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March 2021 v1.0 æon archæology

Archaeological Evaluaon Project Code: A0215.2 Report no. 0284 Planning Ref: 19/03950/FUL

Dark Lane, Broseley, Shropshire TF12 5LH (19/03950/FUL).

March 2021 v1.0

Report no. 0284 Archaeological Evaluaon

Aeon Archaeology Obsidian Oﬃces Chantry Court Chester CH1 4QN

Wrien by: Richard Cooke BA MA MCIfA

Checked by: Josh Dean BA ACIfA æon archæology

Project Code: A0215.2 Date: 09/03/2021 Client: TC Homes Ltd [email protected] Dark Lane, Broseley, Shropshire TF12 5LH (19/03950/FUL).

March 2021 v1.0

Aeon Archaeology grants permission for the material presented within this report to be used by the archives/repository with which it is deposited, in perpetuity, although Aeon Archaeology retains the right to be idenﬁed as the author of all project documentaon and reports, as speciﬁed in the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (chapter IV, secon 79). The permission will allow the repository to reproduce material, including for use by third pares, with the copyright owner suitably acknowledged.

Disclaimer:

This Report has been prepared solely for the person/party which commissioned it and for the specifically tled project or named part thereof referred to in the Report. The Report should not be relied upon or used for any other project by the commissioning person/party without first obtaining independent verificaon as to its suitability for such other project, and obtaining the prior wrien approval of Aeon Archaeology. Aeon Archaeology accepts no responsibility or liability for the consequences of this Report being relied upon or used for any purpose other than the purpose for which it was specifically commissioned. The entlement to rely upon this Report rests solely with the person/party which commissioned it and does not extend to any other person/party. Aeon Archaeology accepts no responsibility or liability for any use of or reliance upon this Report by any

æon archæology person/party other than the commissioning person/party.

Project Code: A0215.2 Date: 12/03/2021 Client: TC Homes [email protected] Figures

Figure 01: Locaon of proposed development site at Dark Lane, Broseley, Shropshire TF12 5LH. Scale 1:20,000 at A4.

Figure 02: Locaon of proposed development site at Dark Lane, Broseley, Shropshire TF12 5LH. Scale 1:5,000 at A4.

Figure 03: Locaon of proposed development site at Dark Lane, Broseley, Shropshire TF12 5LH. Scale 1:2,500 at A4.

Figure 04: Locaon of idenﬁed archaeological receptors and locaon of archaeological evaluaon trenches. Scale 1:1,000 at A4.

Figure 05: Southeast facing secon of trench 1 showing relict surface [107] (104) and linear feature [105] (106). Scale 1:20 at A3.

Figure 06: Plan of trench 1. Scale 1:50 at A3.

Figure 07: Southeast facing secon across linear feature [204]. Scale 1:20 at A4.

Figure 08: Plan of trench 2. Scale 1:50 at A4.

Figure 09: Locaon and orientaon of photographic plates. Scale 1:500 at A4.

Plates

Artefacts Image A: Ceramic sherds recovered from context (101) trench 1. Scale 0.1m.

Artefacts Image B: Ceramic sherds recovered from context (102) trench 1. Scale 0.1m.

Artefacts Image C: Ceramic sherds recovered from context (104) trench 1. Scale 0.1m.

Artefacts Image D: Examples of slag recovered from context (106) trench 1. Scale 0.1m.

Artefacts Image E: Ceramic sherds recovered from context (201) trench 2. Scale 0.1m.

Artefacts Image F: Ceramic sherds recovered from context (207) trench 2. Scale 0.1m.

Plate 01: Trench 1 post-excavaon photograph, from the southwest. Scale 2 x 1.0m.

Plate 02: Trench 1 post-excavaon photograph, from the northeast. Scale 2 x 1.0m.

Plate 03: Northwest facing generic secon of trench 1, from the northwest. Scale 0.5m.

Plate 04: Relict surface [107] (104), from the southeast. Scale 2 x 1.0m.

Plate 05: Southeast facing secon of relict surface [107] (104), from the southeast. Scale 0.5m.

Plate 06: Linear feature [105] (106), from the southeast. Scale 2 x 1.0m.

Plate 07: Linear feature [105] (106), from the east. Scale 2 x 1.0m.

Plate 08: Southeast facing secon across linear feature [105] (106), from the southeast. Scale 1.0m.

Plate 09: Northwest facing secon across linear feature [105] (106), from the northwest. Scale 0.5m.

Plate 10: Northwest facing secon across linear feature [105] (106) showing north-eastern stonier deposit, from the northwest. Scale 0.5m.

Plate 11: Northwest facing secon across linear feature [105] (106) showing south-western stonier deposit, from the northwest. Scale 0.5m.

Plate 12: Aerial photograph showing linear feature [105] (106), from the southwest. Scale 2 x 1.0m.

Plate 13: Aerial photograph showing trench 1, from the southwest. Scale 2 x 1.0m.

Plate 14: Aerial photograph showing trench 1 and linear depression running westward to Yew Tree Mine, from the southwest. Scale 2 x 1.0m.

Plate 15: Trench 2 post-excavaon photograph, from the southwest. Scale 2 x 1.0m.

Plate 16: Trench 2 post-excavaon photograph, from the northeast. Scale 2 x 1.0m.

Plate 17: Northwest facing generic secon of trench 2, from the northwest. Scale 0.5m.

Plate 18: Linear feature [204] (205) (206) (207), from the southeast. Scale 1.0m.

Plate 19: Linear feature [204] (205) (206) (207), from the east. Scale 1.0m.

Plate 20: Linear feature [204] showing ﬁll (206), from the northwest. Scale 0.5m.

Plate 21: Northwest facing secon showing linear feature [204] and ﬁll (206), from the northwest. Scale 0.5m.

Plate 22: Linear feature [204] showing ﬁll (205), from the northwest. Scale 0.5m.

Plate 23: Northwest facing secon showing linear feature [204] and ﬁll (205), from the northwest. Scale 0.5m.

Plate 24: Aerial photograph showing linear feature [204], from the southeast. Scale 2 x 1.0m.

Plate 25: Aerial photograph showing trench 2, from the southeast. Scale 2 x 1.0m.

Plate 26: Aerial photograph showing trench 2, from the southeast. Scale 2 x 1.0m.

Contents 1.0 NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY ...... 2 2.0 INTRODUCTION ...... 3 3.0 SITE LOCATION ...... 5 4.0 HISTORY OF THE SITE ...... 6 5.0 PROJECT AIMS ...... 11 6.0 METHODOLOGY ...... 13 6.1 Evaluation trenches ...... 13 6.2 Data Collection from Site Records ...... 13 6.3 Artefact Methodology ...... 14 6.4 Environmental Samples Methodology ...... 14 6.5 Report and dissemination ...... 14 7.0 DIGITAL DATA MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 15 7.1 Type of study ...... 15 7.2 Types of data ...... 15 7.3 Format and scale of the data ...... 15 7.4 Methodologies for data collection / generation ...... 15 7.5 Data quality and standards ...... 15 7.6 Managing, storing and curating data...... 16 7.7 Metadata standards and data documentation ...... 16 7.8 Data preservation strategy and standards ...... 16 7.9 Suitability for sharing ...... 16 7.10 Discovery by potential users of the research data ...... 16 7.11 Governance of access ...... 16 7.12 The study team’s exclusive use of the data ...... 16 7.13 Restrictions or delays to sharing, with planned actions to limit such restrictions...... 16 7.14 Regulation of responsibilities of users ...... 17 7.15 Responsibilities ...... 17 7.16 Organisational policies on data sharing and data security ...... 17 8.0 QUANTIFICATION OF RESULTS ...... 18 8.1 Environmental Samples ...... 18 8.2 Artefacts ...... 18 9.0 RESULTS OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION TRENCHES ...... 22 10.0 CONCLUSION ...... 26 11.0 SOURCES ...... 27

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1.0 NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY

Aeon Archaeology was commissioned by TC Homes Ltd to carry out a programme of archaeological evaluation as part of a development proposal for the provision of 24 affordable dwellings together with associated access road, gardens and parking spaces on land located to the immediate east of Dark Lane, Broseley, Shropshire TF12 5LH.

The evaluation involved the excavation of 2 x archaeological trial trenches targeting two linear anomalies identified during the production of the archaeological assessment and verified by Lidar and geophysical survey.

Trench 1 revealed a relict surface or trackway which linked Dark Lane with Yew Tree Mine. This feature produced a sherd of Nottingham Stoneware dated to 1700-1800, as well as a sherd of Bone China dated 1810-1900. These ceramic sherds were from a secure context and a date of 1700-1900 is proposed for this feature. Although Yew Tree Mine is believed to have gone out of use by the production of the 1838 tithe map it is possible that this relict surface / trackway remained in use.

A second linear feature was also found within trench 1. This cut had been infilled with a conglomerate material with inclusions of porous slag, vitrified stone, ash and clinker, with two distinct runnels at either side. The purpose of these runnels is unclear. They were clearly deliberate and may represent an attempt at integrated drainage gullies or perhaps reinforcement against cart wheel rutting. Another plausible interpretation is that the linear feature is in fact a tram or rail bed and the runnels represent reinforcement for carrying rails. The feature is however not shown on any available historic mapping, which would be unusual if it had indeed been a rail or tramway. Moreover, the two foot tram gauge would appear to be too narrow to have been supported by the 1.8m wide runnels. As such, the origin and purpose of this feature remains unclear.

