Whitley Pumping Station, Coventry Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment A112428-8

Homes England Prepared on behalf of WYG Group Limited. October 2020

3 Sovereign Square, Sovereign Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS1 4ER Tel: +44 (0)113 278 7111 Fax: +44 (0)113 219 2317 Email: [email protected] Website: www.wyg.com

WYG Environment Planning Transport Limited. Registered in England & Wales Number: 03050297 Registered Office: 3 Sovereign Square, Sovereign Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS1 4ER Whitley Pumping Station, Coventry Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

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Document: Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

Project: Whitley Pumping Station, Coventry

Client: Homes England

Job Number: A112428-8

File Origin: Archaeology DBA - Whitley Pumping Station 09Oct20sh.docx

Revision: V0

Date: November 2019

Prepared by: Checked by: Approved By: Danielle Farrar (PCIfA), Samantha Hilton (PCIfA), Nigel Mann, Director Archaeological Consultant Archaeological Consultant

Revision: Version 1

Date: October 2020

Prepared by: Checked by: Approved By: Samantha Hilton (PCIfA), Martin Brown (MCIfA), Nigel Mann, Director Archaeological Consultant Associate – Archaeology

Client Comments

Revision: Version 2

Date:

Prepared by: Checked by: Approved By:

A112428-8 October 2020 www.wyg.com creative minds safe hands Whitley Pumping Station, Coventry Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

Contents.

1. Non-Technical Summary ...... 1

2. Introduction ...... 1

2.1 Aims and Objectives...... 1

3. Site Location and Conditions...... 2

4. Methodology ...... 3

4.1 Sources Consulted...... 3

5. Planning Policy Context ...... 4

5.1 National Legislation and Guidance ...... 4

5.1.1 Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 ...... 4

5.1.2 Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act, 1990 ...... 4

5.1.3 Protection of Military Remains Act, 1986...... 4

5.1.4 National Planning Policy Framework 2019 ...... 5

5.1.5 Historic Environment Good Practice in Planning Note 3: The Setting of Heritage Assets second edition (Historic England 2017)...... 6

5.1.6 Planning Practice Guidance (PPG): Historic Environment (MHCLG, July 2019)...... 7

5.2 Local Policy and Guidance...... 7

5.2.1 Coventry Local Plan 2011 - 2031 (adopted 2017) ...... 7

6. Baseline Data ...... 8

6.1 Designated Sites ...... 9

6.2 Archaeological and Historic Background...... 9

6.2.1 Archaeological Background and Non-Designated Heritage Assets...... 9

6.2.2 Prehistoric ...... 10

6.2.3 Romano-British ...... 12

6.2.4 Early medieval/Anglo-Saxon...... 13

6.2.5 Medieval...... 13

6.2.6 Post-medieval, Industrial and Modern periods ...... 15

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6.2.7 Unknown...... 17

7. Landscape Characterisation ...... 17

7.1 Aerial Photographs ...... 17

7.2 LiDAR data ...... 18

7.3 Historic Landscape Characterisation...... 18

8. Historic Mapping Survey ...... 19

9. Site Walkover Survey ...... 20

10. Heritage Potential and Impacts ...... 21

10.1 Archaeological Potential ...... 21

11. Mitigation Recommendations and Conclusions...... 25

11.1 Archaeological Remains ...... 25

References...... 26

Appendices ...... 29

A112428-8 October 2020 www.wyg.com creative minds safe hands Whitley Pumping Station, Coventry Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

1. Non-Technical Summary

This Archaeological and Heritage desk-based assessment has been prepared to support the consideration of this site for future development. This study examines the cultural heritage potential of the proposed development site and the surrounding areas. The site was found to contain potential for previously unrecorded archaeological remains relating to the medieval periods onwards activity of the area, and the industrial use of the application site, considering the use of the site as the ground of the Pumping Station, due to the known evidence found of the application site and surrounding areas. A programme of archaeological mitigation has been advised in the form of a geophysical survey, with any further archaeological work being undertaken in accordance with the standards and guidance from the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists, and a Written Scheme of Investigation agreed in advance with the Coventry City Council Conservation and Archaeology Team. We propose that further archaeological work can be undertaken in accordance with a future Reserved Matters application.

2. Introduction

This Archaeological Desk Based Assessment has been prepared by Danielle Farrar (PCIfA), Archaeological Consultant, WYG, on behalf of Homes England to support an outline planning application for residential-led mixed use development and associated infrastructure and landscaping works to provide residential accommodation (up to 400 dwellings), as Whitley Pumping Station, Coventry. A full description of the proposed development can be found in the Planning Statement.

2.1 Aims and Objectives

This report has been prepared in line with (any regional briefs or HE guidance) and in respect of the guidelines established by CIfA (2014) Standard and Guidance for Desk-Based Assessment:

This DBA will determine, as far as is reasonably possible from existing records, the nature, extent and significance of the historic environment within a specified area. It will be undertaken using appropriate methods and practices which satisfy the stated aims of the project, and which comply with the Code of Conduct and other relevant regulations of CIfA (2014, 2017). The DBA will establish the impact of the proposed development on the significance of the historic environment (or will identify the need for further evaluation to do so) and will enable reasoned proposals and decisions to be made whether to mitigate, offset or accept without further intervention that impact.

This study examines the cultural heritage potential of the proposed development site and the surrounding area. The aim of the study is to:

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 Identify recorded cultural heritage sites within the site boundary and located nearby with settings and significance affected by the proposal;

 Identify the potential for previously unrecorded sites to be present within the site;

 Identify potential impacts and mitigation strategies where appropriate; and,

 Make recommendations for further work where required.

The Historic Environment, as defined by NPPF (2019), comprises all surviving remains of interaction between people and places through time; this includes all buried and upstanding archaeological remains, built heritage sites, historic and managed landscapes, and any other features that contribute to the archaeological and historic interest of the area, including their settings. Designated and non-designated heritage assets have been considered.

This baseline assessment considers the heritage potential within the site itself, the surrounding area and wider local and regional context. In terms of its archaeological content, this assessment does not attempt to plot and review every archaeological find and monument; rather, it aims to examine the distribution of evidence and to use this to predict the archaeological potential of the study area and the likely impacts of the development proposals on those remains.

3. Site Location and Conditions

The application site is located towards the south-east of Coventry City Centre, west of Whitley and east of Willenhall, centred around the former Whitley Pumping Station. The site is overall c.13.5 hectares and centred on grid reference SP 35648 76846 and is characterised primarily by grassland, with the exception of Whitley Pumping Station in the centre, ranging from approximately 63m above Ordnance Datum (aOD) to 88m aOD. A site location plan can be seen in Appendix A.

The site is irregular in shape and is located in a predominantly residential area, bounded to the north by open land and Allard Way; to the east by the River Sowe; and to the south and west by London Road. The site was historically used for the extraction of drinking water and includes a covered reservoir; a lodge house and former pump house built in circa 1900s both of which are locally listed; associated underground pipe work; as well as grassland; introduced shrubs, scrub, and trees.

The geology of the application site comprises Helsby Sandstone Formation, which is a sedimentary bedrock containing sandstone that formed approximately 242 to 247 million years ago in the Triassic Period, in an environment previously dominated by rivers. Towards the centre of the application site is a vein oriented N- S of superficial River Terrace deposits 1 – Sand and Gravel which are fluvial in origin; formed up to three

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million years ago in the Quaternary Period when the local environment was previously dominated by rivers. Towards the east of the site is a vein orientated N-S of superficial Alluvium deposits which are fluvial in origin; again, formed up to three million years ago in the Quaternary Period when the local environment was previously dominated by rivers (NERC 2019). The majority of the soils of the application site are classified as slightly acid loamy and clayey soils with impeded drainage (Soilscape 8). The soils to the east along the riverside of the application site are classified as loamy and clayey floodplain soils with naturally high groundwater (Soilscape 20) (Cranfield University 2019).

4. Methodology

An impact assessment has been carried out through the consideration of baseline conditions in relation to the elements of the scheme that could cause cultural heritage impacts. Baseline conditions are defined as the existing environmental conditions and in applicable cases, the conditions that would develop in the future without the scheme. In accordance with best practice, this report assumes that the scheme will be constructed, although the use of the word ‘will’ in the text should not be taken to mean that implementation of the scheme is certain.

The DBA has been undertaken in line with the guidelines established by CIfA (2014). WYG has developed its own heritage evaluation and assessment method using a combination of the Secretary of State’s criteria for Scheduling Monuments (Scheduled Monument Statement, Annex 1), Design Manual for Roads and Bridges, Volume 11, Part 3, Section 2, HA 208/07 and Transport Analysis Guidance (TAG Unit 3.3.9, Heritage of Historic Resources Sub-Objective), details of which can be found in Appendix B. Professional judgment and good practice guidance including the values laid out in Conservation Principles (Historic England 2008 Historic England’s Conservation Principles (Evidential, Historical, Aesthetic and Communal values) is used in conjunction with these criteria to undertake the significance and impact assessment. The full assessment methodology is included as Appendix B.

4.1 Sources Consulted

A study area of 1km around the application site has been examined to assess the nature of the surrounding cultural heritage sites and place the recorded assets within their local context. This study area was defined in consultation with the Coventry City Council Historic Environment Record. This study has taken into consideration the historical and archaeological background of the area. The sources consulted were:

 Coventry City Council Historic Environment Record;

 National Record of the Historic Environment (NRHE) (formerly the (NMR);

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 Local Archives;

 Historic England for designated sites;

 Local Planning Authority for designated and non-designated heritage assets;

 Aerial photographs – Cambridge University Collection of Aerial Photography (CUCAP) online database; the National Collection of Aerial Photography (NCAP) via Historic Environment Scotland; Britain from Above; and Google Earth;

 Historic mapping including Tithe maps and early Ordnance Survey; and,

 Secondary research including, previously completed archaeological reports for the surrounding area, regional research frameworks and grey literature and journal articles, as appropriate.

In addition to the above resources, a site walkover survey was undertaken on 7th October 2019 by Joe Turner (PCIfA), Archaeological Consultant, to assess the site for potential features of archaeological or historic interest, and suitability for mitigation measures.

5. Planning Policy Context

5.1 National Legislation and Guidance

5.1.1 Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 Scheduled Monuments are designated by the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport on the advice of Historic England as selective examples of nationally important archaeological remains. Under the terms of Part 1 Section 2 of the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 it is an offence to damage, disturb or alter a Scheduled Monument either above or below ground without first obtaining permission from the Secretary of State. This Act does not allow for the protection of the setting of Scheduled Monuments.

5.1.2 Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act, 1990 The Act outlines the provisions for designation, control of works and enforcement measures relating to Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas. Section 66 of the Act states that the planning authority must have special regard to the desirability of preserving the setting of any Listed Building that may be affected by the grant of planning permission. Section 72 states that special attention shall be paid to the desirability of preserving or enhancing the character or appearance of Conservation Areas.

5.1.3 Protection of Military Remains Act, 1986 The Protection of Military Remains Act is designed to secure the protection from unauthorised interference of the remains of military aircraft and vessels that have crashed, sunk or been stranded and of associated human

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remains. The Act allows for two levels of protection: Protected Places, where aircraft and wrecks can be observed, but it is an offence to interfere, disturb or remove anything from the site; and Controlled Sites, where it is illegal to undertake any operations (including excavation or diving) which may disturb remains without a licence. The wreckage of all military aircraft are automatically given Protected Place status, whereas vessels have to be specifically identified and designated.

5.1.4 National Planning Policy Framework 2019 The National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) sets out the Government’s national planning policies including those on the conservation of the historic environment. The NPPF covers all aspects of the historic environment and heritage assets including designated assets (World Heritage Sites, Scheduled Monuments, Listed Buildings, Protected Wreck Sites, Conservation Areas, Registered Parks and Gardens and Registered Battlefields) and non-designated assets of local historic value. The NPPF draws attention to the benefits that conserving the historic environment can bring to the wider objectives of the NPPF in relation to sustainability, social, cultural, environmental and economic benefits and place-making (para 185).

The NPPF states that the significance of heritage assets (including their settings) should be identified, described and the impact of the proposal on the significance of the asset should be assessed. The NPPF identifies that the requirements for assessment and mitigation of impacts on heritage assets should be proportional to their heritage importance, and the level of assessment should be sufficient to understand potential impacts of proposals upon the significant of the affected assets. Where assets or potential assets of archaeological interest are present, the planning application should include sufficient information to enable the impact of proposals on significance to be assessed: this may include desk-based research and where necessary, field evaluation (para 189).

