198 Broadway Now York, N.Y. 10038 0 (212) 962-1210 Tilden J. LeMeile, Chairman Jennifer Davis, Executive Director

MEMORANDUM TO: Key Contacts FROM: Jennifer Davis, Executive Director DATE: September 9, 1992

Ciskei, Boipatong, Empangeni, Sharpeville, Meadowlands, Swanievilie, Sebokeng. in the "New " ofF.W. De Klerk, the list of atrocities goes on and on. You all know the statistics - nearly 8,000 people dead since the "reformist" De Klerk began his bloody reign of terror, with tens of thousands more wounded. driven from their homes, gripped by hopelessness and fear. For months the white minority regime, aided and abetted by a willing Western press, passed off this concerted attack on the freedom movement as "Black on Black Violence." Now, with hard evidence of government complicity in the violence mounting, ihe misinfoi mers are trying a new tactic- blaming the victim. Increasingly, it is the ANC which is being blamed for the massacre in . The movement, so the argument goes, knew full well that 's surrogate, , would turn his -armed, led and financed army on the marchers, and should have called off the protest. According to this distorted logic, Black persons daring to exercise their right of peaceful assembly and protest have only themselves to blame if soldiers under the command of a South African Defence Force Brigadier mow them down without warning with machine guns.

The ANC, said apartheid police minister Hernus Kriel, "had fair warnirg," of the massacre, and was therefore at fault. State Department Spokesman Richard Boucher told reporters in Washington that, "those who prompted the demonstration should carefully reconsider future actions...that expose innocent supporters to violence." Yet Mr. Boucher offered no such advice to democracy protesters in the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia or Rumania.

I urge you to contact both George Bush and Bill Clinton and urge therm to speak out publ-cly against the continuing slaughter in South Africa. Ask them to demand the immediate resignation of F.W. De Klerk and his white minority government, the dismantling of the bantustan system and installation of an interim government of national unity to guide South Africa to democracy. Ask them to do eveiything in their power to STOP APARTHEID'S VIOLENCE and support the people in their struggle for one-person, one-vote democracy in a unified non-racial, non-sexist South Africa.

George Bush Bll Clinton 1030 15th Street N.W. Corner, Third and Louisiana Washington, DC 20005 Little Rock, AK 72201 FAX (202) 336-7954 FAX: (501) 372-2292

For more information contact The Africa Fund.

Established by The American Committee on Africa, 1966 * Contributionsare tax-deductible 198 Broadway * New York, N.Y. 10038 * (212) 962-1210 Tilden J. LeMelle, Chairman Jennifer Davis, Executive Director

'THE NEW YORK TIMES INTERNATIONAL THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 10, 1992 Democracy vs. Dictator in Apartheid's 'Homeland

By BILL KELLER Special to TheNew York Times BISHO, South Africa, Sept. 9 - The make-believe country of Ciskei has a shiny "international" airport capable of landing a Boeing 747, in case one ever attempts to visit this curious fig ment of apartheid. It has 846,000 inhabitants who were not consulted in 1981 when they were stripped of their South African citizen ship and gerrymandered into one of 10 tribal homelands to protect white con trol of the wealthy remainder of the. country.. Ciskei has a foreign service with a single ambassadorial posting, to the only country that recognizes its sover eignty, South Africa. It has its capital here, a miniature pastel metropolis with a three-block downtown, a hotel-casino complex where South Africans can enjoy the blackjack tables forbidden a mile away in their own country, and high-walled' South Africa is struggling to fit homelands like Ciskei, where at least 28 compounds where government minis people were killed Monday, into the eventual post-apartheid order. ters and business executives dwell in luxurious isolation from Ciskei's But as the brigadier served bloody that the brigadier's position is wobbly. wretched poverty. notice on Monday, there is explosive Following the Ciskei killings, the Af It has its own development bank, its disagreement about where these home- rican National Congress staged an un own army and its own diminutive mili lands fit in the post-apartheid order. ' eventful march today against the tiny tary dictator, Brigadier Oupa J. Gqozo, The African National Congress de- homeland of Qwa Qwa, which is about who boils with rage -when he is ridi mands that homeland leaders it re- 200 miles south of , on the gards as inimical to democracy be northern border of Lesotho. Sculed as a puppet of South Africa. replaced by impartial caretakers until More ominously, its leaders said "I need some help to make the world elections can be held. The South Afri- they were contemplating action realize that I am a very serious lead can Government insists it is "not in the against KwaZulu, the Zulu homeland er," Brigadier Gqozo pleaded during business of replacing governments,", and the domain of the A.N.C.'s bitterest an interview last Friday. as a spokesman put it. I I and most powerful black political rival, Three days later his army fired a The killings left Ciskei extremely' Chief Mangosuthu Gatsha Buthelezi. volatile. Police and soldiers conducted' seemingly interminable machine-gun door-to-door searches fusillade at protesters marching on his today, and were T capital, killing said to be arresting and beating partic- The Clearest Border: at least 28 and convinc ipants in Monday's march. In the Cis- Where the Poor Are ing many that if he. is not a serious keian townships southwest of Bisho, leader, he is at least part of a serious residents burned the homes of Ciskei problem. ' soldiers. A visitor driving through the rolling Having manufactured these mock It was no surprise that the congress pasture and voluptuous mountains of states, entrenched their rulers in posi chose Ciskei for Monday's march, Ciskei finds no border posts to mark tions of power and small-time luxury which was aimed explicitly at toppling the frequent passage across the "inter and employed Brigadier Gqozo. The region, where the national" border with South Africa. them as surrogates to Xhosa and the British fought their fron- But the boundaries are easily de divide the black political opposition, tier wars in the 19th century, is one of duced from the standard of living. The South Africa now seeks to undo the the congress's most militant strong- cozy 19th-century English colonial experiment by reunifying its territory. holds, and there have been many signs towns, Queenstown, Fort Beaufort,