Trench 2 revealed the remains of a northwest-southeast aligned linear feature, not visible on the ground but shown as a probable railway on the 1675 and 1830 maps. The linear feature had been infilled at either side with silt-clay deposits, each of which contained charcoal, cinder and stone. The feature yielded a sherd of post-medieval Lead Glazed Blackware of c1600-1900 date. This date would correlate with the depiction of the linear feature on the 1675 and 1830 maps, and despite the lack of rails it would seem likely that this feature is the track bed for either a tram or railway serving Yew Tree Mine. Moreover, the width of c1.3m between the centre of the opposing fills is close in dimensions to that required for a two foot gauge tramway.

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2.0 INTRODUCTION

Aeon Archaeology was commissioned by TC Homes Ltd, hereafter the Client, to carry out a programme of archaeological evaluation as part of a development proposal for the provision of 24 affordable dwellings together with associated access road, gardens and parking spaces on land located to the immediate east of Dark Lane, Broseley, Shropshire TF12 5LH (centred on NGR SJ 67909 02271) (figures 1-3).

As of the 10th March 2021 the planning application is pending consideration, however the following consultee comments by the Senior Archaeological Advisor (SAA) at Shropshire Council (SC) (Mr Hugh Hannaford) concerning archaeology have been made as part of the full planning application (ref: 19/03950/FUL):

The proposed development site lies on the supposed site of the former Yew Tree Mine, Broseley (Shropshire Historic Environment Record [HER] No. PRN 33000) a coal mine of 17th to 18th century date, recorded from documentary sources. A large mound thought to be part of the mine occupies the south-eastern part of the proposed development site and other possible features are visible on LiDAR imagery in the northern part of the site. The site can therefore be considered to have some potential historical and archaeological interest. A coal mining risk assessment (Telford Mining & Geological Services, October 2018), which included intrusive investigations of archaeological features, has been followed by a Heritage Impact Assessment (Aeon Archaeology, August 2019, Report No. 0207) and a geophysical survey (Sumo Survey, September 2019, Survey Report 16038). These three reports demonstrate the survival within the proposed development site of archaeological features and deposits associated with the former coal mine, which because of its early industrial date were considered to be of local/regional significance. The Heritage Assessment recommends further evaluation of some of these features, to be followed by further mitigation dependant on the results of this evaluation. We would concur with this assessment. The proposed development site can therefore be deemed to have some archaeological potential and any below ground archaeological remains are likely to be affected by the construction of the proposed new dwellings and associated services.

Recommendation

In the light of the above, and in relation to Paragraph 199 of the NPPF and Policy MD13 of the SAMDev component of the Shropshire Local Plan, it is advised that a phased programme of archaeological work be made a condition of any planning permission for the proposed development. Phase 1 of this programme of archaeological work should comprise targeted trial trenching of significant features identified by the Heritage Assessment as being likely to be affected by the proposed development. This in turn may lead to a requirement for further mitigation. An appropriate condition of any such consent would be:

Suggested Conditions:

No development approved by this permission shall commence until the applicant, or their agents or successors in title, has secured the implementation of a phased programme of archaeological work in accordance with a written scheme of investigation (WSI). This written scheme shall be approved in writing by the Planning Authority prior to the commencement of works.

Reason: The site is known to hold archaeological interest.

The use of such a condition is in line with the guidance set out in paragraph 189, Section 16 (Conserving and Enhancing the Historic Environment) of the National Planning Policy Framework (2019), published by the Department for Communities; and Local Government and Managing

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Significance in Decision Taking in the Historic Environment, Historic Environment Good Practice Advice in Planning: 2 (Historic England 2015).

This document reports on the details of a programme of archaeological evaluation work for the Site carried out between 1st to the 3rd March 2021 in response to the spirit and intent of the recommended archaeological condition.

A written Scheme of Investigation (WSI) was undertaken by Aeon Archaeology in November 2019 which outlined the aims of the evaluation and the methods by which they would be met. This formed the basis of a method statement submitted for the work. The archaeological evaluation trenching was undertaken in accordance with this document. The assessment of the Site through 2 x archaeological evaluation trenches was deemed adequate for the purposes intended.

The aim of this programme of archaeological evaluation was to establish the archaeological significance of the Site, to assess the impact of the development proposals on surviving monuments or remains, and to help inform future decision making, design solutions and further potential mitigation strategies.

This report is offered for consideration to the SAA at SC for verification with reference to the suggested archaeological condition applied to the planning application and the relevant provisions in NPPF.

Reference will be made to the guidelines specified in Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Excavation (Chartered Institute for Archaeologists, 2020).

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3.0 SITE LOCATION

The site includes a single triangular field measuring c1.12 hectares and located to the immediate east of Dark Lane, Broseley, Shropshire TF12 5LH (centred on NGR SJ 67909 02271).

The Site is given over to agricultural purpose and historic aerial photography suggests that this has taken the form of both arable and pastoral use. During the site visit it was noted that the field was currently given over to grazing but was not in use.

The Site is bounded to the west and north by Dark Lane, and by further enclosed fields to the south and east. It is enclosed by mature hedgerows on all sides and is accessed via a farm gate in the south- western corner.

The land drains northward from 133.0m OD in the south to 118.0m OD in the north, however localised undulation is seen at the eastern limit where earthworks associated with the former Yew Tree mine persist.

The bedrock geology is of the Halesowen Formation, a mudstone, siltstone and sandstone sedimentary bedrock that formed approximately 308 to 310 million years ago in the Carboniferous Period in an environment previously dominated by rivers. The superficial deposits are unrecorded (British Geological Survey).

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Proposed development site

Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right 2021

Figure 01: Locaon of proposed development site at Dark Lane, Broseley, Aeon Archaeology Richard Cooke BA MA MCIfA Shropshire TF12 5LH (outlined red). Scale 1:20,000 at A4. Obsidian Oﬃces, Chantry Court, Chester CH1 4QN Tel: 07866925393 / 01244 531585 www.aeonarchaeology.co.uk Proposed development site

Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right 2021

Figure 02: Locaon of proposed development site at Dark Lane, Broseley, Aeon Archaeology Richard Cooke BA MA MCIfA Shropshire TF12 5LH (outlined red). Scale 1:5,000 at A4. Obsidian Oﬃces, Chantry Court, Chester CH1 4QN Tel: 07866925393 / 01244 531585 www.aeonarchaeology.co.uk Proposed development site

Figure 03: Locaon of proposed development site at Dark Lane, Broseley, Aeon Archaeology Richard Cooke BA MA MCIfA Shropshire TF12 5LH (outlined red). Scale 1:2,500 at A4. Obsidian Oﬃces, Chantry Court, Chester CH1 4QN Tel: 07866925393 / 01244 531585 www.aeonarchaeology.co.uk

4.0 HISTORY OF THE SITE

The following archaeological background is reproduced from the Aeon Archaeology assessment report 0207:

The entirety of the modern county of Shropshire formed part of the territory of the Celtic Cornovii tribe, whose capital was the Wrekin hill fort. After Roman military expansion into the area in 47 AD, the tribal territory was reorganised as a Roman Civitas and the capital was relocated to Viroconium at Wroxeter. Upon the collapse of the Roman empire the former Cornovii territory may have formed part of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Powys.

There are no known prehistoric or Roman sites within the Site boundary or within 1.0km. The principle archaeological interest of the assessment area is that of the post-medieval industrial revolution onward and it is probable that some prehistoric and/or Roman sites have been removed by industrial development. The assessment area would however have been conducive to occupation in the prehistoric and Roman periods, being on relatively flat and well-drained land. There is however no evidence for prehistoric or Roman activity within the immediate environs and given the potential impact upon buried remains via the working of the post-medieval Yew Tree mine, the potential for preserved remains from these periods is considered to be low.

The early medieval period is poorly represented within this part of Shropshire and there are no known sites within 1.0km of the centre of the Site.

The northern part of Shropshire was part of the Anglo-Saxon territory of the Wreocensæte, with the southern part probably belonging to the Magonsaete (Gelling 1992). Both were absorbed by the Saxon Kingdom of Mercia by King Offa. In 765 he constructed Watt's Dyke to defend the territory against the Welsh, and in 779, having pushed across the River Severn, drove the Welsh King of Powys from Shrewsbury. He later secured his conquests by a second defensive earthwork known as Offa's Dyke.

In the 9th and 10th centuries the district was frequently overrun by the Danes, who in 874 destroyed the famous priory of Wenlock, said to have been founded by St Milburga, granddaughter of King Penda of Mercia, and in 896 wintered at Quatford. In 912 Ethelfleda, the Lady of Mercia, erected a fortress at Bridgnorth against the Danish invaders, and in the following year she erected another at Chirbury (Chrisholm, 1911).

Mercia was mapped out into shires in the 10th century after its recovery from the Danes by Edward the Elder. The first mention of ‘Shropshire’ in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle occurs in 1006, when the King crossed the Thames and wintered there. In 1016 Edmund Atheling plundered Shrewsbury and the surrounding areas (Chrisholm, 1911).

After the Norman Conquest of 1066 the principal estates in Shropshire were all bestowed on Norman proprietors, pre-eminent among whom is Roger de Montgomerie, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury, whose son Robert de Bellesme forfeited his possessions for rebelling against Henry I, when the latter bestowed the Earldom on his Queen for life (Chrisholm, 1911).