The NPPF sets out the approach local authorities should adopt in assessing development proposals within the context of applications for development of both designated and non-designated assets. Great weight should be given to the conservation of designated heritage assets and harm or loss to significance, irrespective of whether potential harms amounts to substantial harm, total loss of less than substantial harm to significance (para 193). Any harm to or loss of significance should require clear and convincing justification. Substantial harm to or loss of a Grade II Listed Building, Park or Garden should be exceptional. Substantial harm to or loss of designated heritage assets of the highest significance, notably Scheduled Monuments, Protected Wreck Sites, Registered Battlefields, Grade I and II* Listed Buildings, Grade I and II* Registered Parks and Gardens, and World Heritage Sites, should be wholly exceptional (para 194). Additional guidance is given on the consideration of elements within World Heritage Sites and Conservation Areas (para 201).

Where there is substantial harm to or loss of significance of a designated heritage asset, consent must be refused unless a number of criteria are met, including achieving substantial public benefits that outweigh the

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harm or loss (para 195). Where there is less than substantial harm, the harm should be weighed against the public benefits of the development (para 196). Balanced judgements should be made when weighing applications that directly or indirectly affect non-designated heritage assets (para 197). The NPPF also makes provision to allow development which enhances World Heritage Sites and Conservation Areas (para 200). Non-designated assets of archaeological interest that are of demonstrable equivalent significance to scheduled monuments, should be considered subject to the policies for designated heritage assets (footnote 63).

Where loss of significance as a result of development is considered justified, the NPPF includes provision to allow for the recording and advancing understanding of the asset before it is lost in a manner proportionate to the importance and impact. The results of these investigations and the archive should be made publicly accessible. The ability to record evidence should not however be a factor in deciding whether loss should be permitted (para 199 and footnote 64) (Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government, 2019).

5.1.5 Historic Environment Good Practice in Planning Note 3: The Setting of Heritage Assets second edition (Historic England 2017) Historic Environment Good Practice Advice in Planning Note 3: The Setting of Heritage Assets second edition (Historic England, 2017) provides more detailed advice on how to approach setting assessments and expands upon the NPPF and related guidance in PPG. This 2017 guidance supersedes Good Practice Advice 3 – The Setting of Heritage Assets (1st edition, 2015) and Seeing the History in the View: A Method for assessing Heritage Significance within Views (English Heritage, 2011). A five-step process is recommended for proportionate setting assessments, of which steps 1-4 have been taken into account in preparing this assessment:

 Step 1: identify which heritage assets and their settings are affected;

 Step 2: assess the degree to which these settings and views make a contribution to the significance of the heritage asset(s) or allow significance to be appreciated;

 Step 3: assess the effects of the proposed development, whether beneficial or harmful, on the significance or the ability to appreciate it; and,

 Step 4: explore the way to maximise enhancement and avoid or minimise harm.

Also of relevance to the proposed development is the following advice:

 The settings of heritage assets change over time. Understanding the history of change will help to determine how further development within the asset’s setting is likely to affect the contribution made by setting to the significance of the heritage asset.

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5.1.6 Planning Practice Guidance (PPG): Historic Environment (MHCLG, July 2019) This guidance has been updated in support of the NPPF (2019) and reiterates the importance of assessing heritage assets in a manner appropriate to their significance, and the contribution to its setting, to better understand the potential impact and acceptability of development proposals.

Conservation is an active process of maintenance and managing change, requiring a flexible and thoughtful approach. The neglect and decay of heritage assets is best addressed by ensuring that they have a viable use that is consistent with their conservation.

An important consideration should be whether development proposals adversely affect (harm) a heritage asset’s significance. Key elements of the guidance relate to assessing harm as ‘substantial’ or ‘less than substantial’ in accordance with NPPF paragraphs 196-198. Critically, it is the degree of harm to the heritage asset’s significance rather than the scale of the development that is to be assessed and should be explicitly identified.

The level of substantial harm is stated to be a ‘high test’. Whether development proposals cause substantial harm will be a judgment in the decision-taking process, having regard to the circumstances of the case and by applying the relevant NPPF paragraphs. The harm may arise directly from works to the heritage asset, or indirectly from development within its setting. A thorough assessment of the harm that development proposals will have on this setting needs to consider, and be proportionate to, the heritage asset’s significance and the degree to which any changes enhance or detract from that significance, and the ability to appreciate and experience it.

5.2 Local Policy and Guidance

5.2.1 Coventry Local Plan 2011 - 2031 (adopted 2017) The Coventry Local Plan was adopted 6th December 2017 and sets out Coventry’s blueprint and vision to help re-establish itself as one of the country’s top 10 cities, enhance its position at the centre of the Coventry and Warwickshire Sub-region and contribute towards the West Midlands engine for growth. It has three policies directly relating to archaeology and heritage:

 Policy GE3: Biodiversity, Geological, Landscape and Archaeological Conservation

 Policy DE1: Ensuring High Quality Design

 Policy HE2: Conservation and Heritage Assets

The full details of the above policies can be found in Appendix D.

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6. Baseline Data

Period Description Date range

Palaeolithic The Palaeolithic is divided into the Lower, Middle and Upper Palaeolithic, Up to 4,000 and and is characterised by hunting practices and flint tools. The Mesolithic is BCE Mesolithic often characterised by the microlithic flint industry and a gradual move towards cultivation and domestics. Neolithic A period typically associated with the appearance of large ritual and 4,000 BCE to ceremonial monuments in the landscape, and a reliance on cultivation 2,200 BCE practices and domestics, as well as the first appearance of pottery in the archaeological record. Bronze Age The period is subdivided into the Early, Middle and Late Bronze Age, and 2,200 BCE to is typically characterised by the appearance of bronze metalworking in the 700 BCE archaeological record, a change in domestic and ceremonial architecture, and increased agricultural activity and land management. Iron Age The Iron Age is characterised by increasing evidence for land management 800/700 BCE and the use of iron, as well as defensive monuments such as hillforts and to 43 CE oppida. There is also increased evidence for continental influences in the pre-conquest period. Romano- Traditionally, the Romano-British period begins with the Roman invasion in 43 CE to c. British 43 CE and ends with the emperor Honorius directing Britain to see to its 450 CE own defence in 410 CE. The period is characterised by military operations, the establishment of central civitates for instance, while on a regional scale, vernacular architecture and traditions persisted. Anglo- Following the breakdown of Roman rule, incoming Angles and Saxons 450 CE to Saxon/ early established a series of kingdoms in England, including Northumbria and 1066 CE medieval Wessex. The earlier part of the period was associated with paganism, with the emergence of Christianity and establishment of the church from the 5th century. By the 9th century, the manorial system was widespread. Later The later medieval period commences with the Norman Invasion and 1066 CE to medieval culminates with the dissolution of the monasteries. Following the conquest, 1540 CE castles were established as a sign of power, and often provided the focus of royal and ecclesiastical centres. More and more marginal land was also exploited to support agriculture and expanded industry. Post- The post-medieval period is an age of transition between the medieval c. 1540 CE to medieval world and the Industrial and Agricultural revolutions of the 18th and early 1750 CE 19th century. The period is characterised by the expansion of economy and industry that contributed to the onset of industrialisation, although activity was typically centred on small workshops and ‘cottage’ industries. For many, ordinary life was disrupted by conflict culminating in the Civil Wars. Industrial The catalyst for the Industrial Revolution was steam and coal driven 1750 CE to technology, and led to the establishment of large factories, foundries and 1900 CE works. The growing demand for resources such as coal also led to the establishment of canals to more effectively link mines to industrial centres,

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while the ‘Turnpike Acts’ allowed new roads to be established. By the 19th century, the establishment of the railway further transformed the landscape, and as well as mineral resources, also carried passengers. Modern Warfare is perhaps the most enduring image of 20th century Britain, 1900 CE bringing about major economic and social changes, as well as defensive onwards and commemorative structures. Extant military structures and defence landscapes survive in many parts of the country

6.1 Designated Sites

A study area of 1km around the application site has been examined to assess the nature of the surrounding cultural heritage sites and place the recorded sites within their context. There are no designated assets within the application site.

There are no World Heritage Sites, Registered Battlefields, Registered Parks and Gardens, Scheduled Monuments or Conservation Areas within the study area. Details of the designated heritage assets can be seen in Appendix E and their locations are shown on Figure 2. Bracketed numbers within the text refer to the identifiers within the table and on Figure 2 in Appendix E.

There are three Listed Buildings, all Grade II, within the study area. The 16th century Whitley Abbey Bridge is to the west of the application site (approximately 0.7km) and is a stone single span arched bridge with buttressed piers. Sowe Viaduct (1431088) was designed by Robert Stephenson and completed in 1838 and is constructed of brick with stone dressing to the arches, stringcourse and cornice. Approximately 0.8km north-east of the application site, the railway viaduct was built for the London and Birmingham Railway to cross the River Sowe. Lastly, the Church of St John the Divine (1422601) is to the east (approximately 0.7km) and was designed by Basil Spence and built by Wimpey between 1954 and 1957 in an open, basilican plan, measuring 90 x 30 feet.

The designated heritage assets are discussed in more detail in the accompanying Built Heritage Statement, and therefore no longer considered within this report.

6.2 Archaeological and Historic Background

6.2.1 Archaeological Background and Non-Designated Heritage Assets The regional Historic Environment Record for holds details for 68 recorded archaeological monuments and findspots (excluding designated assets), and 33 archaeological events, within the 1km study area. The details of sites can be seen in Appendix E and on Figures 3 and 4.

The Coventry City Historic Environment Record documents threes assets within the application site.

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Towards the centre of the site (and western boundary) is Whitley Pumping Station and its associated lodge; both locally listed Grade II (Local Listing DCT736, MCT723 and MCT724, Coventry City Council, 16 Sep 1993), and are classified as Buildings at Risk by the Coventry Society. They were constructed for Coventry Corporation between 1893-95 to designs by the eminent civil engineer Thomas Hawksley (1807-93). The Pump House originally enclosed a pair of beam engines to pump water into the covered reservoir to the south. They are set within enclosed, landscaped grounds, as shown on the 1906 OS Map. A drive extends from the entrance, dividing in two around an ‘island’ planted with trees and shrubs. The Italian Gothic style was a favourite of Hawksley’s, and closely resembles his Dalton Pumping Station (Grade II*), at Dalton le Dale, Sunderland (1873-79). According to the Coventry City Council listing, the Pump House was “reconstructed/electrified in 1930s”. Plans were submitted for redevelopment in 2007, but the Lodge since suffered fire damage. By 2012 the Pumping Station itself had been reduced to the Engine House’s central block, losing its chimney tower and outbuildings (boiler and storerooms). The Pumping Station and associated lodge are discussed in more detail in the accompanying Built Heritage Statement, and therefore no longer considered within this report.

Intersecting the southern boundary is the site of the post-medieval Seven Stars Inn (MCT17124). The building was previously an inn before becoming a house, and then finally a farm before being demolished. The site is now occupied by Folly Lane Boy’s Club.

The site has not been subjected to any archaeological events, however to the adjacent north, a programme of watching briefs were undertaken during the groundworks of the Alan Higgs Centre in 2004 (ECT261, ECT262, ECT263, ECT264, ECT265, ECT266, ECT267, ECT268, ECT269, ECT270), however, unfortunately the results of the archaeological works were not available.

6.2.2 Prehistoric Across Britain, the main evidence for the Palaeolithic period is stone tools, with evidence being most concentrated within the southern part of England, particularly in the regions of the Thames, Severn and Medway valleys. Sites are typically recognised from lithic scatters, often found within river gravels and terraces, as well as caves and rock shelters in some areas. The geography of known remains is often highly regionalised, as sediments from the period have often been destroyed or reworked by natural processes. Recent work however, on a number of research projects and infrastructure projects (e.g. the M6 toll road) has altered this picture with the discovery of a greater density of sites, including Mesolithic flint scatters, isolated Neolithic pits and hollows, Bronze Age burnt mounds and Iron Age settlement enclosures (Hodder 2011, 21). There are no assets of Palaeolithic date within the study area.

