ISSN 0143-5175 Shropshire History and Archaeology Transactions of the Shropshire Archaeological and Historical Society with which is incorporated the Shropshire Parish Register Society VOLUME LXXIX edited by D. T. W. Price SHREWSBURY 2004 (ISSUED IN 2006) © Shropshire Archaeological and Historical Society 2006 Produced and printed by 4word Ltd, Bristol COUNCIL AND OFFICERS ON 1 JULY 2006 President Sir Neil Cossons, O.B.E., Hon. D.Soc.Sc., D.Univ., Hon. D.Litt., Hon. D.Sc., Hon. D.Arts, F.R.G.S., F.S.A., F.M.A. Vice-Presidents J. F. A. Mason, M.A., D.Phil., F.S.A. Mary C. Paget, M.A., F.R.Hist.S. M. Una Rees, B.A., Ph.D. B. S. Trinder, M.A., Ph.D., F.S.A. Elected Members Nigel Baker, B.A., Ph.D., M.I.F.A. Madge Moran, F.S.A. G. C. Baugh, M.A., F.S.A. David Poyner, M.A., Ph.D Robert Cromarty, B.A. Penny Ward, M.A., M.I.F.A. Ernie Jenks Roger White, B.A., Ph.D., M.I.F.A. Mary F. McKenzie, M.A, M.Ar.Ad. Chairman and Hon. Treasurer James Lawson, M.A., Westcott Farm, Pontesbury, Shrewsbury SY5 0SQ Hon. Secretary and Hon. Publications Secretary Marion T. Roberts, M.A., Lower Wallop Farm, Westbury, Shrewsbury SY5 9RT Hon. Gift-Aid Secretary B. Sherratt, 11 Hayton View, Ludlow SY8 2NU Hon. Membership Secretary W. F. Hodges, Westlegate, Mousecroft Lane, Shrewsbury SY3 9DX Hon. Editor The Revd. Canon D. T. W. Price, M.A., F.S.A., F.R.Hist.S., The Rectory, Myddle, Shrewsbury SY4 3RX Editorial Committee J. B. Lawson Canon D. T. W. Price Dr. B. S. Trinder Hon. Editor of the Newsletter Hugh Hannaford, M.I.F.A, 42 North Street, Shrewsbury SY1 2JJ Joint Hon. Meetings Secretaries Madge Moran, F.S.A., 42 White Hart, Shrewsbury SY3 7TB David Pannett, B.A., Merton, Shepherds Lane, Bicton, Shrewsbury SY3 8BT The Council is not responsible for any statement made, or opinion expressed, in the Transactions of the Society. CONTENTS The Marches Uplands Survey, by James Dinn and Rachel Edwards . 1 Three Long Mynd Earthworks: Excavation and Assessment of Environmental Potential, by James Dinn, James Greig, Susan Limbrey, Jeremy Milln and Clare de Rouffignac . 65 The Roman Road from Pennocrucium (Water Eaton) to Mediolanum (Whitchurch): Its Role in the Early Conquest, by Adrian and Edmund Waddelove . 89 Whittington Castle: The Marcher Fortress of the Fitz Warin Family, by Pete Brown, Peter King and Paul Remfry . .. 106 A ‘Mushroom’ Family: The Flemings of Westhope, Sibdon, and Shadwell, 1650–1775, by Janet Verasanso . .. 128 Emigration from Highley, 1841–1881: A Flight from the Land?, by Gwyneth Nair and David Poyner . .. 134 Note Hush!, Hush! No Longer, by David Pannett . 144 Papers given at the Industrial Archaeology Day School, 26 June 2004 A Recent Archaeological Survey at Charlecotte and Titterstone Clee, Shropshire, by Roger White . 146 The Abdon Clee Stone Company, by David Poyner . 153 The Shropshire Barytes Industry, by Michael Shaw . 155 A Brief Introduction to the Shropshire Clay Tobacco Pipe Industry, by David Higgins . 157 Lead Mining in Shropshire before 1815, by James Lawson . 167 Reports Shropshire Archives Report for 2004, by Mary McKenzie . 169 Archaeological Investigations in Shropshire in 2003, by Sally Thompson . 171 Archaeological Investigations in Shropshire in 2004, by Sally Thompson . 180 Book Reviews . 187 Martin Henig, Roman Sculpture from the North West Midlands, by David M. Browne Eric Mercer, English Architecture to 1900: the Shropshire Experience, by Sir Howard Colvin David Lloyd et al (eds.), Victorian Ludlow, by Peter Borsay Barrie Trinder (ed.) ‘The Most Extraordinary District in the World’: Ironbridge and Coalbrookdale, and Barrie Trinder, Barges and Bargemen: A Social History of the Upper Severn Navigation, 1660–1900, by James Lawson Barbara Ross (ed.), Accounts of the Stewards of the Talbot Household at Blakemere, 1392–1425, by John Ashdown-Hill John Leonard, Churches of Shropshire and their Treasures, by William Price Clive D. Field (ed.), Church and Chapel in Early Victorian Shropshire: Returns from the 1851 Census of Religious Worship, by William Price John Pryce-Jones, Oswestry: Parish, Church and People, by William Price Front Cover: Detail from a map of Babbinswood in Whittington, Aston Hall Deeds 2777. (By permission of Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru/The National Library of Wales) NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS Pete Brown has been involved with monument archaeology for more than 30 years, and has been researching Whittington Castle since 1976. He currently works for the University of Wales, Newport. James Dinn directed the Marches Uplands Survey. He worked for the Archaeological Service of Hereford and Worcester County Council for 14 years, and he is now Archaeological Officer at Worcester City Council. Rachel Edwards was the Assistant Director of the Marches Uplands Survey and worked for the Archaeological Service of Hereford and Worcester and later Worcestershire County Council for over 14 years. She is now a freelance archaeological