The principal landholders at the time of the Domesday Survey were the Bishop of Chester, the Bishop of Hereford, the church of St Remigius, Earl Roger, Osbern Fitz-Richard, Ralph de Mortimer, Roger de Laci, Hugh Lasne and Nicholas Medicus. Earl Roger had the whole profits of Condover hundred and also owned Alnodestreu hundred. The family of Fitz-Alan, ancestors of the royal family of Stuart, had supreme jurisdiction in Oswestry hundred, which was exempt from English law (Chrisholm, 1911).

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Broseley originates in a Saxon clearance within the Royal Forests which covered most of the Ironbridge Gorge. The form of medieval Broseley survives around the church. Although no church was recorded in the Doomsday survey, the presence of ox-teams suggests quite an important agricultural settlement. Aided by the sale of land by Much Wenlock abbey with the dissolution of the monasteries, the coal and iron trade started to develop in the sixteenth century.

There are only a limited number of confirmed sites known to date from the medieval period recorded by the HER within the search area. It is likely, however, that at least some of the mining remains confirmed as post medieval have medieval origins. Only Willey Park (SMR Ref 07556) is confirmed as being medieval in date; Willey Park, comprising the northern part of Willey parish, was known to be in existence by 1291, it was enlarged in 1537. Limited evidence of the park pale survives as earthworks (SMR Ref 21379).

The vast majority of the HER records date to the post-medieval and industrial era. The identified sites most immediate to the proposed development area are the site of Yew Tree mine (MSA35857) located within the Site boundary and the sites of upper and lower Worf mine (MSA35897 and MSA35896) located adjacent to the Site on the wstern side of Dark Lane.

To the south of the Site and the village the Deerleap is now heavily wooded. The site of a kiln dump was also recorded within The Deerleap (SMR Ref 08238); the site contained more than one sort of waste and was interpreted as a dumping site for local potteries and clay pipe manufactories. There are further bell pits recorded during opencasting to the south west of The Deerleap (SMR Ref 08239). Further to the south west of The Deerleap there is a Pond Bay on Dean Brook, adjacent to Lodge Farm (SMR Ref 00654). The pond served as a water supply pond as part of the supply network for the New Willey Ironworks. There are further bay ponds to the south east (SMR Refs 00655 & 03998), surviving as earthworks north west and west-north west of Willey Furnace Cottages.

To the south of the proposed development area, a new Hall was built replacing the old Willey Hall between 1812 -20. A 270 acre park (SMR Ref 07554) was created around the Hall for privacy, four local roads were closed; the Slaney almshouses and a clergyman's house were demolished and the hamlet of Hangstree Gate depopulated. The principal features of the park were the three large ponds overlooked by the Hall, with the wooded slopes of Shirlett forest beyond, later in the 19th century the park was reduced in size to 150 acres by William Andrews Nesfield.

To the southwest of the proposed development area, centred in and around Benthall are a number of sites of archaeological significance. These include the site of the former Benthall Pottery (SMR Ref 03982) on Benthall Lane which was founded in 1772. In 1845 it was united with the adjacent Haybrook Pottery and the two remained as a single business until the former Haybrook Pottery part ceased production in c1940. The site of the former Haybrook Pottery (SMR Ref 01821) lies directly south of the Benthall site, south of Benthall Lane. Also on the northern side of Benthall Lane is the site of Richard Shaw's claypipe kiln (SMR Ref 28234). A late example of pipemaking site, undertaken as a small scale domestic industry, in conjunction with other activities, now occupied by farm buildings. To the north east of the Benthall Pottery site is the earthwork remains of coal and ironstone extraction (SMR Ref 07284).

Further to the east, along Benthall Lane a findspot of clay pipes (SMR Ref 03788) at number 23 Benthall Lane suggests the possible location of a pipe kiln or tip site. During the construction of a house in 1983 at 11, Benthall Lane a 17th century clay pipe kiln (SMR Ref 03820) was uncovered and recorded. The site also included the site of an 18th century cottage

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(SMR Ref 17219). Another probable Pottery works site was located at Coppice House/ the Old Vicarage Benthall (SMR Ref 03986) in 1978. Excavation revealed ceramic material indicating local production of a range of early 18th century wares. The quantity of material suggested that there must have been two kilns on the site or at least very near, however excavation in 1985, again recovered large amounts of 18th century pottery, did not reveal any kilns. To the west of Lodge Lane, Benthall a kiln dump (SMR Ref 08240), representing a waster tip was exposed by opencast mining. A findspot of 18th century pot wasters (SMR Ref 20358) was recorded “by a pond just over Lodge Lane” [ie from Coppice Head].

To the northeast of the proposed development area, there are a number of further recorded sites of archaeological significance. These are the site of the former Legges Hill Pipeworks (SMR Ref 04527), clay tobacco pipeworks built in 1823 by William Southern and believed to be the first purpose built pipe factory in Britain, in the 1930s production moved to King St and by the late 1950s the site had become a gate factory. Between King Street and Duke Street is site of the former Broseley Congregational Chapel (SMR Ref 28915), the Chapel was built in the mid 19th century and demolished by 1978. Adjacent to the chapel site is the site of the former Broseley Friends Meeting House (SMR Ref 16701). The meeting house was built in 1769; Abraham Darby of Coalbrookdale was buried there in 1717. The site has now been cleared.

There is the site of the burial ground of the Former Birch Meadow Chapel (SMR Ref 28097) located on Birch Meadow. There are also extensive earthwork remains of coal and ironstone extraction (SMR Ref 07283) to the north east of Broseley.

On the south easternmost fringe of Broseley is the site of the Broseley Tileries (SMR Ref 04631). The tile works were in operation from at least 1828 and by 1838 the Broseley Tileries were the largest works in the Jackfield area, they were sold to a new company, Broseley Tileries Co Ltd, in 1877. The works closed in 1940, and the site is now occupied by a housing estate. The only remains, including embankments from plateways and other unidentifiable surface and probable below surface remains lay in a field between Rough Lane and Forester Road, at the southern end of the site. To the south west of the Tileries site is the site of the former Dunge Brick and Tile Works (SMR Ref 07237). The works were built in 1811 as brickworks and rebuilt on a new site c1870, specifically for the change from brick manufacture to roof tile manufacture. The works closed soon after 1903. The site is now largely modern housing.

The TMGS shallow mine workings assessment report (p3-4) summaries the proposed development Site as follows:

The land off Dark Lane is situated towards the southern end of the Coalbrookdale coalfield which extends from south of Broseley northwards nearly as far as Newport. The published mapping indicates the site to be free of naturally occurring glacial deposits and to be underlain at rockhead by Upper Coal Measure Coalport Beds. These strata generally comprise clays, mudstones, siltstones and sandstones together with occasional thin and sulphurous interbedded coal seams and associated seatearths, plus very occasional thin Spirorbis limestones. The strata hereabouts generally dip gently to the north east.

This part of the Coalbrookdale coalfield is sometimes affectionately referred to as the Broseley coalfield and during the late 17th, 18th and early 19th centuries saw intense mining activity, with numerous collieries working coal for domestic and industrial uses, and particularly as kiln fuel for the manufacture of tiles, pipes and bricks, together with various clays and ironstones. The mainstay of the ceramic industry was a band of red clays, generally named the Red Tile Clays or Brick and Tile Clays. These clays belong to the Hadley Beds (also known as the Etruria Marl or Ruabon Marl series) within the Upper Coal Measures.

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North of the river these clays or marls reach over 40m thick and were extensively quarried. By contrast in the Broseley area they are relatively thin, normally only up to several metres thick of which less than 2m constitutes useable tile clay, and consequently these red clays were extensively mined underground in the area between Broseley town and the River Severn. The Dark Lane site is indeed surrounded by abandoned collieries from which these red clays were mined at no great depth, although unfortunately the records of many of these workings have not survived. The nearest recorded workings are from the Jubilee pit just east of the site whose clay workings extended to within about 50m of the application site boundary.

By contrast the working of coal around the Dark Lane site generally took place at greater depth, with the Middle and Lower Coal Measure coals lying at depths typically in excess of 40m. The one exception to this was the working of the coal seam which marks the boundary between the Hadley Beds and the overlying Coalport Beds. Known as the Main Sulphur coal, this distinctly sulphurous coal is highly variable in quality and thickness but proved a popular kiln fuel. Occasionally occurring as a single coal leaf up to perhaps 0.9m thick, more usually it occurs as several leaves of coal separated by fireclays within up to 1.8m of strata. The Main Sulphur appears to have been worked wherever it was of good enough quality. There are recorded workings in this coal at Fishhouse colliery, approx. 250m north west of the Dark Lane site. The coal is there recorded as 0.46m thick at a depth of 42m. A fireclay 0.91m thick was taken along with the coal.

Over much of the Broseley area the Main Sulphur coal(s) lies close above the red tile clays, with in most shaft records the coal and the red clays being separated by just a few metres of sandstone.

The mine site located at the eastern end of the proposed development area is believed to be that of the Yew Tree mine. There is however some doubt over the name of the mine as both the Map of Langleys Tenement c1658 and Prestwich writing in 1836 refer to Yew Tree pit as being sited in Calcut field, Broseley. The proposed development site is however labelled as Broomy Leasow on the 1803 tithe apportionment. It is possible that the field plot changed names or was known by two separate names, however the identity is cast further into doubt by the 2019 TMGS report which compared the 1836 Prestwich log with that of their own bore- holes (p8):

These two logs are presented at the same scale and clearly reveal a serious lack of correlation. Whilst the interval between the Main Sulphur and Big Flint coals are roughly similar, the position of the Red Tile Clays and the White Rock are clearly at odds. However the main problem is the respective depths. For the Yew Tree pit log to faithfully record the strata in the Dark Lane shaft, the original shaft top would have had to be approx. 4.5m above its present level. Whilst not totally impossible this seems most unlikely, leaving one to conclude that the shaft log recorded by Prestwich in 1836 was either not from the Yew Tree pit or, just as possible, this shaft is not the actual Yew Tree pit. The 1836 log might even be an amalgam of two or more shaft logs.

