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Inkanyiso OFC 8.1 FM.Fm
21 The suppression of political opposition and the extent of violating civil liberties in the erstwhile Ciskei and Transkei bantustans, 1960-1989 Maxwell Z. Shamase 1 Department of History, University of Zululand [email protected] This paper aims at interrogating the nature of political suppression and the extent to which civil liberties were violated in the erstwhile Ciskei and Transkei. Whatever the South African government's reasons, publicly stated or hidden, for encouraging bantustan independence, by the time of Ciskei's independence ceremonies in December 1981 it was clear that the bantustans were also to be used as a more brutal instrument for suppressing opposition. Both Transkei and Ciskei used additional emergency-style laws to silence opposition in the run-up to both self- government and later independence. By the mid-1980s a clear pattern of brutal suppression of opposition had emerged in both bantustans, with South Africa frequently washing its hands of the situation on the grounds that these were 'independent' countries. Both bantustans borrowed repressive South African legislation initially and, in addition, backed this up with emergency-style regulations passed with South African assistance before independence (Proclamation 400 and 413 in Transkei which operated from 1960 until 1977, and Proclamation R252 in Ciskei which operated from 1977 until 1982). The emergency Proclamations 400, 413 and R252 appear to have been retained in the Transkei case and introduced in the Ciskei in order to suppress legal opposition at the time of attainment of self-government status. Police in the bantustans (initially SAP and later the Transkei and Ciskei Police) targeted political opponents rather than criminals, as the SAP did in South Africa. -
South Africa: Historical Background Greg Moran
Third World Legal Studies Volume 14 The Governance of Internal Security Forces Article 8 in Sub-Saharan Africa 1-8-1997 Human Rights and the Structure of Internal Security Forces – South Africa: Historical Background Greg Moran Follow this and additional works at: http://scholar.valpo.edu/twls Recommended Citation Moran, Greg (1997) "Human Rights and the Structure of Internal Security Forces – South Africa: Historical Background," Third World Legal Studies: Vol. 14, Article 8. Available at: http://scholar.valpo.edu/twls/vol14/iss1/8 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Valparaiso University Law School at ValpoScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Third World Legal Studies by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at [email protected]. HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE STRUCTURE OF INTERNAL SECURITY FORCES SOUTH AFRICA: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND By Greg Moran* The apartheid policies that characterised most of the period of colonial rule, both formally (after 1948) and informally before, left an indelible mark on the consciousness of South Africans, (and on the map of the country prior to 1994). The policy of creating separate homelands for each of the black ethnic groupings and pushing these to independence to ensure the survival of white South Africa, lead to the creation of numerous police and armed forces. The records of all of these are severely blemished and their histories steeped in blood. At present, moves are afoot to incorporate all of these security forces into unified bodies: the South African National Defense Force (SANDF) and the South African Police Services (SAPS). -
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report
VOLUME THREE Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report The report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission was presented to President Nelson Mandela on 29 October 1998. Archbishop Desmond Tutu Ms Hlengiwe Mkhize Chairperson Dr Alex Boraine Mr Dumisa Ntsebeza Vice-Chairperson Ms Mary Burton Dr Wendy Orr Revd Bongani Finca Adv Denzil Potgieter Ms Sisi Khampepe Dr Fazel Randera Mr Richard Lyster Ms Yasmin Sooka Mr Wynand Malan* Ms Glenda Wildschut Dr Khoza Mgojo * Subject to minority position. See volume 5. Chief Executive Officer: Dr Biki Minyuku I CONTENTS Chapter 1 Introduction to Regional Profiles ........ 1 Appendix: National Chronology......................... 12 Chapter 2 REGIONAL PROFILE: Eastern Cape ..................................................... 34 Appendix: Statistics on Violations in the Eastern Cape........................................................... 150 Chapter 3 REGIONAL PROFILE: Natal and KwaZulu ........................................ 155 Appendix: Statistics on Violations in Natal, KwaZulu and the Orange Free State... 324 Chapter 4 REGIONAL PROFILE: Orange Free State.......................................... 329 Chapter 5 REGIONAL PROFILE: Western Cape.................................................... 390 Appendix: Statistics on Violations in the Western Cape ......................................................... 523 Chapter 6 REGIONAL PROFILE: Transvaal .............................................................. 528 Appendix: Statistics on Violations in the Transvaal ...................................................... -