consultant. James Greig worked for English Heritage as a senior research fellow in archaeobotany at Birmingham University until 2005 and is now an independent consultant. David Higgins has worked for the Rescue Archaeology Unit in Liverpool and as archaeologist to the Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust. He was director of the Field Archaeology Unit at the University of Liverpool for 10 years before becoming a freelance archaeologist and pipe specialist. He is Chairman of the Society for Clay Pipe Research. Peter King’s main historical interest in recent years has been the iron industry. He has published many articles in journals concerned with industrial and local history and archaeology. He is currently working on a book on early transport in the Midlands. James Lawson is Chairman of this Society. He was formerly Archivist and Taylor Librarian of Shrewsbury School. Susan Limbrey is Emeritus Professor of Environmental Archaeology at the University of Birmingham. She specialises in the application of soil science in archaeology. Jeremy Milln is the West Midlands Regional Archaeologist for the National Trust. Gwyneth Nair is a Reader in Sociology at the University of Paisley, and has published widely, including on aspects of social history in Shropshire and Scotland. Her doctoral thesis dealt with the social history of Highley between 1550 and 1880. David Pannett is a historical geographer, who came to Shropshire as Assistant Warden and Geography Tutor at Preston Montford Field Centre. He is a member of Council of this Society. David Poyner is a Reader in Pharmacology at Aston University, with an interest in the history of south-east Shropshire. Like Gwyneth Nair, he was born and brought up in Highley. He is a member of Council of this Society. Paul Remfry is the author of a series of booklets, several of which focus on castles in the Welsh Marches and on the conflicts which arose between Marcher lords and native Welsh rulers. Clare de Rouffignac was the Environmental Archaeologist for the Hereford and Worcester County Archaeology Unit. She later worked for the English Heritage Central Archaeology Service and the National Lottery Charities Board. She now works in the public sector in Herefordshire. Michael Shaw was a local government building control surveyor, latterly with Shrewsbury and Atcham Borough Council. He is now retired and finishing a thesis on the Shropshire Barytes Industry at the University of Birmingham. Janet Verasanso is a freelance writer. She has published on heraldic visitations, and she is currently researching symbols of status in Post-Restoration England, focusing on armorial bearings. Adrian Waddelove studied archaeology as an undergraduate and postgraduate, and is now working in public relations. Edmund Waddelove, Adrian’s father, is a retired chief forester, who has published several works on Roman Britain. Roger White is Project Manager, Lecturer, and Research Fellow at the Birmingham University Field Archaeological Unit and Academic Director of the Ironbridge Institute of Archaeology and Antiquity. He recently edited volume 78 of the Society’s Transactions on Wroxeter Archaeology. He is a member of Council of this Society. NOTES FOR CONTRIBUTORS All contributions should be submitted on floppy disc preferably in Word or RTF. A hard copy should also be provided. The author should, where necessary, provide a list of illustration captions and table titles, including acknowledgements and copyright where applicable. It is the author’s responsibility to obtain permission for the use of copyright materials. In archaeological reports English Heritage guidelines may be followed, including Harvard (author, date) style. If this is adopted the bibliographical reports should follow the examples below: Biddle, M., 1978: Winchester Studies Carver, M. O. H., 1978: ‘Early Shrewsbury: an archaeological definition in 1975’, Trans. Shrops. Archaeol. Soc., 59, pt. iii Other contributors should employ endnote citations following the examples below: D. Knowles, The Religious orders in England, iii, 1959, 489–90 PRO E302/1/5–6 VCH Salop, I, 337 C. D. Gilbert, ‘Clubmen in South West Shropshire 1644–45’, Trans. Shrops. Archaeol. Soc., LXVIII, 1993, 95 Contributions should be sent to The Editor, The Rectory, Myddle, Shrewsbury SY4 3RX. Telephone 01939–290811. Electronic mail: [email protected] SOCIETY PUBLICATIONS FOR SALE A few of the back numbers of the Transactions from 1878 to 1930 are still available at £1 each. A full list may be obtained from the Hon. Publications Secretary. Later back numbers are also on sale : New Series: vol. 46, pt. 2; vol. 50, pt. 1; vol. 56, pt. 2 cost £1.50 each. Vol. 56 pt. 2; vol. 57, pts. 1 & 3, and vol. 59, pt. 2 cost £2.00 each. Vol. 57, pt. 3 costs £3.00. From volume 60 on the volumes are not in parts. Vol. 60, £2.50; 61, £6; 62, £4.50; 63(1985) £2; 64, (1985) £4; 65 (1987) £4.50; 66–71 (1989, 1991, 1993–96) £6; 72–8 (1997–2003) £12.