Regardless of the name of the mine the site represents one of the earliest recorded mines and is first depicted on the 1675 map ‘A description of Widdow Comptons Insets in Broseley taken Dec 6th 1675’. This map depicts the mine shaft as well as what is almost certainly a wooden railway running south-southeast from the mine before turning and heading west- northwest to join the main arm of the railway which connected to the River Severn and a probable wharf. This route is visible on the Lidar data. The mine is labelled as Calcott Pit and two, fairly small square structures are depicted to the northwest and southwest of the shaft respectively. The identity of these structures is unknown but they may represent a horse whim or winding apparatus.

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The location of the mine is next depicted on John Cary’s map of 1787 however this map shows no details of the site.

The Site is again shown on Greenwood’s map of 1830 where the route of a railroad is shown running north / north-westward from the mine location and which presumably had replaced the wooden railway by this point. The route of the railroad is again shown on 1” OS map of 1833 where it is shown skirting the eastern and northern boundary of the Site and connecting to the northern face of the shaft. This route is visible on the Lidar data .

By the production of the Broseley tithe map of 1838 there are no features associated with the mine depicted within the Site boundary and it is probable that the mine had been closed. The tithe map does however depict a small pond in the south-western corner of the Site which is recorded as feature 1 in the site gazetteer.

Local historian Mr. Steve Dewhirst summarised the following historical development of the mine (ESA8156-SSA30872):

1. The pit was probably a single shaft mine worked by a horse whim from the 1600s onwards. The date of the mound is unclear as is the sequence of working over nearly 200 years. There may be archaeological remains of the shaft and winding apparatus on or near the mound.

2. There are no visible signs of the 1675 wooden railway, however on the field two possible routes are shown on Lidar. It is one of the few places where the archaeology of a wooden railway may remain undisturbed and as such it is of high importance.

3. The railroad shown on the 1833 1” OS map may have followed the field boundary at the eastern edge of the field. There are no visible remains of the branch line to the pit shown on this map but it is possibly visible on Lidar.

4. The Lidar shows a possible further shaft and clay pit along the northern boundary of the site. These are probably late 19th century and associated with clay working or prospecting. There is no documentary evidence for these.

5. The 1913 Broseley Estate sale document also mentions a Powder Magazine for Beddoes of Ironbridge but does not give a location.4 Foundations may still remain.

The tithe map labels the Site as plots 531a and 531b with the apportionment giving the following details:

Plot Plot Name Landowner Tenant 531a Broomy + Leasowe Francis Blythe Harries George Southern 531b - Francis Blythe Harries George Southern

The proposed development site is again depicted on the first, second and third edition county series Ordnance Survey 25” maps of 1882, 1902 and 1927 as well as on the 6” map of 1938. All of these maps depict the Site as it exists today, as a single triangular enclosed field bounded to the west by Dark Lane. The first edition map shows an old clay pit to the east of the Site boundary which by the 1902 map has been used to construct a rectory. All of the maps depict the pond (feature 1) in the southwest corner.

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5.0 PROJECT AIMS

The aim of the evaluation work was to characterise the known, or potential, archaeological remains uncovered during the excavation of the archaeological evaluation trenches.

The broad aims of the archaeological evaluation trenches were:

 To determine, as far as is reasonably possible, the location, extent, date, character, condition, significance and quality of any surviving archaeological remains on the site, the integrity of which may be threatened by development at the site.

 To establish the nature and extent of existing disturbance and intrusion to sub-surface deposits and, where the data allows, assess the degree of archaeological survival of buried deposits of archaeological significance.

 To enable the client to establish a schedule for archaeological risks.

 To allow the SAA at SC to make an informed decision on the need for and scope of further evaluative and/or mitigatory archaeological works.

The detailed objectives of the archaeological evaluation trenches were:

 Insofar as possible within methodological constraints, to explain any temporal, spatial or functional relationships between the structures/remains identified, and any relationships between these and the archaeological and historic elements of the wider landscape.

 Where the data allows, identify the research implications of the site with reference to the regional research agenda and recent work in Shropshire.

The broad characteristics of the number, size, orientation and distribution of the trenches were considered to be appropriate and were agreed with the SAA at SC. The trench array was proposed as part of the WSI prepared by Aeon Archaeology and was designed to evaluate the potential of the Site for preserved buried remains, with a contingent trenching facility designed for site characterisation, the characteristics of which were insufficiently resolved within the core trenching provision. Contingent trenching was optional, upon the discovery of archaeological artefacts, deposits, features or structures the characteristics of which could only be sufficiently determined upon further spatial investigation.

The management of this project has followed the procedures laid out in the standard professional guidance Management of Research Projects in the Historic Environment Project Manager’s Guide (Historic England; 2015), and in the CIFA Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Evaluation (Chartered Institute For Archaeologists, 2020). Five stages are specified:

Phase 1: project planning Phase 2: fieldwork Phase 3: assessment of potential for analysis and revised project design Phase 4: analysis and report preparation Phase 5: dissemination

The current document reports on the phase 4 analysis and states the means to be used to disseminate the results. In this instance it was not necessary to prepare a revised project design as alluded to in Phase 3; as there was a paucity of evidence recovered in Phase 2 in terms of archaeological features and artefacts, which therefore did not warrant any alteration to the initial project design. Aeon Archaeology – Dark Lane, Broseley - report 0284 Page 11

The site is to be set in its landscape context so that its full character and importance can be understood. All the information is to be presented in a report that will be held by the Historic Environment Record and lodged with the Oasis online database so that it can be accessible to the public and future researchers. This phase of work also includes archiving the documentary records from the project.

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6.0 METHODOLOGY

Before the evaluation trenching commenced an agreed programme of excavation timing, siting, duration, surface re-instatement and health and safety protection measures were agreed with the Client SAA at SC.

The Site was evaluated through the excavation of the following:

Trench 1 – 10.0m x 2.0m: Located at the north-western end of the site and targeting linear earthwork feature 9. This trench will be excavated on to the first archaeological horizon or natural glacial substrata, whichever is encountered first.

Trench 2 - 10.0m x 2.0m: Located at the south-western end of the site and targeting linear earthwork feature 10. This trench will be excavated on to the first archaeological horizon or natural glacial substrata, whichever is encountered first.

6.1 Evaluation trenches

The evaluation trenching array was designed to investigate areas that may contain archaeological features. There was latitude on the location of each trench and slight repositioning to take account of buried services and other constraints was acknowledged as a possibility within the WSI.

A 12-ton tracked excavator with a 1.8m wide toothless ditching bucket equipped was used to open the trenches under constant archaeological supervision. Topsoil and overburden were to be removed by machine in spits down to archaeological deposits or natural sub-soils, whichever were encountered first. All uncovered archaeological features were to be excavated by hand.

A written record of the deposits and all identified features in each evaluation trench was to be completed via Aeon Archaeology pro-formas. All subsurface remains were to be recorded photographically, with detailed notations. The photographic record was completed using a digital SLR camera (Canon Eos 600D) set to maximum resolution.

Contingency provision was made for the following:

 Additional excavation of up to 100% of any given feature should the excavated sample prove to be insufficient to provide information on the character and date of the feature.

 Expansion of trench limits, to clarify the extent of features equivalent to an additional 20% of the core area.

The archaeological works were surveyed with respect to the nearest Ordnance Survey datum point and with reference to the Ordnance Survey National Grid. The trenches and any archaeological features within them were to be accurately located on a site plan prepared at the most appropriate and largest scale.

All excavations were backfilled with the material excavated and upon departure the site was left in a safe and tidy condition.

6.2 Data Collection from Site Records

A database of the site photographs was produced to enable active long-term curation of the photographs and easy searching. The site records were checked and cross-referenced and photographs were cross-referenced to contexts. These records were used to write the site narrative and the field drawings and survey data were used to produce an outline plan of the site.

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8 4 5 T1 6 9

5 3

T2 12 10 1 10 2

Figure 04: Locaon of idenﬁed archaeological receptors (physical remains outlined Aeon Archaeology Richard Cooke BA MA MCIfA blue; Lidar / aerial photograph features outlined green; cartographic features Obsidian Oﬃces, Chantry Court, outlined yellow) and locaon of archaeological evaluaon trenches Chester CH1 4QN Tel: 07866925393 / 01244 531585 (shaded red). Scale 1:1,000 at A4. www.aeonarchaeology.co.uk

All paper field records were scanned to provide a backup digital copy. The photographs were organised and cross-referenced to the digital photographic record so that they can be archived with the Archaeological Data Service (ADS).

6.3 Artefact Methodology

All artefacts were to be collected and processed including those found within spoil tips. Finds numbers would be attributed and they would be bagged and labelled as well any preliminary identification taking place on site. After processing, all artefacts would be cleaned and examined in- house at Aeon Archaeology. If required, artefacts would be sent to a relevant specialist for conservation and analysis.

The recovery policy for archaeological finds was kept under review throughout the evaluation trenching. Any changes in recovery priorities would be made under guidance from an appropriate specialist and agreed with the Client and the SAA at SC. There was a presumption against the disposal of archaeological finds regardless of their apparent age or condition.