I. D.A.J News Not
i. d. a.j news not .(1 OFFICE COpy DO NOT REMOVE Published by the United States Committee of the International Defense and Aid Fund for Southern Africa P.O. Box 17, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 August, 1983 Telephone (617) 491-8343 SOUTH AFRICA'S BOMB South Africa wants two, that's right: roughly 900 pounds of plutonium peryear-"enough for forty or fifty One for the black and one for the white. nuclear weapons," according to Barnaby. -Tom Lehrer, from "Who's Next." A September 1982 article in the Progressive by Samuel H. Day a song about nuclear proliferation builds a good case for the existence of what he calls the "Afrikaner Bomb." In the course of a five-month investigation, Day uncovered Does South Africa have the bomb? dues that a nuclear warhead had been manufactured in the Somerset The question has been in the air at least since 1977, when South West plant of the African Explosives & Chemical Industries near Cape Africa was reportedly looking for a nuclear test site in the Kalahari Town, that it had been shipped out of the fishing port of Saldanha and Desert. In 1979 many thought the answer to the question had been detonated in the Indian Ocean in September 1979. Three days after the provided. An American reconnaissance satellite detected a flash of Vela satellite picked up the distinctive double flash, P.W. Botha gave a light in the Indian Ocean thatscientists thought was the telltale sign of a speech in which he hinted that South Africa might have a secret wea- small, unpublicized nuclear blast. -
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report
VOLUME THREE Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/46f8d1/ The report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission was presented to President Nelson Mandela on 29 October 1998. Archbishop Desmond Tutu Ms Hlengiwe Mkhize Chairperson Dr Alex Boraine Mr Dumisa Ntsebeza Vice-Chairperson Ms Mary Burton Dr Wendy Orr Revd Bongani Finca Adv Denzil Potgieter Ms Sisi Khampepe Dr Fazel Randera Mr Richard Lyster Ms Yasmin Sooka Mr Wynand Malan* Ms Glenda Wildschut Dr Khoza Mgojo * Subject to minority position. See volume 5. Chief Executive Officer: Dr Biki Minyuku PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/46f8d1/ I CONTENTS Chapter 1 Introduction to Regional Profiles ........ 1 Appendix: National Chronology......................... 12 Chapter 2 REGIONAL PROFILE: Eastern Cape ..................................................... 34 Appendix: Statistics on Violations in the Eastern Cape........................................................... 150 Chapter 3 REGIONAL PROFILE: Natal and KwaZulu ........................................ 155 Appendix: Statistics on Violations in Natal, KwaZulu and the Orange Free State... 324 Chapter 4 REGIONAL PROFILE: Orange Free State.......................................... 329 Chapter 5 REGIONAL PROFILE: Western Cape.................................................... 390 Appendix: Statistics on Violations in the Western Cape ......................................................... 523 Chapter 6 REGIONAL PROFILE: Transvaal ............................................................. -
South Africa
December 20, 1991 Vol. III, Issue No. 16 SOUTH AFRICA CISKEI: TEN YEARS ON HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE FICTION OF "INDEPENDENCE" CONTENTS Introduction ..........................................................................................................................................................2 Background ..........................................................................................................................................................3 The Early Years:"Independence" under the Sebe Regime .................................................................................3 From Reform to Repression: The Gqozo Regime...............................................................................................4 The Coup: "The Bisho Spring"..............................................................................................................4 The Onset of Repression ........................................................................................................................7 Covert Military Operations ....................................................................................................................7 Local Government: The Heart of the Crisis ........................................................................................10 The African Democratic Movement: A Facade of Democracy ..........................................................14 Targeting the Opposition......................................................................................................................15 -
