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Amylostereum Laevigatum Associated with the Japanese Horntail, Urocerusjaponicus

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Amylostereum Laevigatum Associated with the Japanese Horntail, Urocerusjaponicus 421 Mycoscience 38: 421-427, 1997 Amylostereum laevigatum associated with the Japanese horntail, Urocerusjaponicus Masanobu Tabata 1~ and Yasuhisa Abe z) 1~ Shikoku Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 915, Asakura-tei, Kochi 780, Japan 2~ Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, P. O. Box 16, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan Accepted for publication 30 October 1997 The fungus associated with the Japanese horntail, Urocerus japonicus, in Kochi, Kagawa and Ehime Prefectures was studied. Cultures isolated from the mycangia of 113 adult females of the horntail showed the same cultural charac- teristics. Four of basidiocarps found on felled logs of Cryptomeriajaponica were identified as Amylostereumlaevigatum based on morphological characteristics. This was the first record of A. laevigatum from Japan. The cultures isolated from the basidiocarps had the same cultural characteristics as those from the mycangia of U.japonicus. One mycangial isolate produced basidiocarps on artificially inoculated stem segments of Cr. japonica after a 6-too incubation and was identified as A. laevigatum. One isolate from the basidiocarps of A. laevigatum and one from the mycangium of U. japonicus were artificially inoculated into five trees each of Chamaecyparis obtusa and Cr. japonica. The wood of all in- oculated trees showed discoloration, with no difference in shape and pattern of discoloration between the two isolates. The inoculated fungi were reisolated from the areas of discoloration in the inoculated trees. Key Words- Amylostereum laevigatum; Japanese horntail; symbiont; Urocerusjaponicus; wood discoloration. Of the five recorded species of Amylostereum (Chamuris, quired to identify the symbionts exactly by teleomorph, 1988), onlyA, areolatum (Fr.: Fr.) Boidin and A. chailletii as fungal species other than A. areolaturn and A. chailletii (Pers.: Fr.) Boidin are known to be Sirex and Urocerus may be associated with horntails. For these reasons, we symbionts (Gaut, 1969, 1970; Sano et al., 1995). studied the fungus in the mycangia of Japanese horntails When the female of Urocerus japonicus Smith that emerged from felled logs of Ch. obtusa and Cr. (Japanese horntail) oviposits in the wood of host trees, japonica in Kochi, Kagawa, and Ehime Prefectures, Chamaecyparis obtusa (Sieb. et Zucc.) Endlicher and Shikoku District. The objective of this paper is to deter- Cryptomeriajaponica (L. f.) D. Don, the fungus is also in- mine the species of the fungus isolated from the mycan- oculated into the wood of these trees together with eggs gia of U. japonicus by teleomorph and cultural charac- (Kanamitsu, 1978; Okuda, 1989; Sano, 1992). After in- teristics. Furthermore, we examined the pathogenicity oculation, wood discoloration occurs (Okuda, 1989; of isolates from horntail and basidiocarp by means of in- Sano, 1992). When the eggs are deposited into the oculation experiments. stem in several directions, stellate discoloration is formed in the cross section of the stem (Okuda, 1989; Sano, Materials and Methods 1992). Discoloration in wood of Ch. obtusa and Cr. japonica extends up to 14-76 cm in the longitudinal Isolation from horntails Approximately 1,000 logs (7- direction, centered on the oviposition site (Nishiguchi et 17 cm in diam, 1-2 m long) of Ch. obtusa and Cr. japoni- al., 1981; Okuda, 1985). Wood discoloration of Ch. ob- ca, which appeared to have been attacked in the previous tusa and Cr. japonica caused by the Japanese horntail year by the horntail, were collected from 21 plantations and Amylostereum sp. has become problematic at planta- in Kochi, Kagawa and Ehime Prefectures (Table 1). tions in Shikoku, Kinki, Chugoku and other districts of The logs were brought into outdoor cages at the Shikoku Japan (Okuda, 1989; Sano, 1992; Suto, 1994). Research Center of the Forestry and Forest Products Kanamitsu (1978) reported A. chailletii to be carried Research Institute during the months of April and May in in the mycangia of females of U. japonicus, which is 1993, 1994, 1995 and 1996. Newly emerged horn- widely distributed in Japan (Takeuchi, 1962). Sano et tails were caught, and only the females were put in the al. (1995) reported the identification of the fungus isolat- freezer at -20~ for 1 5-30 min to paralyze them before ed from the mycangia of horntails in Mie Prefecture by dissection under a stereoscopic microscope for removal cultural characteristics. However, there have been no of their mycangia. Fungi taken from the mycangia were reports about identification of the fungus based on mor- mounted in lactophenol and observed under a light micro- phology of basidiocarps (teleomorph) induced from the scope. cultures isolated from the mycangia. Studies are re- Mycangia were also