6.4 Environmental Samples Methodology

The sampling strategy and requirement for bulk soil samples was related to the perceived character, interpretational importance and chronological significance of the strata under investigation. This ensured that only significant features would be sampled. The aim of the sampling strategy was to recover carbonised macroscopic plant remains, small artefacts particularly knapping debris and evidence for metalworking.

Advice and guidance regarding environmental samples and their suitability for radiocarbon dating, as well as the analysis of macrofossils (charcoal and wood), pollen, animal bones and molluscs would be obtained from Oxford Archaeology if required.

6.5 Report and dissemination

A full archive including plans, photographs and written material resulting from the project was prepared. All plans, photographs and descriptions were labelled, and cross-referenced.

Upon approval from the Client copies of the report will be sent to the SAA at SC; the Shropshire Historic Environment Record and the Oasis online database.

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7.0 DIGITAL DATA MANAGEMENT PLAN

7.1 Type of study

Archaeological evaluation as part of a development proposal for the provision of 24 affordable dwellings together with associated access road, gardens and parking spaces on land located to the immediate east of Dark Lane, Broseley, Shropshire TF12 5LH (centred on NGR SJ 67909 02271).

7.2 Types of data

Photographs, measured plans, context sheets, context register, photographic register, trench sheets.

7.3 Format and scale of the data

Photographs taken in RAW format and later converted to TIF format for long term archiving and JPEG format for use in the digital report, converted using Adobe Photoshop. All photographs renamed using AF5 freeware with the prefix (project code_frame number) and a photographic metadata created using Microsoft Excel (.xlsx) or Access (.accdb).

Written context sheets, context register, trench sheets, and measured plans scanned as .PDF files.

As part of the recording work the following data was created:

 2 Trench sheets (scanned as a PDF file)  14 Context Sheets (scanned as a PDF file)  1 Context register (scanned as a PDF file)  50 digital photographs (TIF file)  1 photographic metadata file (.accdb file)  4 measured drawings (scanned as a PDF file)

7.4 Methodologies for data collection / generation

Digital data will be collected / generated in line with recommendations made in the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (CIfA) Standard and Guidance for the Creation, Compilation, Transfer and Deposition of Archaeological Archives (2020). Sections 3.3.1 and 3.3.3 are relevant:

3.3.1 Project specifications, research designs or similar documents should include a project specific Selection Strategy and a Data Management Plan.

3.3.3 Project designs or schedules of works etc should outline the methodology used in recording all information, in order to demonstrate that all aspects of archive creation will ensure consistency; for instance in terminologies and the application of codes in digital data sets, highlighting relevant data standards where appropriate

7.5 Data quality and standards

Consistency and quality of data collection / generation shall be controlled and documented through the use of standardised procedure as outlined in the WSI. This will include the use of standardised data capture file formats, digital proformas, data entry validation, peer review, and use of controlled vocabularies.

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7.6 Managing, storing and curating data.

All digital data will be organised into Aeon Archaeology proformae project file systems and backed up to the cloud using Digital River’s Crashplan with additional copies made to external physical hard drive.

7.7 Metadata standards and data documentation

Digital metadata created using Microsoft Excel (.xlsx) or Access (.accdb) of all photographic plates.

Paper metadata created from Aeon Archaeology proformas for contexts, artefacts, environmental samples, watching brief day sheets, trench sheets, and basic record sheets and then scanned to create digital .PDF copies.

7.8 Data preservation strategy and standards

Long term data storage will be through the submission of digital (.PDF) reports to the regional Historic Environment Record (HER); submission of digital (.PDF) reports and a project completion form to the Oasis database; submission of the scanned (.PDF) archive, photographic plates (.TIF), and metadata (.xlsx) (.accdb) to the Archaeology Data Service (ADS); and retention of copies of all digital files at Aeon Archaeology on physical external hard drive and uploaded to the cloud.

7.9 Suitability for sharing

All digital data will be placed within the public realm (through the channels in 6.8) except for where project confidentiality restricts the sharing of data. All data sets will be selected / discriminated by the Senior Archaeologist at Aeon Archaeology and written permission will be sought from all project specific Clients prior to the sharing of data.

7.10 Discovery by potential users of the research data

Potential users of the generated digital data (outside of the organisation) will be able to source the data and identify whether it could be suitable for their research purposes through access granted via the ADS and Oasis websites. Requests can also be made for data through the regional HER’s and directly to Aeon Archaeology ([email protected]).

7.11 Governance of access

The decision to supply research data to potential new users will be via the associated website request (ADS, Oasis, HER) or via the Senior Archaeologist when made directly to Aeon Archaeology.

7.12 The study team’s exclusive use of the data

Aeon Archaeology’s requirement is for timely data sharing, with the understanding that a limited, defined period of exclusive use of data for primary research is reasonable according to the nature and value of the data, and that this restriction on sharing should be based on simple, clear principles. This time period is expected to be six months from completion of the project however Aeon Archaeology reserves the right to extend this period without notice if primary data research dictates.

7.13 Restrictions or delays to sharing, with planned actions to limit such restrictions

Restriction to data sharing may be due to participant confidentiality or consent agreements. Strategies to limit restrictions will include data being anonymised or aggregated; gaining participant consent for data sharing; and gaining copyright permissions. For prospective studies, consent procedures will

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include provision for data sharing to maximise the value of the data for wider research use, while providing adequate safeguards for participants.

7.14 Regulation of responsibilities of users

External users of the data will be bound by data sharing agreements provided by the relevant organisation or directly through Aeon Archaeology.

7.15 Responsibilities

Responsibility for study-wide data management, metadata creation, data security and quality assurance of data will be through the Senior Archaeologist (Richard Cooke BA MA MCIfA) at Aeon Archaeology when concerning data generation and early/mid-term storage. Upon deposition with digital depositories the study-wide data management, metadata creation, data security and quality assurance of data will be the responsibility of the specific organisations’ themselves.

7.16 Organisational policies on data sharing and data security

The following Aeon Archaeology policies are relevant:

 Aeon Archaeology Archive Deposition Policy 2019  Aeon Archaeology Quality Assurance Policy 2019  Aeon Archaeology Conflict of Interest Policy 2019  Aeon Archaeology Outreach Policy 2019  Aeon Archaeology Digital Management Plan 2020

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8.0 QUANTIFICATION OF RESULTS

8.1 Environmental Samples

No environmental samples were taken during the archaeological evaluation as no suitable deposits were encountered.

8.2 Artefacts

This section will summarise the pottery sherds and pipe stem/bowl fragments recovered from the works undertaken at Dark Lane, Broseley, Shropshire. The ceramic evidence recovered from the site was limited to a small assemblage of post-medieval ceramics associated with two separate features from two separate trenches.

The pottery was quantified by sherd count, weight, and maximum number of vessels (MNV), according to ware names commonly in use by archaeological ceramic specialists across the North West and West Midlands regions. Codes shown thus: (STRSB) relate to the identification system used for medieval and post-medieval ceramics used by The Museum of London Archaeology (MOLA).

The evaluation trenching produced a total of 18 sherds of post-medieval pottery and 10 fragments of ceramic pipe stem/bowl, representing 18 individual vessels and 9/10 individual pipes. The pottery most likely spans the period from the late 18th century through to the late 19th/early 20th century given the nature of the overall assemblage, although there is some scope to push the date back further into the 17th century. The pottery was in good condition overall although fragmented, with all sherds representing single individual vessels – no ware forms were evident within this assemblage. Notable by its absence within the assemblage is the Jackfield Ware (1740-1790), given the proximity of the site to the local works at Jackfield Village. The pottery is in a stable condition and requires no long- term storage requirements.

Wares and Forms

Annular ware – 1790 - 1820

Two sherds of Annular ware (ANNUL) weighing 2g and 5g respectively were recovered from the context (101) & context (102) representing 2 MNV. Annular ware is wheel thrown earthenware, popular between 1790 and 1820. Its exterior decoration is characterized by horizontal bands of various widths and colours. Earth tones were seen on early annular ware. Later, there was a shift towards varying shades of brown, green, orange, tan, grey and blue-green. Designs were pressed or rolled on to the vessel, or were cut into the vessel by engine turning. (Van Rensselaer, 1966)

Bone china with underglaze transfer-printed and overglaze painted decoration - 1810 - 1900

Two sherds of Bone china with underglaze transfer-printed and overglaze painted decoration (BONE TR6) weighing 4g and 3g respectively were recovered from the context (101) and a single sherd weighing 1g from context (104), representing 2 MNV. The modern bone china product was developed by the Staffordshire potter Josiah Spode in the early 1790s. Spode included kaolin, so his formula, sometimes called "Staffordshire bone-porcelain", was effectively hard-paste porcelain, but stronger, and versions were adopted by all the major English factories by around 1815.

Most early uses of underglaze were on expensive porcelain wares, in contrast to the 19th century, when it was much more used on earthenwares. Initially, all pieces were overglaze printed. The advent of printed underglaze designs on earthenware made production of the complex landscapes and geometric borders like those found on Chinese porcelain more cost-efficient for potteries to produce

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and more affordable for the consumer. The most enduring Chinese-style pattern was "Blue Willow," first introduced around 1790 by Josiah Spode and made by numerous potters into the present day. These motifs dominated printed designs from the introduction of underglaze printing in Staffordshire in the 1780s until 1814, with peak production between 1790 and 1814. These examples are much later probably late 19th century (Coysh and Henrywood 1982).