Like the Palaeolithic period, the Mesolithic is characterised by ephemeral traces of activity; sites are principally recognised from concentrations of lithics, as the temporary settlements used by these communities left little

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other trace in the landscape. It is very rare to find in situ evidence for Mesolithic settlement sites. In many areas, evidence for Mesolithic activity has been highly dependent upon concentrations of archaeological fieldwork within particular parts of the landscape, and the visibility of material may have been impacted upon by coastal and sea-level changes. Finds densities in the region (especially of Early Mesolithic material) are relatively low in comparison with other parts of Britain. Most Mesolithic artefacts have been found in surface contexts, but systematic collection has rarely been undertaken, with locations usually being imprecise, and finds are also uneven in distribution, with significantly more recorded in Warwickshire and Worcestershire than other counties in the region (Garwood 2011, 27, 31). However, across the wider area, the nature and curation of the Palaeolithic evidence formed part of a research project, ‘The Shotton Project: A Midlands Palaeolithic Network’ with the aim of fostering a better understanding of the material and in its identification (Buteux 2003 cited in Buteax & Lang 2002, 13). There are no Assets of Mesolithic date within the study area.

The Neolithic was a period of increasingly permanent human occupation, although seasonal mobility and the exploitation of wild resources continued throughout the period. Mortuary monuments, along with the introduction of pottery, domesticates and arable farming practices mark the beginning of the Neolithic period, and the construction of large ceremonial monuments arguably marks a clear change in ideology from the preceding Mesolithic period. No large groups of Early Neolithic funerary monuments and enclosures have been identified so far in the West Midlands: monuments of this period are rare here, whether long barrows, chambered tombs or enclosures (Garwood 2011, 37-38). It is unclear whether this represents settlement patterns or simply lack of preservation, for example, through alluviation of land surfaces in river valleys. The shift from Early to Middle Neolithic in the region is marked by the appearance of ceremonial sites and large monuments such as cursuses. However, henges andstone and timber circles are almost completely absent from the Late Neolithic West Midlands (Garwood 2011, 46-58). The Neolithic period is represented by one find within the study area: a flint axe found in Pinley (MCT624), approximately 0.6km west of the application site.

The Bronze Age period is characterised by significant changes in material culture, and in domestic and ceremonial architecture. The introduction of bronze metalworking is traditionally associated with the appearance of Beaker culture. Mortuary ceremonies also change emphasis in this period, with a shift from the large communal complexes and inhumations of the Neolithic, to individual cremations and round barrow cemeteries. Across Britain, the Bronze Age is also associated with increased agricultural activity and enclosures, associated with improved cultivation techniques, particularly in the Middle and Late periods. This also includes evidence for clearance cairns, particularly in upland locations, which are traditionally associated with Bronze Age improvement of land for grazing or cultivation. The evidence for Bronze Age activity in the wider region is weighted towards funerary monuments, with settlement evidence proving a rarity (Garwood 2011, 9; Hurst 2011, 104). What domestic evidence that has been found has been used to infer evidence of

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Middle and Late Bronze Age settlement, as most of the finds within the region are limited to casual or metal detecting discoveries, or antiquarian finds (Hurst 2011, 102).There is one asset dating to the Bronze Age within the study area: a palstave, which was found in 1930, to the south-west of the study area (approximately 0.9km) (MCT594).

By the Iron Age period, the landscape saw increasing evidence for field systems and defended sites, and much stronger evidence for continental influences than earlier periods. The period is also marked by evidence for the appearance of iron technology in the archaeological record. Perhaps the most characteristic monument which appeared in the landscape of Britain during the Iron Age is the hillfort. These defended sites, often located on the edges of the natural plateaus and escarpments, may have originated in the late Bronze Age and some may have continued in use into the Roman period; however, relatively little excavation has been undertaken at these sites and therefore their individual histories are not always understood. The centre of the region was the Iron Age tribal area of the Corieltauvi, an agricultural tribe centred on the East Midlands, with the neighbouring Cornovii to the north and west of the region (Cleary 2011, 141). There is little known about the nature of the Iron Age/Roman transition period due to the scarcity of the evidence (Guest 2002, 2). For the West Midlands region, potential Iron Age settlements are shown more clearly on aerial photographs by the sites being enclosed by ditches, whilst the funerary practices become less frequent (Hurst 2011, 106). At the very edge of the study area to the south-east, a site of an Iron Age settlement was excavated at Orchard Retail Park (ECT217), with the evidence including a series of pits containing pottery, post holes and two shallow ditched, alongside 31 sherds of Droitwich briquetage (MCT16843).

6.2.3 Romano-British The West Midlands spans both halves of Roman Britain: the south and east, with its archaeology of towns, villas, temples, burials, artefacts; and the north and west, with its forts, vici and low-level artefacts (Cleary 2011, 127). There is a seemingly low level of material culture within the region, along with poor site visibility, which has resulted in the lack of identification of Roman remains beyond major military installations or highly visible towns or villas. Remains of Roman date often consist of chance discoveries of rural sites that are heavily truncated by ploughed fields, with little structural material (ibid, 127-139). Recent findings associated with the M6 toll road for instance, identified remains for the Romano-British period, which were dominated by settlement and burials concentrated around Wall (Letocetum), Ryknield Street and Watling Street.

To the south and-south-west, Baginton developed on a plateau between the Avon and the Sowe, where the sandstone has an overlay of glacial gravels and sands. Its more elevated position and drainage seems to have made it more attractive for early settlement, (Salzman, 1951) with some prehistoric finds and more substantial evidence of occupation from Roman times onward. There is evidence of 1st Century CE Roman military activity around Baginton at Home Farm and in particular at The Lunt auxiliary fort site, a Scheduled

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Monument 2km south-west of the application site (SM 1017245). Scattered Roman pottery remains with settlement traces have also been found during field-walking south of Willenhall Wood, Coventry Eastern Bypass Site 1 (approximately 1.5km east), excavated in 1987. To the south-east of the application site (approximately 3km), archaeological works at a former car factory discovered Romano-British enclosures, thought to be parts of small farmsteads (Jones 2008). There are no assets of Romano-British date within the study area.

6.2.4 Early medieval/Anglo-Saxon The early medieval period may be compared to the early prehistoric period in terms of its archaeological visibility within the region. However, documentary sources and place-name evidence provide evidence for intense settlement activity, alongside a developed landscape around the country. New settlements were established with many of the towns emerging; field systems underwent change with open-field agriculture being introduced. Following the withdrawal of the Romans, England fell prey to invaders from Europe, with the Midlands population including settlers such as Saxons, Frisians and Middle Angles.

New settlements were established with many of the towns within the area emerging at this time. Kingdoms coalesced, with the region becoming part of Greater Mercia, which expanded from its heartland in the Trent valley to subsume Hwicce, Magonsæte and Wreocensæte to the south and west (Hooke 2011, 149). Field systems underwent change with open-field agriculture being introduced. There are remains of Saxon-era settlement in Baginton, approximately 2km south-east of the development site, with sunken-featured buildings (Hooke 2011, 154). There are no assets dating the early medieval period within the study area.

6.2.5 Medieval The Norman Conquest provides a firm date for the commencement of the later medieval period across England and documentary evidence becomes increasingly important through the period with the Domesday Book recording the content and ownership of manors in the 1080’s.

However, the immediate area of the development site does not appear in the Domesday Book. Although, it is detailed that the nearby Pinley and Whitley were part of St Michael’s Parish. The River Sowe formed its boundary with the parishes of Binley, Willenhall and Baginton; Stivichall parish lay west of Baginton, south of St Michael’s. According to Stephens (1969), Whitley Grove was later planted on the site of the medieval sandstone quarries (MCT1032) used in the construction of St Michael’s Church (with the ‘old’ cathedral left as a shell by the Blitz), and other historic buildings in the city.

One of the main landowners (especially in Whitley and Stoke) was St Mary’s Priory, the chief ecclesiastical foundation in Coventry, to which Ranulf de Gernon, Earl of Chester, restored a number of properties in the first half of the 12th century. Stivichall was granted to the Bishop by Ranulf’s son, Hugh. Documentary

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evidence details that Willenhall civil parish was also an estate of the Priory. Several assets within the study area attest to the medieval history of Willenhall, including the medieval settlement area (MCT1013), possible site of Willenhall Hall (MCT1052), Willenhall Bridge (MCT1054), and a watermill (MCT1051).

Documentary evidence details that Pinley was held by the Langley family in early 13th century, with Pinley (consisting of nine cottages, without a village centre) (MCT1016) and Whitley seem to have sparsely inhabited. Stephens suggests (1969), it would have been possible for lords and tenants alike to live in Coventry. Within the study area, evidence for the medieval history of Pinley is found in the possible site of Pinley Manor House (MCT1037), ridge and furrow (MCT 752), and Pinley Park (MCT1030).

Historical sources detail that only three cottages were present in Whitley in 1219; two hundred years later, this had increased to only six houses on the priory's estate. This small hamlet seems to have developed in the 14th century, likely to serve traffic on the London road. Despite its tiny size, there were frequent court cases involving illicit brewing, violence and losses of carts and horses. Apart from the brewers and millers, the only other occupation mentioned there was that of shepherd (Stephens, 1969).

In the 1420s, the manor was purchased by John Bristowe, merchant draper and Mayor of Coventry; there were intermittent outbreaks of unrest against him and his son William due to their attempts to enclose Whitley Common, now approx 1.15 km west-north-west from the application site (Liddy, 2017, 82-83). Again, several assets within the study area attest to the medieval history of Whitley, including the possible site of the medieval settlement (MCT133), Whitley Chapel (MCT1031) (now demolished), Whitley Abbey Bridge (MCT474), Whitley Mill (MCT163), and gallows (MCT1040).

On the east bank of the River Sowe, there was a chapel dedicated to St James, later marked by Chapel Farm (MCT1055), and with St James’ Lane preserving the name in modern times. It is also noted that the Cistercian monks of Combe Abbey established a moated grange farm (Historic England, 2019e) at Ernesford, Binley during the 13th century. This is now a Scheduled Monument (1014046), 1.5km north of the application site and within the grounds of Ernesford Grange Community Academy.

Baginton has substantial medieval remains, some 2km south-west of the application site. These include Bagot’s Castle (SM 1011193), a motte adapted in late 14th century to a tower keep, with associated ponds, watermill, Saxon-period settlement with cemetery, and 18th century gazebo. St John the Baptist’s Church, built in the 13th century, is a Grade I listed building (1116539), with a brass memorial to Sir William Bagot (d. 1407) and his wife.

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Within the study area, there are further assets that date to the medieval period; these include ridge and furrow (MCT743, MCT16844), watermills (MCT994), millponds (MCT16242), meadows (MCT16241), moats (MCT2354), a pit or ditch (MCT468, and a possible site of a cross (MCT1038).

6.2.6 Post-medieval, Industrial and Modern periods The post-medieval period is an age of transition between the medieval world and the Agricultural and Industrial revolutions of the 18th and early 19th century, being one of widespread change. The population of England nearly doubled between 1541 and 1651, followed by a period of slow growth before accelerating again in the late 18th century. It saw the transition from an agricultural economy to industrial; shifting from a rural population to urban, from horsepower to water then steam, and finally, internal combustion and the rise of consumerism, with today’s urban and rural landscape being laid out. There was also political unrest, with a number of known battles in the West Midlands during the mid-17th century Civil Wars.

After the Dissolution of the Monasteries, the major tenants of the Priory and other ecclesiastical estates became independent landholders, developing their properties as country houses. It is noted that the Priory’s interest in Whitley seems to have lapsed before the Bristowes’ era, changing hands several times in this time. Whitley Hall (approximately 0.9km south-east) was built in the late 16th-early 17th century, probably by the Tate family (MCT472) (Bartholomew Tate, MP, d. 1601, or his son, Sir William, d. 1618). Renamed Whitley Abbey, although not a monastic foundation, survived until the 1950s. Whitley Abbey Bridge (1076652) over the River Sherbourne on Abbey Road (the old London Road, turnpiked in 1723-4) is likely to survive from the same period as the house.

From the later 18th century the main lines of industrial development in Coventry were in ribbon weaving and watchmaking, followed after less than a century, by the emergence of the city first as the cradle of cycle manufacture and later as an important centre of the motor industry and its ancillary trades. Despite the industrial boom within the city centre, it appeared that the industries of the surrounding area of Whitley were based primarily on agriculture.

On the roadside immediately to the south of the application site, The Seven Stars Inn (MCT17124) was built by the end of 18th century. Evidence suggests that during the 1880s it became Whitley Stud Farm, for cattle breeding, with the 1891 Census detailing that it was run by Joseph Green, with his wife Sarah and their children and servants. Several farms were in the study area during the post-medieval and industrial periods, including Whitley Abbey Farm (MCT471), Stone House Farm (MCT1057), Pinley Green Farm (MCT782),and Upper (Little) Farm (MCT1056).