Established by The American Committee on Africa, 1966 • Contributions are tax-deductible King William's Town, are in South Af Bisho, 50 heavily armed troops gath him paranoid." rica The sprawling townships and the ered outside while their commander barren rural settlements, Zwelitsha, Mr. Hugo, whose account is backed ordered the meeting dispersed. by other former intelligence officers, Thornhill - those are in Ciskei. 7! iil-:e the Ifga'l:att,n of the Africe'r Indian Ocean port of East London i0 sail that the most audacious maneuver Natioaai Ccr.gruss a, .9O, the home wv.s staging a phony coup attempt. He South Africa's shipbuilding center. The lands have acquired a tiew utility for neighboring said South African agents lured Cis slum of Mdant ;mne s _::i h- vili a Go-rntmeit as YV.tical 'oils k.j's f)"rier security chief, Charles The brigadier readily admits that in to the black liberation movement. Sebe,back from exile in with The homelands - four of them "in economic terms, his republic is any a promise that mutinous army officers would ha.K' hirm the presidency. Mr. thing but independent. inF" - have gradually taken sides, South Africa underwrites the budget Sebe and a collaborator walked into the: soine tilting to the A.N.C., others to the Strap and were killed. that pays for the 30,000-mrremrber civil Govert men. service and its perks, including the Aicording to Gert Hugo, a former The congress did its share to embit black bulletproof Range Rover that the South African military intelligence offi ter r.e brigad ar, making a mistake the brigadier favors and the flee! of Mer car who was brigadier'iqozo's iPtetli whita.. in Pretoria did not: they insult cedes preferred by his cabinet. Sduth gence adviser for a year, until July Africa ed his pride. trained and equipped the army i1991, Ciskei has long been a covert After the brigadier dismissed strik - assisted by such a large contingent I battleground in the white Govern ing civil servants, the A.N.C. organized of Israelis that for a time the Pick 'n ment's "divide and rule" approach. rallies where he was denounced in Pay supermarket in Bisho had a ko The strategy, he said, was to manipu scathing terms. Keith Mathee, a law sher section. I late Ciskei as a bulwark against the yer who served s Brigadier Gqozo's "South Africans - many retired or 1 African National Congress, especially irst mtnister of justice, said the fum seconded from the South African Gonv. i the neighboring "independent" ing brigadier forced his cabinet to sit ernment and military - still make up homeland of Transkei. Transkei, the through repeated screenings of a police more than half the brigadier's cabinet I home of , the A.N.C. videotape of one protest march where and the leadership of his military and president, is ruled by a military dicta women bared their buttocks in deri intelligence services. The commander itor who has gone over to the congress. sion. of the Ciskei Defense Force that fired President F. W. de Klerk has insisted During an hour-long interview last its machine guns into the crowd on that the homeland leaders be at the Friday, the brigadier leapt repeatedly Monday, Brig. Marius Oelschig, is on negotiating table where the future po from his chair to pace his office, gestic loan from the South African Army. itical order is to be established. There ulating in his passionate hatred of the Brigadier Gqozo, Chief Buthelezi and African National Congress. At one When a Town Dies, others have joined Mr. de Klerk in point he broke into the high-stepping demanding a loose federation with prance called the toyi-toyi, the ritual A Stereotype Is Left strong regional governments. dance of political protest, as he de The homeland leaders hope to keep scribed therkrinsiilts. Almost inevitably, the homelands power after their territories are re "They ar. filthy," he said. "They are have tended to confirm ai the worst incorporated, their provinces enriched terrible. They are thugs. And they are by addition of prime South dangerous." prejudices of white So,-'tb, Africans territor). African about black rule. "I'm not a small boy," he added, Stripped by the mapmakers of their, when asked about the plans to march assets, burdened with millions of irri on his capital. Ti'm going to show them poverished blacks forcib',y resettled that with me, no is no, as the leader of a from other areas and saddled in manyi A Flawed Product country. If they don't believe it, they cases with ruthless and corrupt rultrs, lintimidated."will see on Monday that I am not they have deteriorated into wretchec Of Apartheid p verty and political frustration; hard. relieved by some spectacular sce Like his domain, Brigadier Gqozo i3 The Mystery nery. a product of apartheid whc does not "You do admire the place when you always conform reliably to the design Of Survival see it," said Jeanette Mahonga, ac-P er's intenticns. the killings on Mon knowledging the scenic mountains that F Raised in a .onservative region of But evenbefore surround her hometown of Seymour in the Orange , he worked as a day, the brigadier seemed to have little central Ciskei. "If you could just flavor prison warden before enlisting in the it with a bit of life." South African Army. He resigned in public support. Basle Oosthuysen, the Seymour, a farming center of about 1981 to join the Ciskei army, servrng for 28-year-old leader of the brigadier's 18,000 people, is one place wheie blhc's a time as Ciskei's military attache in stcreave poli 'i:al party, the African Democratic regard South Africa with nostalgia. South Africa. Movement, concedes the When "independence" "He's a farm boy who grew up under brigadier',has "not much chance" of was imposed an in 1981, many whites fled, fearing the the discipline that what the white man winning election. uncertainties of black rule. The tobac says is law," said , a "There can-only be two answers to co farms that were the leader of he African National Con the question of why Gqozo remains," economic main said Mr. Mathee, the former minister. stay were sold cheap, locals say; either gress who grew up in King William's to absentee black landlords with the "One is that he is kept there by the de Town and once considered Brigadier Klerk Government because right connections or to subsistence Gqozo a friend." he is very farmers who use them to graze goats. Elevated convenient in the fight against the to power in 1990 by military A.N.C. The other is that he has nowhere The Kat River tobacco mill closed. officers who overthrew the previous to go. Seymour today boasts one of South Ciskei leader, the corrupt and reviled Africa's more wretched settlements of , Brigadier Glozo at first "Here is a man who in a normal mud-brick huts and tin sheds. The pri courted the congress. country might be a major or colonel in mary school has a dirt floor and no The congress helped contain the riot I the army, making a bigger salary than electricity. The drinking water that ig loosed by the coup. The brigadier, do Klerk, with a mansion and his own flows to the few communal taps comes in turn,-hired human rights lawyers to army. In a new disposition, he might from a reservoir polluted by two ceme-. write a bill of rights, abolished. the I well find himself put on trial for mur teries that lie submerged in the rainy tribal authorities whom President Sebe der." season. had used as an'Instrument. of -control Mrs. Mahonga, a member of the mu and vowed to bring .Ciskei back into' Once in early 1991, the brigadier nicipal council and a local leader of the South Africa. confirmed in;the interview, the South African National CongresS. said the ' After a few months, the hDneymoon African Foreign Minister, Roelof F. town gets even shorter shrift than oth ended abruptly. Bdtha,.urged him to take a three-month er pockets of poverty because it is_ Mr-Hugo, the brigadier's former in "vacation." The brigadier, assuming known as strong A.N.C. country, and tellIgence chief, said the South African he was being asked to step down, de Brigadier Gqozo despises the congress. military insinuated agents into the rul clined, and Mr. Botha did not insist. Although Seymour seems more er's inner circle to turn him against the I "They cannot touch me," the briga sleepy than militant, the brigadier congress. dier said. "The minute they do that I keeps a tight lid on the town. Last "The way they did this was to fabri will demonstrate to everyone who has Thursday, when 70 residents gathered cate threats against Gqozo's life," Mr. been saying that I.am a puppet of them, to hear a pep talk about the march on Hugo said in an interview, "They made that I am no puppet of them." 8 19.92 AFRICAN NATIONAL, CONGRFSS- Septerer OFFICE OF 'THE SECRETARY GENERAL. BACKGROUND TO THE . The killings which took place in Bisho yesterday during an ANC-led protest action against the ride of the military diestate, .. Brigadier. Ouae. Gqozo, must be seeo1 against the background of increasil.g repression in the bantustan in recent: months. While the " massacre in Bisio is itself a ten ible tragedy, if 'een -gainst the background described below, it 14,; into a pattern ofthe h! oy history of Cis!k,.-Ji since Gqozo assu:r.ed power in a military cPup in March i 99•. Immediately after his aso.Hrnpt-ln otf power, a move which has now been expozed as being clearly enginrered in South African military intelligence circles, there followed a; very brief "honeymoon" period between progressive forces and the new, rpgime of Br.gadier Oupa Gqo.7o. However, the same fories who -pleced Gqozo in charge quicdy intervened to put an end to this "dalliance" with the ANC. Under the influence of various railitary "adviers" from:South Africa, Gqozo, qui.lAy m.ved into .z hostile position vis-a-vis the ANC and its stoMcta.x , intl.c regan.