English yellow-glazed refined earthenware - 1785 - 1835

A single sherd of English yellow-glazed refined earthenware (EYGE) weighing 5g was recovered from the context (101) representing 1 MNV. During the middle of the eighteenth century, potters in England (including Josiah Wedgwood) began to make a different kind of refined earthenware pottery (Hume 2001). They used lead glaze on hard, light-coloured bodies and developed new decorating techniques. The earliest of these wares had cream-colored bodies decorated with an overall green glaze or with spattered/splotched greens, browns, and/or greys within a light-yellow glaze (Godden 1966). Master potters began to establish large factories with separation of tasks for their workers and a greater reliance on tools to create standardized vessel forms and sizes Miller (1991). The new factory- made vessels soon dominated the market for table and tea wares, especially after 1762, when Wedgwood perfected a thin, hard, light-coloured body with a very light-coloured glaze, called creamware or queensware (in honour of Queen Charlotte, the wife of George III) (Hume 2001).

Lead Glazed Blackware - 1600-1900

Three sherds of Blackware/Buckley type (BLACK/BUCK) were recovered from three separate contexts; (101 – 6g), (201-8g) & (207-9g) representing 3 MNV. Probably relating to manufacture in the mid-17th to 19th centuries - Black lead glazed wares made from mixed red and yellow clays were being produced in Wales and England, particularly Northwest England, by the mid-17th century, and continued to be made into the 19th century (Cresswell & Davey 1989). The ubiquitous lead glazed blackware sherds found on the site are all most likely associated with the ceramic works at Buckley in North Wales which has been related with the production of pottery from the medieval period to the mid-twentieth century (Philpott 1985). The most productive time was in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. The blackware sherds in this context are probably examples from the late 18th – early 19th century.

Metropolitan Ware - 1630 - 1700

A single sherd of Metropolitan Ware (METS) weighing 15g was recovered from the context (101) representing 1 MNV. The outer surface of the sherd is covered with a dark brown glaze and it is decorated with a geometric pattern in a white slip. The inner surface is unglazed. The fabric is buff throughout. Most likely from a site in Harlow, Essex, where the industry was in operation from the 13th to 18th centuries but it is the wares of the 17th-18th century that are best known, in particular Metropolitan slipware. This highly decorated ware is found on excavations as far away as North America (Davey & Walker 2009).

Modern Refined Whiteware (MODERN) – 1900 -2000

Two sherds of Modern Refined Whiteware (MODERN) weighing 1g and 3g respectively were recovered from the context (101) and context (201) representing 2 MNV. Two sherds of ubiquitous modern refined white ceramic probably from a plate.

Nottingham Stoneware 1700 - 1800

A single sherd of Nottingham Stoneware (NOTS) weighing 5g was recovered from the context (104) representing 1 MNV. Developed by James Morley at Nottingham, England at the end of the seventeenth century, production continued until the early nineteenth century. However, production

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began to decline after ca. 1775 (Oswald 1974). The earliest dated piece is marked "1700" and the latest "1799" (Lewis 1999). Similar brown salt glazed stoneware was also manufactured at Derbyshire, Staffordshire, Liverpool, and Yorkshire; hence the description of this ware as “Nottingham-type”.

Pearlware - (1770-1840)

Two sherds of Pearlware (Pear) weighing 9g and 6g respectively were recovered from the context (101) representing 2 MNV. Pearlware has an off-white clay body with a clear lead glaze that has a slightly bluish tint, most evident where the glaze has built up, as in foot rings, etc. Decoration includes moulded rims, with “Shell Edge” the most common. These rims were painted blue and, to a slightly lesser extent, green. Blue and polychrome hand-painted designs, transfer printed patterns, and annular, common cable, and dendritic motifs are very common, often in combination with engine-turned bodies and sprig-moulded elements.

Staffordshire/Manganese Mottled 1680-1780

A single sherd of Staffordshire/Manganese Mottled ware weighing 5g was recovered from context (101). This finely-potted ware that has a caramel brown lead glaze with evenly-dispersed, dark purplish-brown flecks and streaks of manganese; the flecks are small but vary in size. The dense clay body has a grainy texture and is light tan in colour; sherds usually represent small tankards, bowls, and another tavern ware. Tankards can be cordoned above the base.

Staffordshire-type marbled slipware

A single sherd of Staffordshire-type marbled slipware (STMB) weighing 17g was recovered from the context (201) representing 1 MNV. This ware was being produced in Staffordshire by the mid-1670s and was made at a number of other potting centres as well in the eighteenth century (Williams 2003). Staffordshire Trailed Slip Ware Ceramics used a thin buff-bodied earthenware coated with white and dark slips and decorated with trailed, combed, or marbled designs. In most cases white slip covers more of the surface than the dark slip and a clear lead glaze gives the piece a yellowish background colour. Sometimes these are reversed to produce a brown bodied vessel supporting yellow decoration. They were in production by around 1660, and continued to be made into the 1720s but there is also a persistence of the ware into the early 19th century.

Clay tobacco pipe stems/Bowl

Fragments of clay tobacco pipes were found in contexts (102), (104) & (207) weighing 12g; a single clay tobacco pipe stem was found in context (102) weighing 1g, five clay tobacco pipe stems and two fragments of a bowl were found in context (104) weighing 8g and two fragments of clay tobacco pipe stem were found in context (207) weighing 3g. The stem from (102) was of a hard white ceramic with a wide bore (2mm); the stems from (104) varied in colour from white to stained red/brown with wide bores (1.5mm-2.2mm); the stems from (207) were of a hard white ceramic with a wide bore (2mm). The bowl fragments from (104) had no distinguishing features or stamps but did exhibit a sharp line from a mould suggesting the were from the bowl shoulder.

Clay tobacco pipes were made in England shortly after the introduction of tobacco from North America, in about 1558. The earliest written description of smoking was in 1573 and probably described a pipe derived from native North American types. The dating of pipes after 1800 is notoriously difficult without preserved pipe bowls (Oswald 1975).

These clay tobacco pipe fragments found at Dark Lane were likely examples from the Broseley pipe manufacturing industry. Broseley's clay tobacco heritage extends over 400 years with a tobacco pipe maker being recorded in the town in 1590. The town achieved a reputation for quality pipes in the

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17th Century which came to be acknowledged worldwide as “A Broseley”. Pipe making continued until 1957 when the last factory (The Southorns’) in the town finally closed. The Southorns' premises were in King Street, Broseley and was famous for pipes such as the Churchwarden and the Dutch Long Straw.

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Artefacts Image A: Ceramic sherds recovered from context (101) trench 1. Scale 0.1m.

æon archæology Artefacts Image B: Ceramic sherds recovered from context (102) trench 1. Scale 0.1m.

æon archæology Artefacts Image C: Ceramic sherds recovered from context (104) trench 1. Scale 0.1m.

æon archæology Artefacts Image D: Examples of slag recovered from context (106) trench 1. Scale 0.1m.

æon archæology Artefacts Image E: Ceramic sherds recovered from context (201) trench 2. Scale 0.1m.

æon archæology Artefacts Image F: Ceramic sherds recovered from context (207) trench 2. Scale 0.1m.

æon archæology

9.0 RESULTS OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION TRENCHES

The evaluation trenches were designed to evaluate and characterise the known, or potential, archaeological remains. Each trench is described and discussed separately. The location of the trenches can be found on figure 04 with the location and orientation of photographic plates shown on figure 09.

Trench 01 (Plates 1-14, figures 4-6)

SJ 67896.93/02298.73 - SJ67898.25/02297.53 – SJ 67891.63/02290.09 – SJ 67890.28/02291.25

Description

Trench 1 measured 12.0m in length northeast to southwest by 1.8m in width by a maximum depth of 0.63m, and was located at the north-western end of the site and targeting linear earthwork feature 9.

The trench was excavated through a 0.18m deep soft, dark/mid brown-grey silt-clay topsoil (101) with occasional post-medieval ceramic fragment inclusions (2 x Bone China; 2 x Pearlware; 1 x English Yellow Glazed Refined Earthenware; 1 x Staffordshire Manganese Mottled Ware; 1 x Modern Refined Whiteware; 1 x Annular Ware; 1 x Metropolitan Ware; and 1 x Lead Glazed Blackware).

This overlaid a 0.14m deep soft, mid red-brown silt-clay subsoil (102) with occasional post-medieval ceramic fragment inclusions (1 x Annular Ware; 1 x ceramic pipe stem).

The subsoil deposit (102) overlaid a >0.12m deep moderately compact, mid/light brown-yellow slightly silty clay natural glacial substrata (103) with occasional small sub-rounded cobble inclusions.

Towards the centre of the trench the subsoil horizon (102) had been cut into by a linear feature [107] measuring >1.8m in length by 1.8m in width by 0.06m in depth, orientated northwest-southeast and which continued into the north-western and south-eastern limits of excavation. The cut had slightly concave sides with a flat / undulating base and had been filled by a moderately firm, mid/dark grey- black silt-clay (104) (124.41m OD) with frequent charcoal and cinder flecks, occasional small pebbles, and occasional post-medieval ceramic sherd inclusions (1 x Bone China; 1 x Nottingham Stoneware; 5 x ceramic pipe stem; 2 x ceramic pipe bowl).

Located approximately 0.75m further to the northeast of the trench a second linear cut [105] was encountered. This feature again cut into subsoil (102) and measured >1.8m in length by 2.64m in width by 0.35m in depth (max), orientated northwest-southeast and continued into the north-western and south-eastern limits of excavation (123.67m OD). The cut had concaved sides and a flat base measuring 0.18m in depth, aside from two runnels located at either side, which had concaved sides and flat bases extending to 0.35m in depth, but did not appear to be stratigraphically separate from the main cut event. The feature was filled with a 0.35m deep firm / friable, mixture of dark black, mid- grey, mid-brown and light orange conglomerate (106) of silt, ash, stone and sand with frequent clinker, coal, vitrified stone, porous slag, and partial metalling inclusions, which contained a greater concentration of stone within the two parallel runnels (124.02m OD).