excised individually from horn- 422 M. Tabata and Y. Abe Table 1. Origin of the Japanese horntail, Urocerusjaponicus, used to isolate the fungi from the mycangia. Number of emerged horntails Locality of collection Date of collection Tree species Number of isolates Male Female Hirotad), Ehimea) April 1996 Cr. japonica 5 1 1 Tsushimac), Ehimea) May 1994 Cr. japonica 6 0 0 Ayautael, Kagawaa) May 1994 Ch. obtusa 0 1 1 Ookawac~, Kagawaa) May 1994 Ch. obtusa 6 2 2 Oonoharac), Kagawaa) May 1994 Ch. obtusa 3 0 0 Ikegawac), Kochia) April 1996 Cr. japonica 0 2 2 Kitagawad), Kochi a) April 1994 Cr. japonica 0 5 5 Motoyamac), Kochia) April 1995 Cr. japonica 0 19 19 Ookawad), Kochia) April 1996 Cr. japonica 3 1 1 Oonomid), KochP ) April 1995 Cr. japonica 6 0 0 Ootoyol c), Kochia) May 1994 Cr. japonica 27 50 50 Ootoyo2c), Kochial April 1995 Cr. japonica 0 4 4 Ootoyo3c), KochP ) April 1996 Ch. obtusa 0 1 1 Sakawal c), Kochia) May 1993 Cr. japonica 10 1 1 Sakawa2c), Kochial May 1996 Ch. obtusa 0 5 5 Susaki b), Kochi a) April 1994 Ch. obtusa 0 3 3 Taishooc), Kochial April 1996 Ch. obtusa 5 1 1 Tosalcl, Kochial April 1994 Cr. japonica 6 0 0 Tosa2c~, Kochia) May 1996 Cr. japonica 0 4 4 Tosayamadac), Kochia) May 1996 Cr. japonica 0 9 9 Umaji d), Kochia) April 1994 Cr. japonica 5 4 4 Total 82 113 113 a) Prefecture; b) city; c) town; d) village. tails with sterilized forceps and put on potato-dextrose Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute. agar (PDA) in Petri plates. The Petri plates were incubat- Cultural characteristics A total of 113 cultures (Table 1) ed at 20~ for 4-7 d and mycelia growing from mycangia isolated from mycangia of individual female horntails and were isolated. All the cultures used are stored at the 3 cultures (FD-4, 115, 127, Table 2) isolated from the Shikoku Research Center of the Forestry and Forest basidiospores of the three basidiocarps were grown on Products Research Institute. PDA in Petri plates at 25~ and their cultural charac- Examination of basidiocarps on the felled logs Basidio- teristics were recorded and assigned according to the key carps occurring on four felled logs were collected at four pattern of Stalpers (1978). Cr. japonica plantations in Kochi Prefecture, on 16 Nov. The effect of temperature on mycelial growth was and 3 Dec. 1994 at Ootoyo Town, on 11 May 1995 at studied for four isolates (FD-1-4, Table 2) using 9-cm Niyodo Village, and on 20 Nov. 1996 at Ookawa Village. Petri plates containing 20 ml of PDA. A 4-mm plug cut The basidiocarps were examined morphologically and cul- from the colony of the test fungus on PDA was placed tures were isolated from basidiospores. All the isolates centrally on each plate. Inoculated plates were incubat- used are stored at the Shikoku Research Center of the ed at a test temperature from 0 to 35~ at intervals of Table 2. Origin of 6 Amylostereum laevigatum isolates used to study the mycelial growth response to tem- perature and cultural characteristics. Isolate Locality of collection Date of collection Origin FD-1 Sakawa~), KochP ~ 5 Jul. 1993 Mycangium of U. japonicus FE)-2 Ootoyob), Kochial 11 Aug. 1994 Mycangium of U. japonicus FD-3 TosayamadahI, Kochia~ 3 Aug. 1994 Mycangium of U. japonicus FD-4 Ootoyob), Kochia) 10 Dec. 1994 Basidiospores of A. laevigatum FD-115 Ootoyob), Kochial 10 May 1996 Basidiospores of A. laevigatum FD-127 Ookawac), KochP ) 29 May 1996 Basidiospores of A. laevigatum a) Prefecture; b) town; c) village. Amylostereum laevigatum associated with horntail 423 5~ with ten replicates for each temperature. Colony growth, the same color of colony, the same hyphal sys- size was measured along two diam at right angles every tem, and hyphae with clamp connections. Colonies 2 d and radial growth of mycelium was calculated. were white to creamy-brown and produced cottony to Inoculation to stem segments The logs (3-5 cm in diam) pelliculate mycelia on PDA (Fig. 8a). from fresh Cr. japonica stems were cut into segments of Basidiocarps of the genus Amylostereum were found 11-12 cm in length, and four holes (ca. 2.5 mm in diam among the collected basidiocarps formed on the bark of and ca. 1 cm long) were drilled in each segment. Four four Cr. japonica logs. They were pale brown and strict- stem segments were put into plastic bags singly and au- ly resupinate. Basidiospores measured 7-10 x 3-4 #m. toclaved at 121~ for 1 h. Sterilized toothpicks (ca. The fungus was identified as A. laevigatum based on 2 mm in diam and ca. 1 cm long) were put on PDA plates morphological characteristics. Three cultures (basidio- inoculated with a mycangial isolate (FD-2) and incubated spore isolates) were isolated successfully from the at 25~ in darkness for 3 wk. Cultured toothpicks were basidiospores of the three collected basidiocarps of A. aseptically put into the holes of segments with sterilized laevigatum. Basidiospore isolates had almost the same forceps. Inoculation was performed on 20 February cultural characteristics as the mycangial isolates.
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