The current London Road, located 0.3km to the south of the application site was constructed in the late 1820s. The London to Birmingham Railway was established in the 1830’s to build the railway line between

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the two cities, with part of the London and Birmingham Railway (MCT16533), opened in 1838, located 0.59km to the north of the application site. Much of the line was widened during the 1960s, but this work did not reach beyond Rugby. The viaduct over the River Sowe (1431088) at Coventry (0.78km to the north-east of the application site) forms part of the original construction phase of the railway and was completed in 1838. The viaduct is shown in an original sectional drawing for the railway, marked with Robert Stephenson's name as engineer.

During the modern period, the area saw more rapid expansion of both industrial and residential land use. Immediately adjacent to the development site’s southern end, Whitley Stud Farm was rebuilt by Joseph Green as Seven Stars Farm (MCT17124) in 1905, reviving its former inn name. In the 1960s, it became Folly Lane Boys’ Club, and in more recent years a members’ social club.

World War One fuelled industrial development in and around Coventry, much of it connected with aircraft and motor vehicles. An airfield (MCT1029) was constructed adjacent to Whitley Abbey Farm, about 1km from the application site. After the war, this became an aircraft manufacturing centre for Armstrong Whitworth, and was later taken over by Hawker Siddeley. In 1969 it was purchased by the Rootes Group (owned by Chrysler Europe) and is now a centre for Jaguar Land Rover. Baginton aerodrome, approximately 1.5km south of the application site, was established in 1936 and served as RAF Baginton (for fighter aircraft) in World War Two. It was returned to civilian use as Coventry Airport post-war. Other evidence of the Second World War within the study area is in the form of an emergency water supply sign (MCT15343).

Whitley Abbey, located to 0.7km to the west-south-west of the application site, was used to house Belgian refugees, but suffered long-term neglect and was demolished in 1953. A new high school was built on the site in 1955 (Stephens, 1969), which has since been superseded by more modern school buildings (Whitley Academy and Whitley Abbey Primary School).

The development of allotment gardens between the railway line and London Road after World War One led the way for subsequent residential expansion. Pinley and Whitley were taken into the city of Coventry in 1928 (Stephens, 1969). Residential development expanded further after the Second World War – replacing bomb- damaged housing in Coventry itself and also to house the influx of workers serving the munitions and manufacturing industries of the area (motorcars, aircraft). Baginton Fields Hostel, which housed Dutch refugee children, and later women and children, and Chace National Service Hostel in Willenhall (built for wartime munitions workers) became the nuclei for the expansion of council estates to the south of the B4110 and east of the River Sowe respectively.

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6.2.7 Unknown There are five assets of unknown date within the study area, including the River Sowe (MCT15389). Other assets include a ditch (MCT8549), pond (MCT15340), the remains of an undated building (MCT15339), and boundaries and enclosures visible on aerial photographs (MCT1085).

7. Landscape Characterisation

7.1 Aerial Photographs

Aerial photographs from 1946 and 1949, supplied by Landmark Information Group’s Envirocheck report, were consulted, together with 2019 GoogleEarth images. 2013 Aerial Photography by BlueSky was accessed through Warwickshire County Council’s Warwickshire Historical & Current Maps website. There were no images of the site on the Cambridge Air Photos, the National Collection of Aerial Photography (NCAP) online database, or Britain from Above. The details of the aerial photographs viewed are listed in the references.

Comparison with the contemporary images shows the location and extent of the Pumping Station complex, including features which have now been demolished, besides the covered reservoir. The photographs show that some of the hedges/field boundaries which survive on either side of the Pumping Station enclosure predate it and are indicated on the 1887 OS Map. They also show the survival of some of the original plantings and landscaping at the Pumping Station. The reservoir to the north-west of the Pumping Station enclosure appears to be post-1940s.

All photographs suggest also that at the southernmost end of the development site, there may be some traces of either enclosed gardens or agricultural structures connected with the former Seven Stars Farm (now Folly Lane Club).

The imagery from GoogleEarth dates from as early as 1945, although the clarity is poor, through to 2018. The 1999 imagery shows the Pump Station complex still in use, with the fields to the north being used for recreational purposes, for what appears as football grounds. The western corner of the site appears to be scrubland. The forthcoming imagery shows the deterioration and overgrowth of the application site, alongside the demolishment of the Pump Station. What appears to be desire paths intersects the northern and southern areas of the application site, leading to London Road from the grounds of the Alan Higgs Centre to the north.

The 2013 BlueSky imagery show what may be faint cropmarks in the field immediately to the north of the Pumping Station enclosure. There appears to be a footprint of a rectangular shape, with a curved southern end, about c.70m in length x c.40m in width adjacent to the north-eastern corner of the pond. This rectangular feature is also present on the Google Earth Imagery from 2006 onwards. It is unclear whether these are

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reflecting structures or enclosures or may be connected with wear from the ground being used for recreational/sporting activities.

No other previously unrecorded or potential archaeological features were identified.

7.2 LiDAR data

LiDAR coverage of the site was accessed via the Environmental Agency and the composite dataset coverage of the proposed development was available at 1m spatial resolution, and the Digital Terrain Model (DTM) LiDAR tiles were viewed using ArcMap in order to use hill-shade analysis to bring out the detail of potential archaeological features. The data viewed is presented in Figure 6, Appendix E.

The data presents the application site with the Pumping Station towards the centre, alongside the related access road and lining trees. Towards the south-west of the site is the corresponding reservoir (now hardstanding). In the north of the site, remnants of a former field boundary or pathway intersects the land, orientated north-south. Within the site to the north-west of the Pumping Station, another reservoir is also present. Features in the south of the site such as former field boundaries around Seven Stars Farm correspond to the historic mapping of the area.

7.3 Historic Landscape Characterisation

Historic Landscape Characterisation data was provided by the Coventry City Council Historic Environment Record, and is presented in Figure 5 in Appendix E.

The application site is predominantly characterised as Water, more specifically the River Sowe, Binley and Willenhall as the course of the River Sowe surrounded by grassy scrub, which also extends north. The north is also characterised as Recreation, Industrial Estate, and Settlement from 1925-1955. To the east is further Civic, being the location of the adjacent Police Station, Settlement from 1973-2005, Recreation, and Open Land. To the south, the areas are characterised as Recreation, comprising playing fields and allotments, Mixed Woodland, Settlement ranging from 1956-1964, Commercial in the form of a business park and hotel. To the west is Civic in the form of three schools, Industrial, Settlement from 1925-1947, Recreation, and Commercial.

The Historic Landscape Characterisation generally suggests that the agricultural landscape has been predominantly developed during the last century.

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8. Historic Mapping Survey

A selection of historic maps, including the early Ordnance Survey maps were viewed online during the preparation of this report. A selection of maps are presented in Appendix E. An Envirocheck Landmark report of Ordnance Survey maps was also obtained and is presented in Appendix E. Due to copyright issues it has not been possible to reproduce all images here.

Prior to the construction of Whitley Pumping Station in 1893-95, the area is predominantly agricultural. The chief historical landmarks in the immediate vicinity are Whitley Hall, renamed Whitley Abbey in 1808, west of the site; a former chapel site, St James’s, near Chapel Farm, east of the River Sowe; and a moated Cistercian grange farm site, Ernesford Grange.

Sheet 53 from the 1834 Ordnance Survey First Series (1:63360) shows the site as open farmland, bounded by the River Sowe to the east, London Road (laid out in late 1820s: Stephens, 1969) to the west and south, and by a path, which may be identified with the present-day one, to the north. An inn is marked on the London Road, just to the south of the site. This is the Seven Stars Inn, in existence since at least 1792 (Stephens, 1969.)

Ordnance Survey maps (1:2500) cover the area on Warwickshire sheets XXI.16 (Coventry), XXII.13 (Coventry), XXVI.4 (Baginton; Coventry; Stoneleigh) and XXVII.1 (Baginton; Brandon and Bretford; Coventry; Ryton on Dunsmore).

The 1887 OS map (1:2500) show that the site mainly remains agricultural land. Before the construction of Allard Way (A4082), to the north of the site, in the 1980s, there were remains of a former gravel pit (shown on OS maps up to and including 1982) about 500 m from the Pump House. The Rugby to Birmingham railway line (opened as part of the London and Birmingham Railway in 1838) now appears to the north of the site. Marshy ground liable to flood is indicated to the north, on the eastern bank of the Sowe. The former Seven Stars Inn to the south is now designated Whitley Stud Farm.

The 1905-06 OS Map (1:2500) shows the Pumping Station and its Lodge House, constructed between 1893- 95 by Thomas Hawksley, with tree-planting in enclosed grounds, at the centre of the development site. There are sluices and a weir on the river just east of the enclosure. There is agricultural land to the north and south of the Pumping Station enclosure. To the north, the field boundaries remain as they were in the 1880s. To the south, some of this belongs to Whitley Stud Farm, which was rebuilt in 1905 (Stephens, 1969) and renamed Seven Stars Farm. One of the farm outbuildings is within the southern bounds of the development site. To the south-east of the farm, a Syphon Pumping Station for sewage has been built. Another sewage pumping station is located south of Pinley Green Farm. The wider area is beginning to develop, with Pinleyhill

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Farm, to the north of the site, just south of the railway line, having been taken over as the site of Pinley Hospital for Infectious Diseases, under Coventry Corporation. Whitley Common is in use as a Golf Course.

The 1919 OS map (1:10560) shows Whitley Aerodrome (constructed during WW1) adjacent to Whitley Abbey Farm to the south-west. The area to the north of London Road, south of the railway is being developed with allotment gardens and a children’s home.

The 1925-26 OS map (1:2500) shows a covered reservoir just south of the original enclosure of the Pumping Station grounds. The aerodrome south-west of the site is now identified as engineering works: the manufacturing centre for Armstrong Whitworth Aircraft Co. Ltd.

The 1938 OS map (1:2500) shows no marked changes to the development site around the Pumping Station. However, the Infectious Diseases hospital has moved west of Humber Road (formerly Folly Lane) and south of Pinley Green Farm, to the site of the sewage pumping station. This becomes Whitley Hospital.

The 1947, 1953-55 and 1967 OS maps (1:2500) show increasing residential development in the area, notwithstanding the floodplain history around the Sowe. The establishment of Baginton Fields Hostel (which housed Dutch refugee children, and later needy women and children) and Chace National Service Hostel in Willenhall (built for wartime munitions workers) have led to the expansion of council estates in these areas, respectively to the south and east of the development site. The site itself remains essentially unaltered.

The 1973 OS map shows the former Infectious Diseases hospital site is occupied by an electricity substation, with Seven Stars Industrial Estate developing around it. Seven Stars Farm, south of the Pumping Station, has become Folly Lane Boys’ Club (a change of function in 1960s), and is now a social club, a return to its earlier history as an inn. The 1982 and 1992 OS maps (1:1250) show no further significant changes to the development site itself: the Pumping Station enclosure remains with agricultural land to north and south, with riverside area to east. The 1992 map does, however, show a new road, Allard Way (A4082), running north- east of the site. The 1999 OS map shows that the Whitley Hospital site has been replaced by a superstore.

The 2017 OS map shows football pitches associated with the Alan Higgs Sports Centre (opened in 2004) just to the north of the site: the home ground of Coventry United FC. The current (2019) OS map indicates there is a pond on the site, in the field immediately to the north of the Pumping Station enclosure.

9. Site Walkover Survey

A site walkover survey was undertaken on 7th October 2019 by Joe Turner (PCIfA). The weather was cloudy but bright, with good visibility across the site.

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The site comprises a former lodge, historical Pump Station, driveway and undulating vegetated land. The former lodge is located in the central-west section of the site. The lodge comprises a disused brick building that is boarded up, with the roof having been removed and replaced with plastic sheeting (Photograph 1). The historical Pump Station, located in the central-east section of the site, is currently disused. The eastern part of the Pump Station has previously been demolished. Access to the Pump Station is via an asphalt driveway with a turning circle fronting the Pump Station (Photograph 2 and 3).