A MASSACRE of INNOCENCE: the MARCH at BISHO, 7 SEPTEMBER 1992 Paul Trewhela Real Fictions
A MASSACRE OF INNOCENCE: THE MARCH AT BISHO, 7 SEPTEMBER 1992 Paul Trewhela Real Fictions THIS WAS South Africa: it needed massacre, a really good, upfront mas sacre, with lots of dead, to get negotiations on the road again. Blood to grease the words. In the fragments of parched misery that make up the so-called former 'homelands' in South Africa, all official military forces in the 1980s were the creatures of South African Military Intelligence (MI). That includes the cur rent regime in the Transkei. There the military dictator, Major-General Bantu Holomisa, sprang the changes on his patrons in MI following a coup in 1987. He reversed the alliances and aligned himself with the rising political fortunes of the African National Congress. It is no doubt from connections made during his tenure in structures con trolled by MI that Holomisa acquired documents that led to the present head of MI, Major General Christoffel ('JoffeP) van der Westhuizen, being named as author of the murder of four leading activists from the town of Cradock in 1985. Van der Westhuizen's role was first revealed in a copy of a military sig nal released to the press by Holomisa in 1992. He was named again as author of these murders in an inquest hearing in March 1993 by the communications officer who had transmitted the signal. Bordering the Transkei lie the scattered bits and pieces of the Ciskei. Here MI remained firmly in control. This was the setting for the massacre on 7 September 1992 that permitted ANC leaders to resume their interrupted discussion with the government of President FW de Klerk. -
Clark & Worger-South Africa: the Rise & Fall of Apartheid
South Africa This page intentionally left blank South Africa The Rise and Fall of Apartheid Second Edition Nancy L. Clark and William H. Worger 'JSTUQVCMJTIFECZ1FBSTPO&EVDBUJPO-JNJUFE Second edition published in Great Britain in 2011 1VCMJTIFECZ3PVUMFEHF 1BSL4RVBSF .JMUPO1BSL "CJOHEPO 0YPO093/ 5IJSE"WFOVF /FX:PSL /: 64" 3PVUMFEHFJTBOJNQSJOUPGUIF5BZMPS'SBODJT(SPVQ BOJOGPSNBCVTJOFTT $PQZSJHIUª 5BZMPS'SBODJT The rights of Nancy L. Clark and William H. Worger to be identified as authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act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
Transformation 6 (1988) Document the TRANSKEI "COUP D'etat" and the MILITARISATION of the APARTHEID STATE (Southern Af
Transformation 6 (1988) Document THE TRANSKEI "COUP D'ETAT" AND THE MILITARISATION OF THE APARTHEID STATE (Southern Africa Dossier, Centro de Estudos Africanos, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane - Maputo.) On December 30 1987, the 'Chief of the Transkei Defence Force', Major General Bantu Holomisa, announced that the military had taken power in the ban- tustan, the first to have been granted Pretoria's version of 'independence' in 1976. The civilian 'government' of 'Prime Minister' Stella Sicgau, which Holomisa himself had been instrumental in installing less than three months ear- lier, was dismissed. The next day, the 31 year old Major General announced the establishment of a Military Council, clearly modelled on that in Lesotho. This will theoretically 'advise' the non-executive 'State President', Paramount Chief Tutor Ndamse, who remains in office, but it will in practice be the principal ex- ecutive and administrative body in the territory. At one level these developments could be read as history repeating itself as farce. The bid by a subaltern bantustan administration to masquerade as an inde- pendent African state has now reached the point of staging a coup d'etat. There is, however, a much more serious aspect to the 'Transkei coup'. The Transkei, like every other bantustan, has never in any real sense been independent of South Africa. This does not refer just to the fact that it has not been accepted as a sovereign state by the international community. Its administration has, despite the 'independence' proclaimed by Pretoria in 1976, remained subordinated to the central South African state. The regime continues not only to be absolutely de- pendent on the central state for budgetary support and seconded personnel but identifies its interests as lying in the direction of continuing and even deepening these ties. -
The Former South African Government & Its Security