No additional archaeological features were found within the trench.

Discussion

Trench 1 was targeting a linear earthwork (feature 9) identified during the archaeological assessment report but also confirmed using Lidar data and geophysics survey. This feature ran from Dark Lane in the northwest to the base of the Yew Tree Mine mound in the southeast, c49m in length.

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The archaeological evaluation trench identified two linear features, both of the same orientation. The first, a linear cut and fill [107] (104), ran from northwest to southeast within the middle of the trench. This feature cut through subsoil (102), which produced Annular Ware ceramic dated 1790-1820 as well as a post-medieval ceramic pipe stem, and thus stratigraphically post-dated it. The fill (104) appeared moderately firm and appeared to be a relict surface, most likely a trackway. The width of the feature, measuring 1.8m width, would have been suitable both for the passing of people and carts serving the mine. The fill (104) produced a sherd of Nottingham Stoneware dated to 1700-1800, as well as a sherd of Bone China dated 1810-1900. These ceramic sherds were from a secure context and a date of 1700-1900 is proposed for this feature, although Yew Tree Mine is believed to have gone out of use by the production of the 1838 tithe map it is possible that this relict surface / trackway remained in use.

The second linear feature [105] (106) lay slightly further to the northeast of relict surface / trackway [107]. This feature again cut into subsoil (102) thus post-dating it, and had been infilled with a conglomerate material (106) with inclusions of porous slag, vitrified stone, ash and clinker. This material had clearly been imported from a secondary industrial process, such as smelting, rather than being a direct bi-product of the primary coal extraction at the site. It had then been laid within cut [105] to produce a firm track surface. The intended cut had two distinct runnels or gullies c1.8m apart, running parallel with the feature at each side, and the fill at these points had a greater concentration of stone. The purpose of these runnels is unclear. They are clearly deliberate and may represent an attempt at integrated drainage gullies or perhaps reinforcement against cart wheel rutting. Another plausible interpretation is that the linear feature is in fact a tram or rail bed and the runnels represent reinforcement for carrying rails.

An archaeological evaluation at the Wallace Tileries (SHER 07239) in October 2019 by Ironbridge Archaeology (report 326) also targeted a linear feature, postulated to be the location of a former tramway. This evaluation identified a deposit of crushed brick and/or roof tile waste resembling hardcore, which was reddish brown in colour and interpreted as the possible track bed of a two foot gauge tramway. Although differing in appearance to feature [105] (106) the use of a firm hardcore material may be suggestive of a tramway bed serving Yew Tree Mine. However, unlike the Wallace Tileries site, the possible tramway at Dark Lane is not shown on any available historic mapping. Moreover, the two foot gauge would appear to be too narrow to have been supported by the 1.8m wide runnels. As such, the origin and purpose of feature [105] (106) remains unclear.

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Plate 01: Trench 1 post-excavaon photograph, from the southwest. Scale 2 x 1.0m.

æon archæology Plate 02: Trench 1 post-excavaon photograph, from the northeast. Scale 2 x 1.0m.

æon archæology Plate 03: Northwest facing generic secon of trench 1, from the northwest. Scale 0.5m.

æon archæology Plate 04: Relict surface [107] (104), from the southeast. Scale 2 x 1.0m.

æon archæology Plate 05: Southeast facing secon of relict surface [107] (104), from the southeast. Scale 0.5m.

æon archæology Plate 06: Linear feature [105] (106), from the southeast. Scale 2 x 1.0m.

æon archæology Plate 07: Linear feature [105] (106), from the east. Scale 2 x 1.0m.

æon archæology Plate 08: Southeast facing secon across linear feature [105] (106), from the southeast. Scale 1.0m.

æon archæology Plate 09: Northwest facing secon across linear feature [105] (106), from the northwest. Scale 0.5m.

æon archæology Plate 10: Northwest facing secon across linear feature [105] (106) showing north-eastern stonier deposit, from the northwest. Scale 0.5m.

æon archæology Plate 11: Northwest facing secon across linear feature [105] (106) showing south-western stonier deposit, from the northwest. Scale 0.5m.

æon archæology Plate 12: Aerial photograph showing linear feature [105] (106), from the southwest. Scale 2 x 1.0m.

æon archæology Plate 13: Aerial photograph showing trench 1, from the southwest. Scale 2 x 1.0m.

æon archæology Plate 14: Aerial photograph showing trench 1 and linear depression running westward to Yew Tree Mine, from the southwest. Scale 2 x 1.0m.

æon archæology Fig. 05

107 104

NE 124.25 101 SW 102

106 102 Stonier fill Stonier fill 103 103 103

105 103

012m Located on fig. 06

Fig. 06 367898.25 / 302297.53 123.73 Fig 06 367891.63 / Fig 06 302290.09 123.78 123.67 123.76 103 123.78

124.02 123.82

103 124.94 124.11 124.45 102 105 123.90 106 124.02 104 102 102 124.23 124.41 107 367890.28 / 302291.25 367896.93 / 302298.73

0 1 2m Located on fig. 04

Figure 05: Southeast facing secon of trench 1 showing relict surface [107] (104) and linear feature [105] (106). Scale 1:20 at A3. Aeon Archaeology æon Richard Cooke BA MA MCIfA Figure 06: Plan of trench 1. Scale 1:50 at A3. Obsidian Oﬃces, Chantry Court, archæology Chester CH1 4QN Tel: 07866925393 www.aeonarchaeology.co.uk

Trench 02 (Plates 15-26, figures 4, 7-8)

SJ 67855.19/02243.81 – SJ 67856.72/02242.76 – SJ 67850.81/02234.73 – SJ 67849.28/02235.75

Description

Trench 2 measured 10.0m in length northeast to southwest by 1.8m in width by a maximum depth of 0.4m, and was located at the south-western end of the site and targeting linear earthwork feature 10.

The trench was excavated through a 0.2m deep soft, dark/mid brown-grey silt-clay topsoil (201) with occasional post-medieval ceramic fragment inclusions (1 x Modern Refined Whiteware; 1 x Staffordshire Type Marbled Slipware; and 1 x Lead Glazed Blackware).

This overlaid a 0.18m deep soft, mid red-brown silt-clay subsoil (202) which in turn overlaid a >0.15m deep moderately compact, mid/light brown-yellow slightly silty clay natural glacial substrata (203) with occasional small rounded cobble inclusions.

Towards the centre of the trench the subsoil horizon (202) had been cut into by a linear feature [204] (129.94m OD) measuring >1.8m in length by 1.81m in width by 0.22m in depth, orientated northwest-southeast and which continued into the north-western and south-eastern limits of excavation. The cut had shallow and slightly concave sides with a flat / slightly undulating base.

The cut had two distinct fills (205) (206) which had been deposited along either side of the cut. Fill (205) (130.08m OD) was located at the southwest end and measured 0.55m in width by 0.18m in depth and consisted of a fairly firm, mid/dark black-grey silt-clay with occasional small pebble, charcoal and cinder fleck inclusions. While at the northeast end fill (206) (130.02m OD) measured 0.4m in width by 0.22m in depth and consisted of a firm, mixture of black, light yellow and red brown silt-clay with frequent burnt stone, charcoal and coal fragment inclusions. The centre of fills (205) and (206) were c1.3m apart.

Between fills (205) and (206) a third fill (207) (130.08m OD) had accumulated. This measured 0.85m in width by 0.17m in depth and consisted of a moderate/soft mid grey-brown clay-silt with occasional charcoal fragment inclusions and which produced 1 x Lead Glazed Blackware ceramic sherd and 2 x ceramic pipe stem fragments.

No additional archaeological features were found within the trench.

Discussion

Trench 2 was targeting a linear earthwork (feature 10) identified during the archaeological assessment report but also confirmed using Lidar data and geophysics survey. This feature ran from northeast to southwest into the southern Site limit, before appearing to turn north-westward and run 72.0m to the western limit of the Site. In the east the feature runs from the southern face of the site of Yew Tree mine (feature 3). This feature is not visible on the ground but appears to be shown as a railway on the 1675 and 1830 maps.

Linear feature [204] cut into subsoil (202) thus post-dating it, and had been infilled at either side with silt-clay deposits (205) (206) each of which contained charcoal, cinder and stone. This material had clearly been imported from a secondary industrial process, such as smelting, rather than being a direct bi-product of the primary coal extraction at the site.

Aeon Archaeology – Dark Lane, Broseley - report 0284 Page 24

rutting. Another plausible interpretation is that the linear feature is in fact a tram or rail bed and the runnels represent reinforcement for carrying rails.

The third fill (207) of cut [204] appears to have accumulated over time in the open cut between fills (205) and (206). This fill therefore post-dated the deposition of fills (205) and (206), and yielded a sherd of post-medieval Lead Glazed Blackware of c1600-1900 date. This date would correlate with the depiction of the linear feature on the 1675 and 1830 maps, and despite the lack of rails it would seem likely that this feature is the track bed for either a tram or railway serving Yew Tree Mine. Moreover, the width of c1.3m between the centre of the opposing fills (205) (206) is close in dimensions to that required for a two foot gauge tramway.

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Plate 15: Trench 2 post-excavaon photograph, from the southwest. Scale 2 x 1.0m.