The Pump Station is constructed of concrete, stone and brick, with the entrance gated and missing windows partially boarded (Photograph 4 and 5). The Pump Station was surrounded by hardstanding ground, with a stockpile of bricks and concrete, presumably from the demolished adjacent buildings, were observed adjacent (Photograph 6). Two concrete structures with protruding 100mm iron pipes were observed to the west of the Pump Station and adjacent to the driveway (Photograph 7). The former use of the two pipes are unknown. A small concrete chamber with a galvanised access ladder was located in the centre of the site (south of the turning circle). A reservoir was noted in the central-west section of the site that was densely overgrown , limiting access (Photograph 8). The northern area of the application site was generally flat topographically (Photograph 9), whereas to the south of the Pump Station, the area is a generally formed into a steep mound which may be artificial and relate to the construction of the Pump Station (Photograph 10).

Other than field boundaries and the Pump Station and associated lodge, no potential archaeological features or deposits identified during the walkover survey.

10. Heritage Potential and Impacts

10.1 Archaeological Potential

There is considered to be low potential for archaeological remains of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic date to be encountered within the application site. Evidence for Palaeolithic activity is limited in the region, although some sparse lithic finds from sand and gravel quarries, and from within river terraces. Mesolithic is more well known, mostly from flint scatters, however there is little found within the surrounding area.

There is considered to be a low potential for archaeological remains of Neolithic or Bronze Age date to be encountered within the application site. Most evidence is limited to findspots from causal discoveries within the region. This is proven with both periods represented by one find from each period: a flint axe and palstave.

There is considered to be a low potential for archaeological remains of Iron Age date to be encountered within the application site. Little is known of the Iron Age within the region due to the scarcity of evidence. Generally, recorded archaeology from this period is settlement cropmarks from aerial photography, although

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it is noted that within the study area, at the very edge, to the south-east, a site of an Iron Age settlement was excavated at Orchard Retail Park (ECT217, MCT16843).

There is considered to be a low to moderate potential for archaeological remains of Roman date to be encountered within the application site. The application site is located close to several known Roman sites within Baginton: the Roman site of the Lunt auxiliary fort (SM 1017245), 2km south-west, alongside evidence of settlement to the east and south-east.

There is considered to be a low potential for archaeological remains of early medieval date to be encountered within the application site. The period is still poorly understood and lacking archaeological evidence, with evidence within the surrounding area limited to the south-east in Baginton.

There is considered to be a moderate potential for archaeological remains of medieval to post-medieval date onwards to be encountered within the application site, with the majority of the evidence within the study area primarily dating from these periods. There is good cartographic coverage of the application site, showing that it has been used for the use of the Pumping Station from the end of the 19th century, with the surrounding land as recreational use in the modern period from aerial photography. The surrounding areas were predominantly used for agricultural activity from the post-medieval period onwards, with limited industrial areas. The archaeological potential and impacts at different sections within the application site is considered in more detail in the table below.

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Table 1: summarising the potential, heritage value and anticipated magnitude of impact for each individual heritage assets/ group of assets.

Potential Description and value Magnitude of Impact Archaeology There is a moderate potential for previously unrecorded remains and deposits that date The development proposals are likely to to the post-medieval period. this is due to the post-medieval Seven Stars Inn have up to a substantial negative (MCT17124) intersecting the southern boundary of the application site. It is likely that magnitude of impact upon any remains Post-Medieval and prior to the construction of the Pumping Station, the application site may have been present, depending on the location, Industrial period used for agricultural use related to the Seven Stars Inn former farming use. The building preservation, character and extent of archaeological was previously an inn before becoming a house, and then finally a farm before being remains. remains demolished. The site is now occupied by Folly Lane Boy’s Club. If present, such features are likely to be limited evidential value and local interest depending on character and preservation.

There is a low to moderate potential for previously unrecorded archaeological remains The development proposals are likely to and deposits; the application site is located in an archaeological landscape, and have up to a substantial negative numerous remains have been found within the study area, including the site of an Iron magnitude of impact upon any remains Age settlement, medieval settlement evidence and medieval onwards activity in the form present, depending on the location, agricultural and industrial evidence. preservation, character and extent of remains. It is anticipated that previously unrecorded remains and deposits could include:  Prehistoric activity associated with the past use of the landscape, in particular Previously from the Iron Age period. If present, the value of such remains would depend unrecorded on the preservation and presence, as they could provide information about archaeological the past local environment and may range from modest value and local to remains regional importance.  Romano-British activity associated with the Roman sites (Lunt auxiliary fort (SM 1017245) and other settlement evidence could be present, such as finds, considering the proximity to the site. If present, the value of such remains will depend on their character, extent and preservation, as well as their relationship with the Roman sites, and range from modest to high evidential value and local to regional importance.

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Potential Description and value Magnitude of Impact Archaeology  Medieval and post-medieval activity, generally in the form of settlement evidence as the surrounding areas are generally first recorded in the 13th century, beginning as a small agricultural hamlets, with further agricultural evidence in the form of ridge and furrow, farms etc. before later developing to other industries such as watermills etc. Where present, such features are likely to be limited evidential value and local interest depending on character and preservation.  Considering the known past use of the application site as the surrounding grounds of the Whitley Pumping Station and associated buildings, it is likely that further evidence for Industrial period use will be present within the application site, considering the past use of the surrounding landscape, and the consideration of the current known (confirmed) assets within the site, and cartographic evidence of the Industrial period onwards. Where present, such features are likely to be limited evidential value and local interest depending on character and preservation.

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11. Mitigation Recommendations and Conclusions

11.1 Archaeological Remains

Within the green areas of the site, the potential for unrecorded archaeological remains is considered to be low for all periods prior to the medieval periods onwards, whereas from the medieval periods onwards the potential is considered to be moderate, considering the evidence from the study area and sources reviewed. The nature and extent of archaeological remains on site is unknown at this time, however, should features or deposits survive in situ, then development of the site would result in a substantial negative impact upon those remains, as they would likely be destroyed as a result of groundworks, however this can be mitigated for via appropriate archaeological recording.

The previous development of the Pumping Station and associated buildings and hardstanding areas within the site will likely have heavily truncated any unrecorded archaeological remains, if present, and therefore no further works are recommended.

As for the green areas within the site, it is anticipated that there may be a requirement for further archaeological assessment, most likely archaeological investigation such as geophysical surveying across the application site, to confirm the presence or absence of any archaeological remains

It is recommended that consultation is undertaken with the Coventry City Council Conservation and Archaeology Team in the first instance, as this will guide the requirement for further archaeological work. Any further archaeological work should be undertaken in accordance with the standards and guidance from the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists, and a Written Scheme of Investigation agreed in advance with the Coventry City Council Conservation and Archaeology Team. It is our belief that further archaeological work can be undertaken in accordance with a future Reserved Matters application.

It is considered that a secured programme of archaeological investigation, recording and publication would satisfy the NPPF (2019) requirement for the significance of heritage assets to be lost (wholly or in part) to be recorded in a manner proportionate their importance and the impact, and to make this publicly accessible, and would further enable the significance of non-designated heritage assets within the site to be understood and hence balanced against the scale of loss. Assuming appropriate archaeological mitigation is secured, the proposal is also considered to comply with local policy.

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References

Legislation, Policies, Standards and Guidance Documents  Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979. (c.46).

 Coventry City Council, Coventry Local Plan 2011 - 2031 (adopted 2017). Coventry: Coventry City Council.

 Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (CIfA), 2014. Code of Conduct. Reading: University of Reading.

 CIfA, 2017. Standard and guidance for archaeological desk-based assessment. Reading: University of Reading.

 Historic England, 2008. Conservation Principles, Policies and Guidance for the Sustainable Management of the Historic Environment.

 Historic England, 2015. Management of Research Projects in the Historic Environment, The MoRPHE Project Managers’ Guide. London: Historic England.

 Historic England, 2017. Historic Environment Good Practice in Planning Note 3 Second Edition: The Setting of Heritage Assets. London: Historic England.

 MHCLG, 2019. National Planning Policy Framework. London: HMSO.

 MHCLG, 2019. Planning Practice Guidance (PPG): Historic Environment (July 2019). London: HMSO.

 Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government (MHCLG), 2018. Conserving and Enhancing the Historic Environment. London: HMSO.

 Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990. (c.9).

 Protection of Military Remains Act 1986. (c. 35). London: HMSO

Bibliography  Buteux, S.T.E. & Lang, A.T.O., 2002. Lost but not forgotten: the Lower and Middle Palaeolithic occupation of the West Midlands. West Midlands Regional Research Framework: Birmingham. [online] Available at: [Accessed 12th October 2019].

 Cleary, S.E., 2011. The Romano-British period: an assessment. In: S. Watt (ed.), The Archaeology of the West Midlands. A Framework for Research. Oxford: Oxbow Books. 127-148

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 Cranfield University, 2019. Cranfield Soil and Agrifood Institute: Soilscapes Map. [online] Available at: [Accessed 12th November 2019].

 Garwood, P., 2011. The earlier prehistory of the west midlands. In: S. Watt (ed.), The Archaeology of the West Midlands. A Framework for Research. Oxford: Oxbow Books. 9-100.

 Guest, P., 2002. The Iron Age-Roman Interface. West Midlands Regional Research Framework: Birmingham. [online] Available at: [Accessed 12th October 2019].

 Hodder, M.A., 2011. Birmingham: The Hidden History. Stroud: Tempus.

 Hooke, D., 2011. The post-Roman and the early medieval periods in the west midlands: A potential archaeological agenda. In: S. Watt (ed.), The Archaeology of the West Midlands. A Framework for Research. Oxford: Oxbow Books. 149-172.

 Hurst, D., 2011. Middle Bronze Age to Iron Age: a research assessment overview and agenda. In: S. Watt (ed.), The Archaeology of the West Midlands. A Framework for Research. Oxford: Oxbow Books. 101-126.

 Jones, C., 2008. Archaeological Excavation at the former Peugeot Citroen Ryton Plant (Remediation Area B2), Ryton-on-Dunsmore, Warwickshire. Warwick: Warwickshire Museum Field Services. Report 0827

 Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), 2019. British Geological Survey Map. [online] Available at: [Accessed 12th November 2019].

Historic Maps, Drawings and Aerial Photography

 Google Earth 7.0, 1945, 1999, 2001, 2006,2007, 2010, 2012, 2015, 2016, 2018. Whitley Pumping Station. 52°23'14.40"N, 1°28'33.51"W, elevation 67M. Available through: [Accessed 12th November 2019].

 Ordnance Survey, 1887-1889. Warwickshire XXII.SW. OS County series map, 1:2,500, 1: 10,560. Southampton: Ordnance Survey.

 Ordnance Survey, 1905-1906. Warwickshire XXII.SW. OS County series map, 1:2,500, 1: 10,560. Southampton: Ordnance Survey.

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 Ordnance Survey, 1913-1925. Warwickshire XXII.SW. OS County series map, 1:2,500, 1: 10,560. Southampton: Ordnance Survey.

 Ordnance Survey, 1937-1938. Warwickshire XXII.SW. OS County series map, 1:2,500, 1: 10,560. Southampton: Ordnance Survey.

 Ordnance Survey, 1947. SP37NE. OS Survey Plan map, 1:2,500. Southampton: Ordnance Survey.

 Ordnance Survey, 1952. SP37NE. OS Survey Plan map, 1:1,250. Southampton: Ordnance Survey.

 Ordnance Survey, 1953. SP37NE. OS Survey Plan map, 1:2,500. Southampton: Ordnance Survey.

 Ordnance Survey, 1954-1968. SP37NE. OS Survey Plan map, 1:2,500. Southampton: Ordnance Survey.

 Ordnance Survey, 1970. SP37NE. OS Survey Plan map, 1:2,500. Southampton: Ordnance Survey.

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Appendices

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Appendix A – Site Location Plan

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0 50 100 200 300 400 500 600 Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown Copyright DF NM October 2019 V1 and database right 2019. All rights reserved. Created: Checked: Date: Version: Title: Metres Sheet Size: A4 Scale of Original: 1:10,000 3 Sovereign Square Client: Sovereign Street Homes England Leeds West Yorkshire Site Location Plan LS1 4ER Project: TEL: +44 (0)113 2787111 FAX: +44 (0)113 2750623 Office: Project No: Figure No: e-mail: [email protected] Whitley Pumping Station 4154 A112428-8 1 Whitley Pumping Station, Coventry Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

Appendix B – Assessment Methodology

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Historic Environment Impact Assessment Methodology

WYG’s evaluation and assessment criteria have been developed using a combination of the Secretary of State’s criteria for Scheduling Monuments (Scheduled Monument Statement, Annex 1), Design Manual for Roads and Bridges, Volume 11, Part 3, Section 2, HA 208/07 and Transport Analysis Guidance (TAG Unit 3.3.9, Heritage of Historic Resources Sub-Objective). Professional judgement is used in conjunction with these criteria to undertake the impact assessment, as well as complimentary good practice guidance including Historic England’s Conservation Principles (Evidential, Historical, Aesthetic and Communal).

