Driver Detention Impacts on Safety and Productivity
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DRIVER DETENTION IMPACTS ON SAFETY AND PRODUCTIVITY September 2019 Erin Speltz Research Analyst American Transportation Research Institute Minneapolis, MN Dan Murray Senior Vice President American Transportation Research Institute Minneapolis, MN ATRI BOARD OF DIRECTORS Ms. Judy McReynolds Mr. Benjamin J. McLean Chairman of the ATRI Board Chief Executive Officer Chairman, President and Chief Ruan Transportation Management Executive Officer Systems ArcBest Corporation Des Moines, IA Fort Smith, AR Mr. Dennis Nash Mr. Andrew Boyle Executive Chairman of the Board Co-President Kenan Advantage Group Boyle Transportation North Canton, OH Billerica, MA Mr. Clifton Parker Mr. Rich Freeland President and General Manager President and Chief Operating G&P Trucking Company, Inc. Officer Gaston, SC Cummins Inc. Columbus, IN Mr. James D. Reed President and Chief Executive Mr. Darren D. Hawkins Officer Chief Executive Officer USA Truck YRC Worldwide Van Buren, AR Overland Park, KS Ms. Annette Sandberg Mr. Dave Huneryager President and Chief Executive President and Chief Executive Officer Officer Transsafe Consulting, LLC Tennessee Trucking Association Davenport, WA Nashville, TN Mr. John Smith Mr. Derek Leathers President and Chief Executive President and Chief Executive Officer Officer FedEx Freight Werner Enterprises Memphis, TN Omaha, NE Ms. Rebecca Brewster Mr. Robert E. Low President and Chief Operating President and Founder Officer Prime Inc. ATRI Springfield, MO Atlanta, GA Mr. Rich McArdle Mr. Chris Spear President President and Chief Executive UPS Freight Officer Richmond, VA American Trucking Associations Arlington, VA ATRI RESEARCH ADVISORY COMMITTEE Ms. Karen Rasmussen, RAC Mr. Stephen Laskowski Mr. Steve Raetz Chairman President Director, Research & Market Chief Executive Officer Canadian Trucking Alliance Intelligence PrePass Safety Alliance C.H. Robinson Worldwide, Inc. Mr. Don Lefeve Mr. Thomas A. Balzer, CAE President and CEO Mr. Jeremy Reymer President and CEO Commercial Vehicle Training Founder and CEO Ohio Trucking Association Association DriverReach Mr. Shawn Brown Mr. Kevin Lhotak Mr. Lee Sarratt, CDS Vice President of Safety President Senior Director of Safety Cargo Transporters Reliable Transportation J.B. Hunt Specialists Mr. Kenneth Calhoun Deputy Chief Mark Savage Fleet Optimization Manager Mr. Mike Ludwick Colorado State Patrol Altec Service Group Chief Administrative Officer Bison Transport Ms. Kary Schaefer Dr. Alison Conway General Manager of Marketing Associate Professor, Civil and Strategy for Freightliner Engineering Mr. Doug Marcello Transportation Attorney and Detroit Brands City College of New York Marcello and Kivisto, LLC Daimler Trucks North America Mr. Bob Costello Chief Economist and SVP, Ms. Jaime Maus Mr. Russell Simpson International Trade Policy Vice President of Safety and America’s Road Team Captain and Cross-Border Operations Compliance Holland American Trucking Werner Enterprises Associations Mr. Mike Stephens Ms. Caroline Mays Vice President of Finance Mr. Tom Cuthbertson Director, Freight and USA Truck Vice President, Regulatory International Trade Section Compliance Texas DOT Mr. Collin Stewart Omnitracs President and Chief Executive Ms. Shannon Newton Officer Mr. Dan Drella President Stewart Transport Director, Safety and Training Arkansas Trucking Association Schneider National Ms. Sara Walfoort Mr. Steve Olson Manager, Freight Planning Mr. Paul Enos President and Chief Southwestern Pennsylvania Chief Executive Officer Underwriting Officer Commission Nevada Trucking Association Great West Casualty Company Mr. Tom Weakley Mr. Thomas Fansler Director of Operations President Ms. Holly Pixler Owner-Operator Independent Trimble Transportation Mobility Senior Director Transportation, Drivers Association International and Data Foundation Mr. James P. Fields Management Chief Operating Officer MillerCoors Mr. Shawn Yadon Pitt Ohio, LLC Chief Executive Officer Ms. Victoria King Mr. John Prewitt California Trucking Association Vice President Public Affairs President UPS Tideport Distributing, Inc. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ACRONYMS ..................................................................................................................... 3 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 4 Previous Research .............................................................................................................. 5 Research Objective ............................................................................................................. 6 Methodology ........................................................................................................................ 