masterarbeit ist es, eine Nachhaltigkeitsbilanzierung in einer touristischen Destination durchzuführen und dabei die lokalen Bedingungen durch eine Anpassung des Erhebungsinstruments zu berücksichtigen. Am Fallbeispiel der Stadt Windhoek in Namibia werden lokale Besonderheiten identifiziert und mit Hilfe eines adaptierten Kriterienkataloges messbar gemacht. Neben der Sekundäranalyse besteht die Datenbasis aus unterschiedlichen qualitativen und quantitativen Erhebungen, die während einer Feldforschungsphase in Form einer Befragung von Touristen und Einheimischen, Expertengesprächen und Beobachtungen an relevanten POIs durchgeführt werden. Die inhaltliche und statistische Auswertung der Daten dient als Grundlage für die Bewertung der Indikatoren, der Nachhaltigkeitsdimensionen und der globalen Bewertung der Nachhaltigkeit in Windhoek. Im Laufe der Forschung identifizierten Schwachstellen werden in Form von Handlungsempfehlungen festgehalten. Da diese Masterarbeit Teil der entwicklungspolitischen Zusammenarbeit zwischen der Stadt Bremen und der Stadt Windhoek ist, besteht die Kommunikationsbasis, um die Ergebnisse der Forschung der Stadt Windhoek zur Verfügung zu stellen. Darüber hinaus wird eine Verfeinerung der Methode für zukünftige Messung und Bewertung von Nachhaltigkeit in Destinationen mit unterschiedlichen Rahmenbedingungen entwickelt. Basierend auf einer kritischen Reflektion und der Frage der Übertragbarkeit auf andere Destinationen, werden technische und inhaltliche Empfehlungen für die Adaptation des Kataloges ausgesprochen. The aim of this master thesis is to assess, analyse and evaluate the sustainability of a tourism destination while taking the local conditions into consideration by adapting the assessment instrument. The case study of the city Windhoek in Namibia is used to identify particular local features and make them measurable using an adapted criteria catalogue. In addition to a comprehensive secondary analysis, the database consists of different qualitative and quantitative methods, which are conducted during a field research phase in the form of expert interviews, visitor and local surveys and observations at relevant POIs. The content and statistical evaluation of the data is the basis for the assessment of the indicators, the sustainability dimensions and the global evaluation of sustainability in the destination. The weaknesses identified in the course of the research are then recorded in the form of recommended actions. As this thesis is part of the development policy cooperation between the City of Bremen and the City of Windhoek, the communication platform, to make the research results available to the City of Windhoek, has been established. Besides the adaptation of the catalogue, a refinement of the method for future measurement and evaluation of sustainability in destinations with different framework conditions is developed. Based on a critical reflection and the issue of the applicability of the model to other destinations, technical and content-related recommendations for the catalogue adaptation to local circumstances are made. 2 Introduction Table of contents 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................. 8 1.1 Problem statement................................................................................................ 9 1.2 Research objectives ............................................................................................. 9 2. Research environment in Namibia .............................................................................. 11 2.1 External conditions in Namibia ............................................................................ 11 2.2 Local circumstances in Windhoek ....................................................................... 17 3. Principles of sustainable development ........................................................................ 19 3.1 Sustainability in tourism and approaches to sustainability assessment ............... 19 3.2 Sustainability seals in Southern African tourism .................................................. 21 4. Methodology of sustainability assessment in the City of Windhoek ............................. 22 4.1 Criteria and indicators for the evaluation of sustainable tourism ......................... 22 4.2 Notes on the adjustment of the criteria catalogue ............................................... 24 4.3 Data collection methods ..................................................................................... 31 4.4 Data analysis methods ....................................................................................... 37 4.5 Performance rating and dimension evaluation method ....................................... 38 5. Detailed results: Sustainability dimensions in the case of Windhoek ........................... 41 5.1 Management dimension ..................................................................................... 41 5.2 Economic dimension .......................................................................................... 59 5.3 Socio-Cultural dimension .................................................................................... 79 5.4 Ecological dimension ........................................................................................ 100 5.5 Extended analysis ............................................................................................ 117 6. List of recommended actions for the City of Windhoek .............................................. 118 7. Recommendations for the adaptation of the assessment instrument ........................ 128 8. Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 133 8.1 Final results ...................................................................................................... 133 8.2 Limitations ........................................................................................................ 134 8.3 Research implications....................................................................................... 136 9. Bibliography .............................................................................................................. 137 Declaration of Authorship .............................................................................................. 146 3 Introduction Appendix I. Criteria catalogue II. Points of observation and interview locations III. Overview of verifiers for indicator-specific data collection IV. Observation checklists V. Transcribed interviews VI. Resident survey questionnaire VII. Tourist survey questionnaire VIII. Detailed statistical data resident survey IX. Detailed statistical data tourist survey X. Greenhouse gas emission overview XI. Motorised individual traffic by purpose of travel List of figures Figure 1 Research objectives of the study ...................................................................... 10 Figure 2 Distribution of income by quintile ....................................................................... 14 Figure 3 Tourist arrivals by month in 2017 ...................................................................... 16 Figure 4 The four dimensions of sustainability ................................................................ 20 Figure 5 Sustainability seals in Southern African tourism ................................................ 21 Figure 6 Hierarchical framework for criteria and indicators of sustainable tourism .......... 24 Figure 7 Age distribution among tourists ......................................................................... 35 Figure 8 Age distribution among residents ...................................................................... 36 Figure 9 Zoning map for observation in Windhoek .......................................................... 37 Figure 10 Safety note by city police in central Windhoek ................................................ 50 Figure 11 Promotional material from the tourist information office ................................... 55 Figure 12 Location of certified tourism businesses in Namibia ........................................ 57 Figure 13 Degree of fulfilment management dimension .................................................. 59 Figure 14 Degree of fulfilment economic dimension ........................................................ 79 Figure 15 Top tourist attractions in Windhoek ................................................................. 82 Figure 16 Degree of fulfilment socio-cultural dimension .................................................. 99 Figure 17 Sign to increase awareness about water conservation .................................. 109 Figure 18 Sign to increase awareness about waste reduction ....................................... 109 Figure 19 Damaged walkway on Independence Avenue ............................................... 111 Figure 20 Main means of transportation