Value

The table below provides guidance on the assessment of significance for all types of heritage assets, including archaeological sites and monuments, historic buildings, historic landscapes and other types of historical site, such as battlefields, parks and gardens. The table considers both designated and non-designated heritage assets.

Value Examples World Heritage Sites, Scheduled Monuments of exceptional quality, or assets of acknowledged international importance or assets that can contribute to international research objectives. Very High Grade I Listed Buildings and built heritage of exceptional quality. Grade I Registered Parks and Gardens and historic landscapes and townscapes of international sensitivity, or extremely well preserved historic landscapes and townscapes with exceptional coherence, integrity, time-depth, or other critical factor(s). Scheduled Monuments, or assets of national quality and importance or assets that can contribute to national research objectives. Grade II* and Grade II Listed Buildings, Conservation Areas with very strong character and integrity, other built heritage that can be shown to have exceptional qualities in National/ High their fabric or historical association. Grade II* and II Registered Parks and Gardens, Registered Battlefields and historic landscapes and townscapes of outstanding interest, quality and importance, or well preserved and exhibiting considerable coherence, integrity time-depth or other critical factor(s). Designated or undesignated assets of regional quality and importance that contribute to regional research objectives. Grade II Listed Buildings of modest preservation or integrity. Locally Listed Buildings, Regional/ other Conservation Areas, historic buildings that can be shown to have good qualities Medium in their fabric or historical association. Grade II Registered Parks and Gardens and Registered Battlefields of poorer preservation or integrity. Designated or undesignated special historic landscapes and townscapes with reasonable coherence, integrity, time-depth or other critical factor(s).

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Value Examples Assets that form an important resource within the community, for educational or recreational purposes. Undesignated assets of local importance. Assets compromised by poor preservation and/or poor survival of contextual associations but with potential to contribute to local research objectives. Historic (unlisted) buildings of modest quality in their fabric or historical association. Local/ Low Historic landscapes and townscapes with limited sensitivity or whose sensitivity is limited by poor preservation, historic integrity and/or poor survival of contextual associations. Assets that form a resource within the community with occasional utilisation for educational or recreational purposes. Assets with very little or no surviving cultural heritage interest. Buildings of no architectural or historical note. Negligible Landscapes and townscapes that are badly fragmented and the contextual associations are severely compromised or have little or no historical interest.

Impact

The magnitude of the potential impact is assessed for each site or feature independently of its significance. Magnitude is determined by considering the predicted deviation from baseline conditions. The magnitude of impact categories are adapted from the Transport Assessment Guidance (TAG Unit 3.3.9) and Design Manual for Roads and Bridges, Volume 11, Part 3, Section 2, HA 208/07.

Impact Typical Criteria Descriptors Impacts will act to damage or destroy cultural heritage assets; result in the loss of the asset and/or quality and integrity; cause severe damage to key characteristic features or elements; almost complete loss of setting and/or context of the asset. The assets integrity or setting is almost wholly destroyed or is severely compromised, such that the resource can no longer be appreciated or understood. (Negative). Substantial The proposals would remove or successfully mitigate existing damaging and discordant impacts on assets; allow for the restoration or enhancement of characteristic features; allow the substantial re-establishment of the integrity, understanding and setting for an area or group of features; halt rapid degradation and/or erosion of the heritage resource, safeguarding substantial elements of the heritage resource. (Positive). Substantial impact on the asset, but only partially affecting the integrity; partial loss of, or damage to, key characteristics, features or elements; substantially intrusive into the setting Moderate and/or would adversely impact upon the context of the asset; loss of the asset for community appreciation. The assets integrity or setting is damaged but not destroyed so understanding and appreciation is compromised. (Negative).

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Impact Typical Criteria Descriptors Benefit to, or restoration of, key characteristics, features or elements; improvement of asset quality; degradation of the asset would be halted; the setting and/or context of the asset would be enhanced and understanding and appreciation is substantially improved; the asset would be bought into community use. (Positive). Some measurable change in assets quality or vulnerability; minor loss of or alteration to, one (or maybe more) key characteristics, features or elements; change to the setting would not be overly intrusive or overly diminish the context; community use or understanding would be reduced. The assets integrity or setting is damaged but understanding and Slight appreciation would only be diminished not compromised. (Negative). Minor benefit to, or partial restoration of, one (maybe more) key characteristics, features or elements; some beneficial impact on asset or a stabilisation of negative impacts; slight improvements to the context or setting of the site; community use or understanding and appreciation would be enhanced. (Positive). Very minor loss or detrimental alteration to one or more characteristics, features or elements. Minor changes to the setting or context of the site. No discernible change in Negligible / No baseline conditions (Negative). Change Very minor benefit to or positive addition of one or more characteristics, features or elements. Minor changes to the setting or context of the site No discernible change in baseline conditions. (Positive).

Magnitude (scale of change) is determined by considering the predicted deviation from baseline conditions. Quantifiable assessment of magnitude has been undertaken where possible. In cases where only qualitative assessment is possible, magnitude has been defined as fully as possible.

Any embedded mitigation is considered in the impact assessment and this is clearly described in this section (cross referring the development description). Therefore, the magnitude of the impacts described in the impact assessment will be considered stated before and after additional mitigation has been taken into account.

Impacts may be of the following nature and will be identified as such where relevant:

 Negative or Positive.

 Direct or indirect.

 Temporary or permanent.

 Short, medium or long term.

 Reversible or irreversible.

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 Cumulative.

For the purposes of this Heritage Impact Assessment, substantial negative impacts are considered to amount to ‘substantial harm’ to designated heritage assets in National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) terms. Moderate-slight negative impacts to designated heritage assets are considered to be ‘less than substantial harm’ in NPPF terms. Negligible negative impacts/no change are not considered to amount to any material harm to designated heritage assets.

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Appendix C – Site Photographs

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Photograph 1: view of the Lodge associated with Whitley Pumping Station.

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Photograph 2: view of turning circle fronting the Pump Station.

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Photograph 3: view of driveway fronting the Pump Station.

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Photograph 4: view of the Pump Station.

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Photograph 5: view of entrance to the Pump Station.

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Photograph 6: view of Pumping Station and hardstanding ground, with adjacent stockpile of bricks.

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Photograph 7: view of concrete structure with protruding 100mm iron pipes

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Photograph 8: view of overgrown reservoir in the central-west section of site

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Photograph 9: view of northern area showing general flat topography.

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Photograph 10: view of south of the Pump Station, where the area is a generally formed into a steep mound

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Appendix D – Planning Policies

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Coventry City Council, Coventry Local Plan 2011 - 2031 (adopted 2017)

Policy GE3: Biodiversity, Geological, Landscape and Archaeological Conservation

1. Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs), Local Nature Reserves (LNRs), Ancient Woodlands, Local Wildlife and Geological Sites will be protected and enhanced. Proposals for development on other sites, having biodiversity or geological conservation value, will be permitted provided that they protect, enhance and/or restore habitat biodiversity. Development proposals will be expected to ensure that they:

a) lead to a net gain of biodiversity, where appropriate, by means of an approved ecological assessment of existing site features and development impacts;

b) protect or enhance biodiversity assets and secure their long term management and maintenance;

c) avoid negative impacts on existing biodiversity; and

d) preserve species which are legally protected, in decline, are rare within Coventry or which are covered by national, regional or local Biodiversity Action Plans.

1. Where this is not possible, adequate mitigation measures must be identified. If mitigation measures are not possible on site, then compensatory measures involving biodiversity offsetting will be considered, but only in exceptional circumstances.

2. Biodiversity will be encouraged particularly in areas of deficiency, in areas of development and sustainable urban extensions, and along wildlife corridors. Opportunities will be sought to restore or recreate habitats, or enhance the linkages between them, as part of the strategic framework for green infrastructure. Protected Species, and species and habitats identified in the Local Biodiversity Action Plan (LBAP), will be protected and conserved through a buffer or movement to alternative habitat. Identified important landscape features, including Historic Environment assets, trees protected by preservation orders, individual and groups of ancient trees, ancient and newly-planted woodlands, ancient hedgerows and heritage assets of value to the locality, will be protected against loss or damage. In the case of archaeological remains, all practical measures must be taken for their assessment and recording in accordance with Policy HE2.

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Policy DE1 Ensuring High Quality Design

1. All development proposals must respect and enhance their surroundings and positively contribute towards the local identity and character of an area.

2. The setting, integrity and character of heritage assets will be protected in accordance with Policy HE2.

3. All development will be expected to meet the following key principles:

a) respond to the physical context of the site;

b) consider the local distinctiveness and identity of the site but also have regard to opportunities to enhance the local built and natural environment through new development and enhanced design;

c) where appropriate, retain and incorporate into the layout the protection of important views, including key views of the three spires;

d) preserve or enhance the character and setting of the historic built, landscape and where appropriate archaeological environment;

e) preserve or enhance the character and setting of major road, rail and canal corridors;

f) clearly define the boundaries between public and private spaces and enclosure of space;

g) provide attractive, safe, uncluttered, active and easily identifiable, high quality public spaces;

h) make places that inter-connect and are easy to move through;

i) ensure places are easily understood by users, with clear routes and distinct physical features;

j) seek high quality design and attention to detail in the layout of developments, individual buildings and infrastructure in terms of function and impact, not just for the short term, but over the lifetime of the development;

k) be adaptable to changing social, technological, economic and market conditions and ensure that developments maximise the use of the site;

l) promote diversity through mixes of uses within a site or building, which work together to create vital and viable places;

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m) be proactive in responding to climate change and adopt sustainable and low carbon construction principles in terms of their design, layout and density;

n) consider green infrastructure at the earliest stage in the design process, to ensure that it is well planned, designed, managed and maintained. It should also be well integrated and serve multiple purposes (as appropriate);

o) Support the integration of through routes for public transport and incorporate suitable bus priority measures as appropriate;

p) minimise adverse impact on important natural resources;

q) conserve, restore or enhance biodiversity; and

r) respect and enhance landscape quality including trees, hedges and other landscape features of value.

Policy HE2: Conservation and Heritage Assets

1. In order to help sustain the historic character, sense of place, environmental quality and local distinctiveness of Coventry, development proposals will be supported where they conserve and, where appropriate, enhance those aspects of the historic environment which are recognised as being of special historic, archaeological, architectural, artistic, landscape or townscape significance. These Heritage Assets include:

a) Listed Buildings and Locally Listed buildings;

b) Conservation Areas;

c) Scheduled Ancient Monuments and Archaeological sites;

d) Registered Parks and Gardens; and

e) Other places, spaces, structures and features which may not be formally designated but are recognised as significant elements of Coventry’s heritage and are positively identified on the Coventry Historic Environment Record.

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2. Proposals likely to affect the significance of a heritage asset or its setting should demonstrate an understanding of such significance using currently available evidence.

3. Development proposals involving heritage assets in general and listed buildings in particular, should acknowledge the significance of the existing building and the area by means of their siting, massing, form, scale, materials and detail.

4. The sympathetic and creative re-use of heritage assets will be encouraged, especially for heritage that is considered to be at risk, so long as it is not damaging to the significance of the heritage asset. The embodied energy present in historic buildings contributes to sustainability.

5. The Council will use its statutory powers to secure the preservation of buildings and other heritage assets that are deemed to be at risk by the national and local heritage at risk registers.

6. Demolition or destruction of heritage assets will be resisted; proposals to demolish a heritage asset will therefore need substantial justification. The greater the damage to the significance of the asset, the greater the justification required and the public benefit needed to outweigh such damage.

