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An Archaeological Analysis of Anglo-Saxon Shropshire A.D. 600 – 1066: with a Catalogue of Artefacts

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An Archaeological Analysis of Anglo-Saxon Shropshire A.D. 600 – 1066: with a Catalogue of Artefacts An Archaeological Analysis of Anglo-Saxon Shropshire A.D. 600 – 1066: With a catalogue of artefacts By Esme Nadine Hookway A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of MRes Classics, Ancient History and Archaeology College of Arts and Law University of Birmingham March 2015 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Abstract The Anglo-Saxon period spanned over 600 years, beginning in the fifth century with migrations into the Roman province of Britannia by peoples’ from the Continent, witnessing the arrival of Scandinavian raiders and settlers from the ninth century and ending with the Norman Conquest of a unified England in 1066. This was a period of immense cultural, political, economic and religious change. The archaeological evidence for this period is however sparse in comparison with the preceding Roman period and the following medieval period. This is particularly apparent in regions of western England, and our understanding of Shropshire, a county with a notable lack of Anglo-Saxon archaeological or historical evidence, remains obscure. This research aims to enhance our understanding of the Anglo-Saxon period in Shropshire by combining multiple sources of evidence, including the growing body of artefacts recorded by the Portable Antiquity Scheme, to produce an over-view of Shropshire during the Anglo-Saxon period. This approach has revealed that Shropshire was evolving throughout the period. The research demonstrates that through engagement with the Anglo-Saxon Mercian administration, the Catholic Church, Scandinavians and Normans, there were marked changes in religious practices, settlement and trade centres, and political and cultural structures. ii Contents 1. Introduction......................................................................................................................................... 1 2. Literature Review ................................................................................................................................ 7 3. Method .............................................................................................................................................. 15 4.1 Settlement ....................................................................................................................................... 20 4.1.1 Analysis ..................................................................................................................................... 26 4.2 Religion ............................................................................................................................................ 39 4.2.1 Analysis ..................................................................................................................................... 46 4.3 Economy .......................................................................................................................................... 61 4.3.1 Analysis ..................................................................................................................................... 66 5 Discussion ........................................................................................................................................... 79 6 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................... 93 Bibliography .......................................................................................................................................... 96 Appendix 1. A Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Objects from Shropshire.................................................... 103 Appendix 2. Locations and evidence for Anglo-Saxon churches ......................................................... 194 Appendix 3. Major Place-names of Shropshire ................................................................................... 199 iii List of Tables Table 4.1.1: Rural population of Shropshire recorded in Domesday Book ........................................... 22 Table 4.1.2: Details of the 'Miscellaneous' population of Shropshire recorded in Domesday Book. ... 23 Table 4.1.3: Artefacts associated with settlements. ............................................................................. 25 Table 4.2.1: Stone sculpture found within church locations. ............................................................... 43 Table 4.2.2: Stone sculpture found outside church locations. .............................................................. 44 Table 4.2.3: Artefacts with a religious association. ............................................................................... 44 Table 4.2.4: The number of churches recorded in the various sources. ............................................... 46 Table 4.3.1: Date range of artefacts. ..................................................................................................... 63 Table 4.3.2: Anglo-Saxon coins found in Shropshire. ............................................................................ 64 Table 4.3.3: Place-names related to economic function. ..................................................................... 65 List of Figures Figure 1.1: Shropshire location map. ...................................................................................................... 1 Figure 1.2: PAS finds by period. .............................................................................................................. 5 Figure 4.1.1: Household figures for settlements in Shropshire recorded in Domesday Book. ............. 22 Figure 4.1.2: Map of woodland coverage. ............................................................................................ 28 Figure 4.1.3: The size and distribution of Anglo-Saxon settlements recorded in Domesday Book. ..... 29 Figure 4.1.4: Early Anglo-Saxon forts and settlement locations. .......................................................... 33 Figure 4.2.1: Map of place-name, architectural and artefact evidence, 7th - 9th centuries. ............... 50 Figure 4.2.2: Location map of churches and sculpture identified in Shropshire, A.D. 700-1066. ........ 55 Figure 4.2.3: Map of the collected evidence for religion in Shropshire, A.D. 700 – 1066. ................... 60 Figure 4.3.1: The number of objects made from different material types. .......................................... 62 Figure 4.3.2: Map of evidence for the earlier Anglo-Saxon economy. ................................................. 68 Figure 4.3.3: Location map of artefacts with Scandinavian influence. ................................................. 72 Figure 4.3.4: Location map of coins. ..................................................................................................... 75 Figure 4.3.5: Location map of mid-later Anglo-Saxon artefacts. .......................................................... 76 Figure 4.3.6: Location map of PAS Early Medieval finds ....................................................................... 77 Figure 5.1: The numbers of Anglo-Saxon artefacts recorded by PAS for English regions. .................... 79 Figure 5.2: Map of evidence from the earlier Anglo-Saxon period. ...................................................... 83 Figure 5.3: Location of Shropshire in relation to the Diocese of Lichfield and the Danelaw ................ 87 Figure 5.4: Map of evidence from the mid-later Anglo-Saxon period. ................................................. 88 Figure 5.5: Map of evidence from the end of the Anglo-Saxon period. ............................................... 91 iv 1. Introduction This research focuses on the use of combining new artefact data from the Portable Antiquities Scheme database with existing sources of archaeological and historical data to create an overview of the religious, economic and settlement changes in Shropshire during the Anglo-Saxon period. Shropshire is located in the western midlands of England on the border with Wales (Figure 1.1). The county of Shropshire was formed during the later Anglo-Saxon period from two areas of tribal territories; the northern half of the territory of the Magonsaete and the southern half of the territory of the Wrocensaete (Hooke, 2005:161). For the purposes of this research the modern county boundary is used to define the study area as this coincides with those of the Historic Environment Record (HER) and the Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS) for the county. This approach will also make it possible to integrate the findings with other county-based projects in the future. Figure 1.1: Shropshire location map. 1 The usefulness of the PAS database to archaeological studies is becoming increasingly recognised with 422 research projects currently utilising the record (http://finds.org.uk/research). The Viking and Anglo-Saxon Landscape and Economy (VASLE) project has used the PAS dataset in a national study of Anglo-Saxon England which demonstrated the comparatively
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