STATE OF EMERGENC\. Matters came tc a head irt Octolier last year with a State of Emergency undcr which -thousands of ANC supporters were detained. The. ititervention of the ANC President Nelson Mandela led to the lifting of the State of Emergency. However, a de facto state of emergency continued in the region with Ciskei using various security lavs to arrest ANC members and dis:.pt ,.NC meetings etc. Together with the activity of' vigi;ante-type groupings in support of Gqozo, there were soon many areas of Ciskei which became no-go a'eas for the*A.-NC. To. this Cay, t, ANC.and other politica! part.s like the SACP -are no' granted any kind of access to the staie radio. Radio Ciskei. The Ciskei administration has also roteiey relused to deal wil tDe Daily Dpatch newspape,. and i:.,many cases has.banned Zchool n,,pi!s from reading tie newspaper .ecause of its alieged ANC slant'. MEETINGS BANNED One of the more notorious pieces of legislation which the Ciskei government still uses to declare ANC meetings unlawful, is Section 43 of the..National Security Act. In termS of t',hs piece of le~is~a~ioti any gathering ma4 fi declared lllegalrby a magistrate. The application ot' this Act is so uniform, as to declare ary ANC nieeting in the territory of Ciskei illegal, amounting'to M f* effect.ve bahning of the ANC itself in Ciskei. Agreemeat was-rre ahed in- March 992 with both the Ciskei and SA governmer:is that thi s pi -otiegs.atoiw.uld be amendepd so .a. to allow-free political acti&itysin Ciskei. This agr ene:n :ias er.zr heeded by the Ciskei regime !nstead events since theri have'seen a -tu, h to thie w;crke, such that a Iow-inensity vit- is ncw/beinrg 'conducted.akainst the ANC. in the region -- with the apparent v0implianc. or approval c,'t"he'SA g,,erment ittelf: I The .s'st few'weeks ii partcular, have seen a d-a iati'i :ease in the'ldvels of repression it the eaion. -For instance; itris repOTied' that police and. sod';ers, often in feaingfsckthrsran, b~lacl~i'v: :arry out regular assaults on crSidents in the townships Some 'ofthese assaiil: F..:e lrti ;larly b.utld, In sone caes1* one person .has been assaulted for several hours by unknown assailants who burst into houses demanding to know if residents are member of the ANC.