7. All proposals should aim to sustain and reinforce the special character and conserve the following distinctive historic elements of Coventry:

a) The surviving buildings, defences and street plan of the medieval city centre and its suburbs;

b) The surviving pre-industrial settlements and landscape features which have been subsumed by the expansion of the city such as Walsgrave, Canley, Binley, Brownshill Green, Coundon Green, Little Heath (Spring Road), Stivichall Croft and Lower Eastern Green (at Dial House Lane);

c) The wider Arden rural environment on the fringe of the city comprising field-systems, ancient woodlands and commons which developed over centuries; interspersed with a mix of settlements, farmsteads and smallholdings;

d) Buildings associated with the city’s industrial heritage; ribbon weaving, watch making, cycle making, motor car manufacturing, brick making, coal mining, synthetic textiles, munitions, aeronautical engineering, canals and railways;

e) The Victorian and Edwardian suburbs such as Earlsdon and Stoke;

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f) Designed landscapes, including historic parks and gardens (both registered and locally listed), historic cemeteries, churchyards and public parks;

g) The significant elements of Coventry’s ground-breaking post-war reconstruction including its plan, built form, public art works and public spaces; and

h) Archaeological remains of all periods from the earliest Prehistoric human habitation to the modern industrial period.

8. Where material change to a heritage asset has been agreed, recording and interpretation should be undertaken to document and understand the asset’s archaeological, architectural or historic significance. The scope of the recording should be proportionate to the asset’s significance and the impact of the development on the asset. The information and understanding gained should be made publicly available, as a minimum through the Coventry Historic Environment Record.

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Appendix E – Recorded Heritage Assets

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Designated Heritage Sites (Historic England/Coventry City Council Historic Environment Record)

Grid Identifier Record Type Description Period Reference Designated Heritage Assets Grade II SP 34855 Medieval-Post- 1076652 Listed Whitley Abbey Bridge, 16th century, Stone single span arched bridge. Buttressed piers. 76825 medieval Building Grade II SP 36512 Sowe Viaduct, by Robert Stephenson of 1838, London to Birmingham railway over the River 1431088 Listed Industrial 77282 Sowe and consists of a large central arch flanked by three smaller arches on either side. Building Grade II Church of St John the Divine, The Church Hall and Bell Tower, designed by Basil Spence and SP 36599 1422601 Listed built by Wimpey between 1954 and 1957. A new cathedral and three churches were Modern 76781 Building commissioned for the city. Open plan church.

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Non-designated Recorded Heritage Assets (Coventry City Council Historic Environment Record)

Identifier Record Type Description Period

Recorded Heritage Assets (by period) MCT624 Find, Axe Flint Axe, Neolithic found in Pinley Area Neolithic MCT594 Find Palstave, Bronze Age, southwest of Whitley Abbey 1930 Bronze Age Site of late Iron Age settlement, Orchard Retail Park, Willenhall- series of pits containing pottery sherds, post holes and two shallow ditches. Two of the pits contained what appear to be ritual deposits. 31 MCT16843 Settlement sherds of Iron Age Droitwich briquetage were also found at the site, adding to knowledge of the distribution of this material and the salt trade. (ECT217) Willenhall settlement, medieval, in the 15th century, was centred around the junction of London Rd MCT1013 Settlement Medieval and St James Lane. Pinley settlement, medieval. 9 Cottages at Pinley in 1219, with settlement located close to the Manor and MCT1016 Settlement Medieval Chapel (MCT1037 and 2354). Pinley Park, 13th century- road from Pinley to Coventry was diverted, for the creation of the park. MCT1030 Park Medieval (Geoffrey de Langley) MCT1031 Chapel Whitley Chapel in use until 1950. Medieval MCT1038 Monument Cross- possible site, mentioned in 1378. Medieval MCT1051 Watermill Watermill, Willenhall Medieval MCT1052 Hall Willenhall Hall, possible site of medieval manor house of Willenhall Manor. In existence until 1221. Medieval Willenhall Bridge, site of medieval bridge mentioned in 15th century. By the mid 1500s- a bridge a MCT1054 Bridge Medieval Willenhall was in existence built of stone and five arches, may have replaced an earlier structure. MCT1032 Quarry Medieval quarry at Whitley Grove. Medieval Possible site of Pinley Manor House and/or chapel. Remains of sandstone wall, pebble yard surface and MCT1037 House ditches containing roof tiles, 13th/14th century pottery. (Archaeological Evaluation 2005) (ECT322, Medieval ECT547) MCT752 Earthworks Ridge and furrow visible as an earthwork on a 1946 aerial photograph to the north of Allard Way, Pinley. Medieval MCT133 Settlement Possible site of Whitley deserted settlement Medieval

A112428-8 November 2019 www.wyg.com creative minds safe hands Whitley Pumping Station, Coventry Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

Identifier Record Type Description Period Medieval pit or ditch at 39 Gunton Avenue, two base sherds of medieval pottery were recovered from the MCT468 Earthworks Medieval feature as well as a single piece of bone, possibly human. MCT2354 Moat Site of Moat, East of Humber Road, visible on 1946 RAF Aerial Photographs, 1849 Tithe map- Moat Close. Medieval Medieval-Post- MCT16241 Meadow Meadow- 'Holmo' in 1280; 'Under the grove' in 1580 medieval Medieval-Post- MCT16242 Monument Mill pond and leat 1280-1580 medieval Medieval-Post- MCT16844 Earthworks Area of ridge and furrow, eight parallel linear features (ECT217) medieval Medieval-Post- MCT835 Earthworks Area of ridge and furrow- visible as an earthwork on a 1946 aerial photograph. medieval Water Corn Mill on the River Sherbourne surviving to the 19th century. Known as Pegg Mill, Alderford Mill MCT994 Watermill Medieval-Industrial and the Mill in the Hole. MCT1040 Gallows Gallows; Whitley Common- in use for hanging until 1831. Medieval-Industrial Whitley Abbey Bridge, probable 18th century, earlier bridge may have existed. 1342 documentary MCT474 Bridge Medieval/Industrial reference- ford. The site of Whitley Mill, a watermill that was demolished in 1955. Documentary evidence suggests a mill MCT163 Watermill Medieval-Modern on this site as early as 1279. MCT743 Earthworks Ridge and Furrow visible on 1946 Aerial Photograph Medieval-Modern? Stone house farm; London Road; Willenhall- stone-built farmhouse, built late 17th century, altered 19th MCT1057 Farm Post-medieval century. Demolished 1953-1958. MCT389 Monument 5-9 St James Lane, cottages dating back to 17th century, locally listed. (DCT746) Post-medieval MCT401 Monument 1-3 St James Lane, 17th century cottages, demolished 1968-1984 Post-medieval MCT472 House The site of Whitley Abbey Manor House, 17th century Post-medieval MCT16238 Garden Garden adjoining water mill in 1588 Post-medieval- MCT16239 Meadow Meadow in 1581 Post-medieval MCT16240 Monument Lammas Close in 1580 Post-medieval MCT782 Building Pinley Green Farm; Humber Road; Pinley Green Post-medieval MCT17124 Building Seven Stars Farm- Inn, then house and farm, dating to the 17th century. Now demolished. Post-medieval A112428-8 November 2019 www.wyg.com creative minds safe hands Whitley Pumping Station, Coventry Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

Identifier Record Type Description Period Post-medieval- MCT16245 Meadow Lammas meadow presumed in 18th century Industrial Post-medieval- MCT16246 Meadow Lammas meadow presumed in 18th century Industrial Post-medieval- MCT16247 Meadow Meadow presumed in 18th century Industrial Post-medieval- MCT16244 Meadow Meadow presumed in 18th century Industrial Possible well, Carter Road, Pinley, oval brick structure- well or escape hatch for an air raid shelter MCT16606 Well Post-medieval/Modern (ECT277) MCT1112 Bridge Willenhall Bridge; London Road- brick-built, three arches, over River Sowe. Post-medieval-Modern MCT15346 Earthworks Ridge and Furrow Earthworks, observed 2013,2014. Post-medieval-Modern Chapel Farm; The site of Chapel Farm, a farm which is recorded in the Willenhall Tithe Survey and which MCT1055 Farm Industrial may have been built on or near to the site of the medieval St. James' Chapel. Upper (Little) Farm, Willenhall- site of Upper Farm, Willenhall, with farmhouse and outbuildings probably MCT1056 Farm Industrial of early 19th century date and which is depicted on the 1888 Ordnance Survey Map. MCT15835 Wood Wood at Willenhall on the 1887 Ordnance Survey map Industrial Possible remains of 19th century glasshouse, Whitley Abbey School, observed during foundation works MCT16022 Glasshouse Industrial 2013 MCT16533 Railway London and North Western Railway line, which opened in 1838. Industrial MCT16605 Ditch 19th century boundary ditch, contained pottery dated to early 19th century (ECT277) Industrial MCT2167 Building Remains of cellar and drains, Whitley Abbey, 19th century (ECT552) Industrial MCT470 Building Site of 19th century icehouse. Industrial MCT471 Farm Site of Whitley Abbey Farm, which is depicted on the 1st Edition Ordnance Survey map of 1888. Industrial MCT545 Brickworks Brickworks, shows on 1888 OS map. Industrial Site of a pound that was located north of Tollbar End Roundabout. It is shown on the 1st Edition MCT546 Pound Industrial Ordnance Survey map of 1888. MCT723 Building Whitley Pumping Station built in 1895 between Folly Lane and River Sowe, locally listed (DCT736) Industrial MCT724 Building Lodge associated with Whitley Pumping Station, built 1895, locally listed Industrial A112428-8 November 2019 www.wyg.com creative minds safe hands Whitley Pumping Station, Coventry Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

Identifier Record Type Description Period MCT551 Viaduct Sowe Viaduct, 19th century railway viaduct, over the River Sower Industrial-Modern The Chace (Hotel), built between 1897 and 1903 for Charles Iliffe who was the City Coroner and Poor MCT725 Building Law Industrial-Modern Director. 1930 converted into Hotel and extended, locally listed (DCT735) Boundary marker post; Toll bar end; Willenhall- marks the extension of the city boundary to this point in MCT769 Monument Modern 1932. (DCT1243) Site of Coventry (Whitley) Zoo opened 1966 and closed 1980. A large wooden statue of a Zulu warrior MCT15341 Zoo Modern stood at the entrance to the zoo. Site of Humber Car Plant, also incorporated Hillman Motor Company, 1940s two companies merged. 1989 MCT15967 Monument Citroen took over. From about 1937 the site was used as a shadow factory and manufactured parts for Modern the Bristol Mercury VIII aero-engine. Second World War Emergency Water Supply Sign, London Road, access point to an Isolation Hospital in MCT15343 Monument Modern Whitley area The Church of St. John the Devine, designed by Sir Basil Spence and built between 1955 and 1957 and is MCT387 Church Modern a locally listed building. (1422601 Grade II Listed) MCT1029 Airfield Whitley Airfield, in use during World War One (MCT15288, ECT285) Modern Earthwork- A large circular feature surviving as a bank is visible on a 1946 aerial photograph. The feature MCT750 Earthworks Modern? may have had a function associated with Whitley Aerodrome and may date to the Second World War. MCT1085 Earthworks Boundaries and enclosures visible on aerial photograph as earthworks indicate a field system Unknown Remains of undated building, sandstone. Identified during strip and record exercise at Whitley Business MCT15339 Building Unknown Park. Undated pit. Possible association with Whitley Abbey Farm. Pond or ditch remains, Wheler Road, evaluation 2014, dark organic deposit related to pond on historic MCT15340 Pond Unknown maps, ECT688 MCT15389 River River Sowe- on the 1888 OS map. Unknown MCT8549 Ditch Stretch of ditch excavated, no dating evidence. (ECT112) Unknown

A112428-8 November 2019 www.wyg.com creative minds safe hands Whitley Pumping Station, Coventry Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

Recorded Archaeological Events (Coventry City Council Historic Environment Record )