æon archæology Plate 16: Trench 2 post-excavaon photograph, from the northeast. Scale 2 x 1.0m.

æon archæology Plate 17: Northwest facing generic secon of trench 2, from the northwest. Scale 0.5m.

æon archæology Plate 18: Linear feature [204] (205) (206) (207), from the southeast. Scale 1.0m.

æon archæology Plate 19: Linear feature [204] (205) (206) (207), from the east. Scale 1.0m.

æon archæology Plate 20: Linear feature [204] showing ﬁll (206), from the northwest. Scale 0.5m.

æon archæology Plate 21: Northwest facing secon showing linear feature [204] and ﬁll (206), from the northwest. Scale 0.5m.

æon archæology Plate 22: Linear feature [204] showing ﬁll (205), from the northwest. Scale 0.5m.

æon archæology Plate 23: Northwest facing secon showing linear feature [204] and ﬁll (205), from the northwest. Scale 0.5m.

æon archæology Plate 24: Aerial photograph showing linear feature [204], from the southeast. Scale 2 x 1.0m.

æon archæology Plate 25: Aerial photograph showing trench 2, from the southeast. Scale 2 x 1.0m.

æon archæology Plate 26: Aerial photograph showing trench 2, from the southeast. Scale 2 x 1.0m.

æon archæology Fig. 07

201 Heat affected stone SW NE 205 130.06 207 202 204

206 203

012m Located on fig. 08

Fig. 08

Fig 07 Fig 07 367856.72/ 367850.81 / 302242.76 302234.73 129.92 129.94 130.01 130.57

203 203 130.10 130.12 129.83 130.08 130.02 130.08 202 204 207 206 205 367855.19 / 367849.28 / 302243.81 302235.75

0 1 2m Located on fig. 04

Figure 07: Southeast facing secon across linear feature [204]. Scale 1:20 at A4. Aeon Archaeology Richard Cooke BA MA MCIfA æon Obsidian Oﬃces, Chantry Court, archæology Figure 08: Plan of trench 2. Scale 1:50 at A4. Chester CH1 4QN Tel: 07866925393 / 01244 531585 www.aeonarchaeology.co.uk 2 9 10 11 7 3 6 8 4/5 1

12 13

16 20/ 21 22/ 23 19 17 18 24 26 15 25

Figure 09: Locaon and orientaon of photographic plates. Scale 1:500 at A4. Aeon Archaeology Richard Cooke BA MA MCIfA Obsidian Oﬃces, Chantry Court, Chester CH1 4QN Tel: 07866925393 / 01244 531585 www.aeonarchaeology.co.uk

10.0 CONCLUSION

The archaeological evaluation at Dark Lane, Broseley involved the excavation of 2 trenches targeting two linear earthwork features identified during the production of the archaeological assessment report and confirmed by Lidar and Geophysical data.

Trench 1 revealed the remains of a northwest-southeast aligned relict surface or trackway [107] (104). The fill (104) produced a sherd of Nottingham Stoneware dated to 1700-1800, as well as a sherd of Bone China dated 1810-1900. These ceramic sherds were from a secure context and a date of 1700- 1900 is proposed for this feature, although Yew Tree Mine is believed to have gone out of use by the production of the 1838 tithe map it is possible that this relict surface / trackway remained in use.

A second linear feature [105] (106) lay slightly further to the northeast of relict surface / trackway [107]. This feature had been infilled with a conglomerate material (106) with inclusions of porous slag, vitrified stone, ash and clinker. The material had clearly been imported from a secondary industrial process, such as smelting, rather than being a direct bi-product of the primary coal extraction at the site. It had then been laid within cut [105] to produce a firm track surface. The intended cut had two distinct runnels or gullies c1.8m apart, running parallel with the feature at each side, and the fill at these points had a greater concentration of stone. The purpose of these runnels is unclear. They were clearly deliberate and may represent an attempt at integrated drainage gullies or perhaps reinforcement against cart wheel rutting. Another plausible interpretation is that the linear feature is in fact a tram or rail bed and the runnels represent reinforcement for carrying rails. The feature is however not shown on any available historic mapping, which would be unusual if it had indeed been a rail or tramway. Moreover, the two foot tram gauge would appear to be too narrow to have been supported by the 1.8m wide runnels. As such, the origin and purpose of feature [105] (106) remains unclear.

Trench 2 revealed the remains of a northwest-southeast aligned linear feature [204] (205) (206) (207), not visible on the ground but shown as a probable railway on the 1675 and 1830 maps. The linear feature had been infilled at either side with silt-clay deposits (205) (206) each of which contained charcoal, cinder and stone. This material had clearly been imported from a secondary industrial process, such as smelting, rather than being a direct bi-product of the primary coal extraction at the site.

The seemingly deliberate deposition of these fills either side of the linear cut [204] would suggest a purpose such as an attempt at integrated drainage gullies or perhaps reinforcement against cart wheel rutting. Another plausible interpretation is that the linear feature is in fact a tram or rail bed and the runnels represent reinforcement for carrying rails.

This evaluation enables an informed, sustainable and responsible approach to the development of land at Dark Lane, Brosley. The information provided meets the expectations of legislation in that the applicant has evaluated the presence of archaeological assets that may be affected by proposed development at the Site. It is considered that the level of detail provided is proportionate to the assets’ importance and provides sufficient information to understand the potential impact of the proposal on the significance of archaeological remains.

Aeon Archaeology – Dark Lane, Broseley - report 0284 Page 26

11.0 SOURCES

Aultman, J., Bon-Harper, N., Cooper, L., Galle, J., Grillo, K., & Smith, K., (2013). DAACS Cataloguing Manual: Ceramics, The Digital Archaeological Archive of Comparative Slavery, Accessed: August 2019 (http://www.daacs.org/sites/seville-house-15/).

Brown D. H., 2007. Archaeological Archives: A guide to best practice in creation, compilation, transfer and curation. Archaeological Archives Forum

British Geological Survey website. www.bgs.ac.uk

Cresswell, C. & P. J. Davey, (1989). Pottery from Twist’s House, Prescot Site 28). Journal of the Merseyside Archaeological Society, 5:97-101.

Coysh, A. W. & Henrywood, R. K. (1982). The Dictionary of Blue & White Printed Pottery 1780– 1880, Volume I. Woodbridge: Antique Collectors’ Club

Davey, W. & Walker, H. (2009) The Harlow pottery industries, Medieval Pottery Research Group, Occasional paper 3.

English Heritage, 1991. Management of Archaeological Projects (MAP2)

English Heritage, 2006. Management of Research Projects in the Historic Environment (MORPHE)

Ford, D.A. 1995. Medieval Pottery in Staffordshire, AD 800 – 1600: A Review

Geoffrey A. Godden, Godden’s Guide to English Porcelain, Wallace-Homestead Book Company, 1992.

Godden, G. A., (1966). An Illustrated Encyclopedia of British Pottery and Porcelain. New York, Crown Publishers Inc.

Honey, W.B., (1977) Old English Porcelain: A Handbook for Collectors, 3rd edn, revised by Franklin A. Barrett, Faber and Faber

Hume, I. N., (2001). If These Pots Could Talk: Collecting 2,000 Years of British Household Pottery. Milwaukee, WI: Chipstone Foundation.

Hurst, J. D. & Wright, S. M., (2012). Midlands purple and Cistercian-type wares in the West Midlands in the 15th—16th centuries Medieval Ceramics 32, pp. 55-64.

Laing L. 2014. Pottery in Britain: 4000BC to AD1900, Greenlight Publishing, Witham, Essex.

Lewis, G. (1999). A Collector’s History of English Pottery. 5th edition. Antique Collectors’ Club, Woodbridge, England.

Miller, G. L., (1991). “A Revised Set of CC Index Values for Classification and Economic Scaling of English Ceramics from 1787 to 1880.” Historical Archaeology 25(1)

Oswald, A. (1974) Nottingham and Derbyshire Stoneware. English Ceramic Circle Transaction& 9 (2): 140 - 189.

Philpott, R. A., (1985). Black Glazed Ware. Journal of the Merseyside Archaeological Society, 4:85- 105. Aeon Archaeology – Dark Lane, Broseley - report 0284 Page 27

Richards, J. & Robinson, D., 2000. Digital Archives from Excavation and Fieldwork: Guide to Good Practice (Second Edition). The Archaeology Data Service Guide to Good Practice: Oxbow Books

Sussman, L., (1997). Mocha, Banded, Cat’s Eye, and Other Factory-Made Slipware. Studies in Northeast Historical Archaeology. Number 1. Boston University, Boston.

The Chartered Institute for Archaeologists, 2014. Code of Conduct

The Chartered Institute for Archaeologists, 2014. Code of Approved Practice for the Regulation of Contractual Arrangements in Field Archaeology

The Chartered Institute for Archaeologists, 2014. Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Excavation

The Chartered Institute for Archaeologists, 2014. Standard and Guidance for the Collection, Documentation, Conservation and Research of Archaeological Materials

The Chartered Institute for Archaeologists, 2014. Standard and Guidance for the Creation, Compilation, Transfer and Deposition of Archaeological Archives

Van Rensselear, S. (1966). Banded cream ware. The Magazine Antiques, September. Reprinted in English pottery and porcelain: an historical survey, edited by Paul Atterbury, Universe Books, New York, 1978, pp. 240-244.

Williams, P., (2003). The Talbot Hotel Pit Group. Ceramics in America 2003, Ed. by Robert Hunter. Chipstone Foundation, Milwaukee. Pp. 111-137.

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