Vo l u m e SIX • S e c t i o n THREE • C h ap t e r ONE The Intersection between the Work of the Human Rights Violations Committee and the Amnesty Committee THE FORMER SOUTH AFRICAN GOVERNMENT & ITS SECURITY FORCES Vo l u m e SIX S e c t i o n THREE C h ap t e r O N E The Former South African G o v e rnment and its Security F o rc e s PA RT ONE: OVERVIEW OF AMNESTY APPLICATIONS FROM MEMBERS OF THE SECURITY FORCES: 1 9 6 0 – 1 9 9 4 ■ INTRODUCTION 1. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (the Commission) found the state – and in particular its security agencies and affiliated policy and strategy formulation committees and councils – to be the primary perpetrators of gross violations of human rights committed during the thirty-four years it was mandated to investigate. 1 2 . Some 50 per cent of all amnesty applications received from members of the security forces related to incidents that occurred between 1985 and 1989. No applications were received in respect of incidents that occurred in the first decade of the Commission’s mandate and few applications were received for the pre-1985 and post-1990 periods. Despite this, evidence received by the Commission shows that the security forces were responsible for the commission of gross human rights violations during both of these periods. 3. Most of the applications were received from members of the Security Branch, both from Security Branch headquarters and from the nineteen regional Security Branch divisions. -
The Battle for the Homelands 326 This Period Was One of Military Rule For
THE COMMISSION FINDS THAT VIOLENT CONFLICT ERUPTED IN SEVERAL PARTS OF THE EASTERN CAPE DURING THE 1990S — BETWEEN THE ANC AND PAC IN FORT BEAUFORT AND STEYNSBURG AND BETWEEN THE ANC AND AMAAFRIKA IN UITENHAGE. THIS CONFLICT RESULTED IN KILLINGS AND INJURIES ON BOTH SIDES AND WAS FUELLED BY POLITICAL INTOLERANCE. THE COMMISSION FINDS THAT KILLINGS, ATTEMPTED KILLINGS AND INCIDENTS OF SEVERE ILL TREATMENT RELATED TO THIS CONFLICT WERE GROSS VIOLATIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS, FOR WHICH THE ORGANISATIONS INVOLVED IN THE CONFLICT ARE HELD ACCOUNTABLE. The battle for the homelands 326 This period was one of military rule for both Ciskei and Transkei. The Transkei had been under constant military rule since Major-General Bantu Holomisa’s second coup on 31 December 1987, the first successful coup in a South African homeland. In Ciskei, Brigadier Oupa Gqozo took over on 4 March 1990, shortly after the national unbannings, riding on a wave of rural resistance to the rule of former Ciskei president, Mr Lennox Sebe. It appears that neither of these coups was initiated by South African security forces, as has been speculated; rather they seem to have emerged from the homeland militaries themselves. By the 1990s, there was an ongoing dispute between the Transkei military government and the South African government: this soon became a dispute over whether or not Transkei was offering the newly unbanned liberation movements weapons, military training and bases from which to launch attacks. A few months after Gqozo took over in Ciskei, the SADF MI set up a front operation in Ciskei deliberately aimed at turning Gqozo against the ANC. -
South Africa/Namibia 9007 Garland Ave
South Africa/Namibia Coordination Group Susanne Riveles 9007 Garland Ave. Silver Spring, !.m 20901 Te 1: (301) 58 5-6-128 Circular 14 September-October, 1983 Destabilization in Southern Africa - A Review AIUSA Prisoner Update Amnesty's Continued Hork on Behalf of People in Southern Africa The Region *Mozambique *Lesotho ~~Seychelles *Swaziland Hospitalization of South African Detainees South Africa: Detentions in Ciskei Urgent Actions Clippings: *Government Still to Act on Rikhoto *Five Die in Ciskei Police Blockage *Ciskei *Foes of Apartheid Hold Large Rally *South Africa Suspends Sutdent Quota System *U.N. Chief Offers Help at Talks on Angola *Huge Crowd at UDF Launch *AZAPO Wants End to Intergroup Friction *Sisulu *For Two Apartheid Foes, A Sisterhood of Shared Fate *Zuby Has Always Been Free *Amnesty Slams Bannings ~rnr.uaty lntornatlon~~i Is a "'"''dwlde l'lvman rloJt ~' movunh)nt which worh lmpart•ally tort~., 'eleese of pris'>nen c·f conscience, men 11/ld wc'W!n deta<r.oo anywhere for t1'4lr bellds. COlOt, ethn!c O'*'lQi,, !.>1( r~iJQlon or .ano:;aQd, provlded tr1e'r t'la\o'e ntiitnttr :..~'Jd nor actvcca:t&d v!o:&nco. Amnesrr lntt:M"n.atlonal oy;:04 ... ' tor~urf) an~'''' c:~~t:l peru!!~y in ad caso. w•thc·vf ro;e,-,.,t·cn a:-J 3,:,,'<:a~~$ !a:r ana promc: trla:s for ~:1 political prisoners. Amn~li:-r lnternatl,.,nal 1~ llo<:.l·lper\C»nt of ail govOIT>~Lln!l, p.<;.H'cal ftt~t,ooa, IC:~IOC'&e, OCvi1Qmlc lnt&ic.'l!~ """ r,;lt;'c,J, crl">G3 It t>Ps ~G~~ui·AIIve statu3 .,.,,., th<t U11d:N Na,,or•s tECCSOC).