ANC HOMES ATTACKED Homes of various. ANC members have come under attack, including tpe homes of senior national and regional leadership. In one instance 27 bul!ets were fired at.the home of one of the members of the- egional leadership. Duringthis same period, a student at Fort Hare University was killed on campus by members of the Ciskei Pefence Force. In another instance a hand grenade was thrown at the home of an. ANC branch secretary. His five-year old child was killed, and several others injured. This was the fifth such bombing in this particular village. Children were also severely assaulted by members of the Ciskei police in another i;nstance. whe,.i police arrived at the home of an ANC member. They re~ised to accept charges of assault after the incident. In most cases, Ciskei security forces are accOmpanijed by members of the African Democratic Movement (ADM), ,fqrmed by Brigadier Gqozo himself and which continues to organise with the support and infrastructure of the Ciskei administration.

HIT VariousSQUAD ACTIVITIES information has also come to light of the training of several quasi-military and hit-squad groupings in the region. Residents of various areas, such.as in the Komga area, in SA territory have reported the presence of Zulu-speaking and other non-Xhosa speaking people staying in camps in the vicinity. When enquiries were made to the authorities, these people were removed from the area. In the Seymour area of Ciskei, residents confronted a criminal gang telling themselves Amadara. Gang members indicated to the ANC that they had been approached by unknown persons to form this gang to carry out attacks on the ANC.