6 RESPONDENT DEMOGRAPHICS ................................................................................................. 7 DETENTION FREQUENCY AND DURATION ................................................................................ 8 DETENTION IMPACTS AND GENDER ........................................................................................ 10 DETENTION AND INDUSTRY SECTOR ...................................................................................... 12 DETENTION AND HOURS OF SERVICE ..................................................................................... 14 DETENTION AND DRIVER COMPENSATION ............................................................................. 15 DETENTION AND MOTOR CARRIER REVENUE ........................................................................ 18 DETENTION CAUSES AND POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS ............................................................... 19 Causes of Delays ............................................................................................................... 19 Potential Solutions ............................................................................................................. 20 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................. 21 Driver Detention Impacts on Safety and Productivity 1 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Table 1. Driver Detention Survey Respondent Demographics ................................................... 7 Table 2. ELD Usage – 2018 Driver Dataset .................................................................................. 8 Figure 1: Change in Detention Frequency Due to Customer Actions 2014 – 2018 ................... 8 Figure 2: Detention Duration ........................................................................................................ 9 Table 3. Modifying Appointments Due to Detention ................................................................. 10 Figure 3. Delay Duration by Gender ........................................................................................... 10 Table 4: Frequency of Appointments Delayed due to the Actions of a Customer .................. 11 Figure 4. Delay Duration by Industry Sector (2018) .................................................................. 12 Figure 5. Delays of 4+ Hours by Industry Sector ...................................................................... 13 Figure 6: Motor Carrier Views on Factors Affecting Drivers’ HOS Compliance ...................... 14 Figure 7. Impact of Detention on HOS Compliance .................................................................. 15 Figure 8: Carrier-Reported Detention Fees ............................................................................... 17 Figure 9: Percent of Detention Fees Partially Paid to Driver (2014) ......................................... 17 Figure 10: Profit Margins of Publicly Traded Truckload Carriers ............................................ 18 Figure 11. Driver Responses on Customer Actions Causing Delay ........................................ 20 Table 5: Carrier-Reported Customer Practices that Increase Efficiency and Minimize Delay ..................................................................................................................................................... .20 Table 6: Driver-Reported Customer Practices that Increase Efficiency and Minimize Delay.. ...................................................................................................................................................... 21 Driver Detention Impacts on Safety and Productivity 2 LIST OF ACRONYMS ATRI American Transportation Research Institute CMV Commercial Motor Vehicle FAST Act Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act FHWA Federal Highway Administration FMCSA Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration GAO Government Accountability Office GATS Great American Trucking Show HOS Hours-of-Service LTL Less-than-Truckload MATS Mid-America Trucking Show NPRM Notice of Proposed Rulemaking OIG Office of Inspector General RAC Research Advisory Committee Reefer Refrigerated Trailer RODS Record of Duty Status TL Truckload U.S.DOT United States Department of Transportation VTTI Virginia Tech Transportation Institute Driver Detention Impacts on Safety and Productivity 3 INTRODUCTION The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) regulates the number of hours per day that commercial motor vehicle (CMV) drivers are allowed to be on-duty, which includes total driving hours.1 Currently, property-carrying CMV drivers are allowed a maximum of 14 on-duty hours per day, with an 11-hour daily driving limit. Since 2005, industry concerns over various provisions of the Hours-of-Service