Ref Location Type ECT515 Whitley Abbey Evaluation 2007 Northamptonshire Archaeology, No report Land to the Northeast of Orchard Retail ECT112 Evaluation 2010 undated ditched and Iron Age deposit identified - MCT8549, MCT8550 Park, London Road, Willenhall ECT183 A45/A46 Tollbar End Desk-Based Assessment 2003 Watching Brief 1996- Evidence for location of St. James' Chapel sought. No features or finds ECT212 Chace Development, Gunton Avenue recovered to suggest activity on this site before the late 19th century. Excavation AC Archaeology 2010, site of Iron Age Settlement an ridge and furrow identified. ECT217 Orchard Retail Park (MCT16843, MCT16844) ECT261 Alan Higgs Centre, Allard Way Watching Brief 2004 ECT262 Alan Higgs Centre, Allard Way Watching Brief 2004 ECT263 Alan Higgs Centre, Allard Way Watching Brief 2004 ECT264 Alan Higgs Centre, Allard Way Watching Brief 2004 ECT265 Alan Higgs Centre, Allard Way Watching Brief 2004 ECT266 Alan Higgs Centre, Allard Way Watching Brief 2004 ECT267 Alan Higgs Centre, Allard Way Watching Brief 2004 ECT268 Alan Higgs Centre, Allard Way Watching Brief 2004 ECT269 Alan Higgs Centre, Allard Way Watching Brief 2004 ECT270 Alan Higgs Centre, Allard Way Watching Brief 2004 Evaluation, Birmingham Archaeology 2004 19th century boundary ditch and possible well ECT277 Land at Carter Road, Pinley identified (MCT16605, MCT16606) ECT285 Whitley Business Park Evaluation of 19 trenches 2009, no finds. Seven Stars Industrial Estate, Wheler ECT322 Evaluation 2005, Site of Pinley Manor identified (MCT1037) Road, Coventry Coventry Outer Ring Main, West ECT327 Desk-Based Assessment 2001 Midlands ECT335 Peugeot Citroen Stoke Plant Evaluation 2005

A112428-8 November 2019 www.wyg.com creative minds safe hands Whitley Pumping Station, Coventry Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

Ref Location Type The Former Humber Car Plant (Stoke ECT338 Building Recording 2006 (MCT15967) Works) Land adjacent British Red Cross, Seven ECT340 Watching Brief 2006 Stars Industrial Estate, Wheler Road ECT518 Whitley Business Park, Coventry Desk-Based Assessment 2007 Building Schools for the Future ECT541 Desk-Based Assessment AOC Archaeology 2008 Programme- 17 school sites in Coventry Seven Stars Industrial Estate, Wheler ECT547 Watching Brief 2008 following earlier evaluation (MCT1037) Road ECT552 Whitley Abbey School Evaluation and Watching Brief 2007-2008 remains of cellar and drains identified (MCT2167) ECT554 39 Gunton Avenue, Willenhall, Coventry Field Observation by Planning Archaeologist 2009 – medieval pit or ditch identified (MCT468) ECT630 Willenhall Wood Field Observation 1988 (MCT222) ECT665 Coventry and Warwickshire Gateway Desk-Based Assessment 2012, no monuments issued. Glass House Foundations at Whitley ECT668 Field Observation 2013- records of the stone foundation wall of glass house. Abbey School ECT686 Whitley Business Park Strip, Map and Record 2008 ECT687 Land at Wheler Road Desk-Based Assessment 2013 ECT688 Wheler Road Trial Trench 2014 Possible pond identified (MCT15340)

A112428-8 November 2019 www.wyg.com creative minds safe hands Legend ± Site Study Area

*# Listed Buildings

*# 1431088

*# 1076652 *# 1422601

0 50 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Metres

SJH NM November 2019 V1 Created: Checked: Date: Version:

Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown Copyright and database right 2019. All rights reserved.

3 Sovereign Square Sovereign Street Leeds West Yorkshire LS1 4ER

TEL: +44 (0)113 2787111 FAX: +44 (0)113 2750623 e-mail: [email protected]

Sheet Size: A3 Scale of Original: 1:10,000 Client: Homes England

Project:

Whitley Pumping Station

Title:

Designated Heritage Assets

Office: Project No: Figure No: 4154 A112428-8 2 Legend

MCT15967 Site ± MCT15389 Study Area

MCT16606 MCT743 MCT16605 !( Monuments Point

Monuments Polygon

MCT1037 MCT1030 MCT1016 MCT835 !( !(MCT15340 !( MCT782 MCT16247 MCT2354 !( MCT16533 MCT16244 MCT752 MCT16242 !( MCT15835 MCT16241 MCT551 MCT16246 MCT16240 MCT16238 MCT16239 MCT16245 MCT15343 MCT1040 MCT1040 !( !( MCT1040 MCT1040 MCT624 !( MCT15341

MCT1052 !(

MCT1038 MCT474!( MCT1038 MCT133 MCT133 !( MCT387 MCT724 MCT472 MCT472 MCT723 !( MCT1055 !(MCT468 MCT16022 MCT1013 !(MCT2167 !( 0 50 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 MCT1031 MCT1031 MCT17124 Metres MCT1056 !( SJH NM November 2019 V1 MCT470 MCT1112 Created: Checked: Date: Version: MCT1054 !(!( MCT1051 MCT594 !( Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown Copyright !( MCT545 and database right 2019. All rights reserved. MCT1032 MCT389 !(MCT401 MCT725 !( 3 Sovereign Square MCT15339 Sovereign Street Leeds MCT471 West Yorkshire LS1 4ER

MCT750 MCT16843 TEL: +44 (0)113 2787111 !( MCT16844 FAX: +44 (0)113 2750623 MCT8549 e-mail: [email protected] MCT1029 MCT1057 MCT1057 !( MCT15346 Sheet Size: A3 Scale of Original: 1:10,000 !( MCT1057 Client: Homes England

MCT546 MCT769 Project: !(

MCT1085 Whitley Pumping Station

Title:

Recorded Heritage Assets

Office: Project No: Figure No: 4154 A112428-8 3 Legend

Site ± ECT338 Study Area

!( Events Point ECT277

ECT335 Events Polygon

ECT340

ECT322 ECT547

ECT688 ECT687

ECT263 ECT264 ECT262

ECT270 ECT265 ECT269

ECT268 ECT266 ECT261

ECT267

ECT554 ECT515 !( ECT668 0 50 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 ECT552 ECT212 Metres

SJH NM November 2019 V1 Created: Checked: Date: Version:

ECT518 Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown Copyright ECT541 and database right 2019. All rights reserved.

3 Sovereign Square ECT630 Sovereign Street Leeds West Yorkshire LS1 4ER

TEL: +44 (0)113 2787111 FAX: +44 (0)113 2750623 e-mail: [email protected] ECT112 ECT217 Sheet Size: A3 Scale of Original: 1:10,000 Client: ECT665 ECT686 ECT285 Homes England

Project:

ECT327 Whitley Pumping Station

ECT183 Title:

Archaeological Events

Office: Project No: Figure No: 4154 A112428-8 4 Legend

Site

± Study Area

BroadType

Civic

Commercial

Fieldscapes

Industrial

Open land

Recreation

Religious

Settlement

Transport

Water

Woodland

0 50 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Metres

SJH NM November 2019 V1 Created: Checked: Date: Version:

Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown Copyright and database right 2019. All rights reserved.

3 Sovereign Square Sovereign Street Leeds West Yorkshire LS1 4ER

TEL: +44 (0)113 2787111 FAX: +44 (0)113 2750623 e-mail: [email protected]

Sheet Size: A3 Scale of Original: 1:10,000 Client: Homes England

Project:

Whitley Pumping Station

Title:

Historic Landscape Characterisation

Office: Project No: Figure No: 4154 A112428-8 5 Legend

Site ± LiDAR Data Value High : 107.376

Low : 62.756

LiDAR Data Value High : 115.507

Low : 61.407

0 25 50 100 150 200

Metres

SJH NM November 2019 V1 Created: Checked: Date: Version:

Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown Copyright and database right 2019. All rights reserved.

3 Sovereign Square Sovereign Street Leeds West Yorkshire LS1 4ER

TEL: +44 (0)113 2787111 FAX: +44 (0)113 2750623 e-mail: [email protected]

Sheet Size: A3 Scale of Original: 1:3,000 Client: Homes England

Project:

Whitley Pumping Station

Title:

LiDAR

Office: Project No: Figure No: 4154 A112428-8 6 Whitley Pumping Station, Coventry Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

Appendix F – Historic Mapping

A112428-8 November 2019 www.wyg.com creative minds safe hands Historical Mapping Legends

Ordnance Survey County Series and Ordnance Survey Plan, Additional SIMs and Large-Scale National Grid Data 1:2,500 and Ordnance Survey Plan 1:2,500 Supply of Unpublished Survey Information 1:1,250 1:2,500 and 1:1,250 Historical Mapping & Photography included:

Mapping Type Scale Date Pg Warwickshire 1:2,500 1887 2 Warwickshire 1:2,500 1905 - 1906 3 Warwickshire 1:2,500 1925 4 Warwickshire 1:2,500 1938 5 Historical Aerial Photography 1:1,250 1946 6 Ordnance Survey Plan 1:2,500 1947 7 Ordnance Survey Plan 1:1,250 1947 8 Ordnance Survey Plan 1:1,250 1951 - 1952 9 Ordnance Survey Plan 1:2,500 1953 - 1958 10 Ordnance Survey Plan 1:1,250 1957 - 1968 11 Ordnance Survey Plan 1:2,500 1969 - 1970 12 Ordnance Survey Plan 1:1,250 1972 - 1985 13 Additional SIMs 1:1,250 1978 - 1989 14 Additional SIMs 1:1,250 1980 - 1991 15 Large-Scale National Grid Data 1:1,250 1992 16 Large-Scale National Grid Data 1:1,250 1995 17 Historical Aerial Photography 1:2,500 1999 18

Historical Map - Segment A7

Order Details Order Number: 143052375_1_1 Customer Ref: A090070_293 National Grid Reference: 435740, 276730 Slice: A Site Area (Ha): 8.58 Search Buffer (m): 100 Site Details Site at 435750, 276720

Tel: 0844 844 9952 Fax: 0844 844 9951 Web: www.envirocheck.co.uk

A Landmark Information Group Service v50.0 16-Oct-2017 Page 1 of 18 Warwickshire Published 1887 Source map scale - 1:2,500 The historical maps shown were reproduced from maps predominantly held at the scale adopted for England, Wales and Scotland in the 1840`s. In 1854 the 1:2,500 scale was adopted for mapping urban areas and by 1896 it covered the whole of what were considered to be the cultivated parts of Great Britain. The published date given below is often some years later than the surveyed date. Before 1938, all OS maps were based on the Cassini Projection, with independent surveys of a single county or group of counties, giving rise to significant inaccuracies in outlying areas.

Map Name(s) and Date(s)

Historical Map - Segment A7

Order Details Order Number: 143052375_1_1 Customer Ref: A090070_293 National Grid Reference: 435740, 276730 Slice: A Site Area (Ha): 8.58 Search Buffer (m): 100 Site Details Site at 435750, 276720

Tel: 0844 844 9952 Fax: 0844 844 9951 Web: www.envirocheck.co.uk

A Landmark Information Group Service v50.0 16-Oct-2017 Page 2 of 18 Warwickshire Published 1905 - 1906 Source map scale - 1:2,500 The historical maps shown were reproduced from maps predominantly held at the scale adopted for England, Wales and Scotland in the 1840`s. In 1854 the 1:2,500 scale was adopted for mapping urban areas and by 1896 it covered the whole of what were considered to be the cultivated parts of Great Britain. The published date given below is often some years later than the surveyed date. Before 1938, all OS maps were based on the Cassini Projection, with independent surveys of a single county or group of counties, giving rise to significant inaccuracies in outlying areas.

Map Name(s) and Date(s)

Historical Map - Segment A7

Order Details Order Number: 143052375_1_1 Customer Ref: A090070_293 National Grid Reference: 435740, 276730 Slice: A Site Area (Ha): 8.58 Search Buffer (m): 100 Site Details Site at 435750, 276720

Tel: 0844 844 9952 Fax: 0844 844 9951 Web: www.envirocheck.co.uk

A Landmark Information Group Service v50.0 16-Oct-2017 Page 3 of 18 Warwickshire Published 1925 Source map scale - 1:2,500 The historical maps shown were reproduced from maps predominantly held at the scale adopted for England, Wales and Scotland in the 1840`s. In 1854 the 1:2,500 scale was adopted for mapping urban areas and by 1896 it covered the whole of what were considered to be the cultivated parts of Great Britain. The published date given below is often some years later than the surveyed date. Before 1938, all OS maps were based on the Cassini Projection, with independent surveys of a single county or group of counties, giving rise to significant inaccuracies in outlying areas.

Map Name(s) and Date(s)

Historical Map - Segment A7

Order Details Order Number: 143052375_1_1 Customer Ref: A090070_293 National Grid Reference: 435740, 276730 Slice: A Site Area (Ha): 8.58 Search Buffer (m): 100 Site Details Site at 435750, 276720

Tel: 0844 844 9952 Fax: 0844 844 9951 Web: www.envirocheck.co.uk

A Landmark Information Group Service v50.0 16-Oct-2017 Page 4 of 18