SA MILITARY INTELLIGENCE AND SPECIAL FORCES in August last year, a covert military unit, known as. International Researchers. was un overed and Ciskei announced its disbandmrent after the intervention of General Kat Liebenberg from the-SADF. This unit, which had strong links to SA Military, ingelligefice -has been linked to the killing Of and Onward Guzana which is currently the.subject of a court case in Bisho. However the disbandment of this unit, did not mean The -nd of South African involement. ..It. was the personnel of IR who are said to have convinced Gqozo thattie ANC was his main enemy in Ciskei and the biggest threat to his iegime'.One (if the social forces used by IRand the Ciskei state is the instittion 0f'headmen. These adjuncts of the discredited system of tribal chieftanship, have been corraled by the Ciskei security forces. Various-headimen have reported receiving arms and money fionithes eucrity forces to act against the ANC. Headmen have also-acted in concert with the ADM and police-at village level in many cases,.it has become diffficult to distinguish between police, headn~en and ADM, such is the level of co-operation -- all aided and abetted by the administration in Bisho." Mbre recently, it has come to light that various training bases are being established in.the region. People are lured t.6 the area underthe guise of offers of employment. Hwever, on arrival, ANC suppotr(ers are separated from the rest and toldto return home. Whilst'in the bases, such members witnessed others receiving lessons in fireirinsand targetprattce. In theii briefing;epi-e" are told" that they are going to be trained to act agaiast'kNC activists. KOEVOET - BATIALION 32 Members of notorious units of the SADF anl SAP likit K6evjet and Batta!ions 31 ar, 32 have also been ideruified in the regidir:.In many cases Portuguese.-speakin, black soldiers haVe been preent at various roadbloc s, tsoth v,Ithin SA and Ciskei itselfh lh'ere-,Fe a'sb reports'that a deal is being struck, to ineg:ate membersifrotn these units into tie Ciskei security K~rci,. it has been a lorg-standiig demand by-the ANC In'the region,; that memnbers of ie SADF, and, .in.particuiar of Military intelligence, be removed from the area. SADF - MILITARY INTELLIGENCE-PERSONNEL A brief overview of thowe itvolved, will give an indication of the extent of SA iiitary and: police involvement in: the territory. -- Chif,, of' the SADF, Brigadier Marius Oelschig, was -seconded from the *SADI in Mdy 1991. I-k is one of Gq07o's ch-ief advisers, taking over this role from another former -hember of South African military intelligence, Anton Niewoudt. Oelschig was formerly in Army intelligence in the in the SADF. it was regarded as highly unusual that an ,fficer, whose'bckground Was7 purely in intelligence and Tad never-heid a .singl command post, should be hand picked J.y the SA government to assume command of the . -- Second .n Command of the CDF is Cooniel Dirk van der Bank, who vas also i'nitaliy seconu'ed by the SADF. -- Head of CDF Military intelligence is Ockert Swanepobi. .Bodii he and h's deputy, Chris Nei. came froina -Special Forces 'baCkground in the SADIF S'wiep-el is sai6 to have- c( re from 'Battalior 32 whief No wa's the main int;i ,gaier ofe Swapo guerrillas dt ring the Namibian %ar of Independerce. -- Another key figure in the Ciskei security network is Basic Oostnuysen, 'a- tiig seCrezay geneaa:" of the Af ican Democrai Movement. It i.:00sthuysen. who a.:,nongst- others, 'is said to'have per,,aded Gqozo of the need fbr i riovrement such as tne ADM to oppose :ie ANC. Oostnuysen lids since beer, publically linked to various SADF MI covet opeirations -inthe region He ;headed the "Dyna.mic Teatciiag" operatio, ohich tas since been exposed as a front for the SADF. -- Lastly, but not certainly no: least, there is the:ubiquitous* figure of Major General I J Viktor, formerly of tle'SA Security Police, and now Commissioner of Police in Ciskei. His appointment to this post was taken as a sitraregic, decision aiong:the lines of a similar.decision to move an individual'such as Gehieral Ja. Buchner to head the Kwa Zuflu Pb1ice.. South Africa's invlvement in the. da.-to-day&- running ofghe Ciskei administration -isspearheaded thi-ugh ,indi',idua!s such. as those Aamed above. Their involvement,: in-particular, in the operation of !he security forces in.Ciskei, has long been exposed. This involvement extends bey ond the material, and logistical, support without which the Ciskei "security force, uld not exist. Their" Involvement extends to the stra:tegic directin. o vbe security' forces ir Ciskei itself.It is quit' clear, that individuals s .,-h as those named above, with maniy others -as yef unknown, -are directing deeloqieifs in Ciskei, especially the es.ala.ion of violence . a deliberate attemptto bolster theundemo,'ratic Ciskei regime and lo weaken the ANC and. i.,s .allies..