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Research Work on Colour Research work on Colour By Jennita 2014 1. How many colours can the human eye see and distinguish? Result Standardized Bibliographic Entry (w/surrounding text) Result "The tremendous variability in the spectral Calkins, David J. Mapping color composition of light reflected from surfaces perception to a physiological lends itself to eliciting a daunting gamut of substrate. The Visual more than 100,000 discriminable colors, 100,000 Neurosciences Volumes 1 and 2 and the variation in the names we assign [institutional subscription these colors is limited only by scope of required]. The MIT Press, 1993. human experience." Wyszecki, Gunter. Color. "Experts estimate that we can distinguish Chicago: World Book Inc, 2006: 10 million perhaps as many as 10 million colors." 824. "Humans, other apes, and Old World monkeys have trichromatic vision, with Kleiner, Kurt. What we gave up for eyes containing three colour receptors, colour vision. "New Scientist." 2.3 million sensitive to blue, green, and yellow-red. January 24, 2004: 12. They allow us and our Old World relatives to distinguish around 2.3 million colours." Myers, David G. Psychology. "Our difference threshold for colors is so Michigan: Worth Publishers, 1995: low that we can discriminate some 7 million 7 million 165. different color variations (Geldard, 1972)." "It has been estimated that humans can distinguish roughly 10 million different colors, although the identification of a Color. Wikipedia. 2006. 10 million specific color is highly subjective, since even the two eyes of a single individual perceive colors slightly different." 2. How many colours can be displayed on the computer screen? Computer Monitors Back | Up | Next Resolution Monitors display images with several characteristics that you can control: resolution, brightness and contrast, and color depth. Resolution and color depth are usually adjusted with the software driver that works with the computer's operating system through the graphics adapter card. In most Microsoft Windows operating systems you can adjust the resolution and color depth by going to the Start Menu > Settings > Control Panels > Display > Settings. Resolution is how many pixels your screen displays for a given size dimension, and is given in pixel dimensions, such as 640 x 480. Other popular sizes are 800 x 600 and 1024 x 768. For example, 800 x 600 means your monitor's screen will have 800 pixels on the long horizontal side and 600 pixels on the short vertical side. More resolution, such as 1024 x 768, means smaller pixels and finer detail. Monitors also come in different sizes. A 17 inch monitor usually refers to the size of the diagonal measurement of the screen, although the actual usable area of the screen is usually less. My "17 inch" Sony Trinitron monitor has a usable area of 12.5 inches across, 9 inches high, and 15.75 inches on the diagonal. When I run my monitor at a resolution of 800 x 600, there are 800 pixels across 12.5 inches, or about 64 pixels per inch. A "15 inch" monitor may be about 10.75 by 8 inches, with a diagonal of 13.25 inches. This monitor, running at the same 800 x 600 resolution will display images at about 75 pixels per inch. Two physically different sized monitors running at exactly the same display size will have different sized pixels. At 800 x 600, the "17 inch" monitor will have pixels that are 1/64 inch in size, and the "15 inch" will have pixels that are 1/75 inch in size. On a "17 inch" monitor running at 800 x 600 display, the pixels will be 1/64 of an inch in size. On that same monitor, running at 1024 x 768 display size, the pixels will be about 1/86th of an inch in size. They get smaller because we must fit more of them (1024 instead of 800) into the same space. The exact same image will appear larger on a 800 x 600 screen than on a 1024 x 768 screen. Color Depth Color depth describes how many colors that can be displayed on a monitor's screen. Color depth is usually talked about in bits. A bit is an abbreviation for "binary digit". Computers speak a binary language of bits where there are only ones and zeros. Since there are only two numbers (1 and 0) the math is called "binary" (bi meaning two, like two wheels on a bicycle). Each of the three primary colors (Red, Blue and Green) has a number of bits that describes its color "depth", or the number of shades of that particular color that can be displayed. The number of colors are usually talked about in exponential notation, such as the number 2 raised to the second power (two squared, 2x2=4), or two to the eighth power (2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2=256). The more bit depth a color has, the more shades of that color can be displayed. "True" color is also called 24-bit color . Here, each color is 8 bits, for a total of 24 bits. Since each color has 256 shades, we can multiply 256 for red, times 256 for green, times 256 for blue and get millions of colors, (256 x 256 x 256 = 16,777,216). Millions of colors are pretty much what's accepted for a monitor's colors to look "true" to the human eye. Of course you can have more than 24-bit color , such as 32-bit color , which can represent even more colors and is better, but only experts can see the difference. You can also have 16-bit, or "hi" color , which represents thousands of colors, and most of the time does not look too bad, except in areas of subtle shading and tonal change, like in a large area of featureless sky such as in a sunset photo. Then the lack of a deeper color depth will show up as banding in the sky. You can also have less colors, such as 4 bit color with only 16 total colors, or 8 bit color with 256 total colors. Continuous tone images, such a normal photographs of daytime or astronomical subjects will usually look terrible at these low color depths because there are more real colors in the image than can be displayed. Resolution and color depth are intimately tied together in a monitor's display. The amount you can have of each is dependant on the amount of video memory that your video card has. Note that video memory is different than regular system ram memory or hard drive memory. Naturally, higher resolution and deeper color depth require more video memory. If you have at least 2 megabytes of video memory on your video card, you should be able to run 24-bit true color at 800 x 600 resolution, if your monitor supports it. The photos on this web site are 24-bit full color images, and should be viewed on a monitor being driven by a video card that supports 24-bit true color . You can "get-by" if you only have 16-bit "hi-color", but they will look better in 24-bit color . If your monitor is running at anything less than 16-bit high color (sometimes also called thousands of colors), then the photos will probably not look good. If they look grainy, or pock-marked, weird, or just plain bad, it's probably because your monitor is not set at a sufficient color depth. On an Apple® Mac®, go to Control Panels > Monitors and set the color depth to thousands or millions of colors if your video card supports it. If these options are not immediately apparent, you can try holding down the option key on the keyboard as you mouse click on the option button in the Monitors control panel. You can try lowering the resolution of your screen display. This may allow you to achieve a greater color -depth. On a Windows machine, go to Start Menu > Settings > Control Panels > Display > Settings and see what's the highest color depth you can achieve. You can try lowering the display resolution to get a higher color depth. 3. How mac displays colour? Color displays Color monitors for desktop microcomputers are based on cathode ray tubes (CRTs) or back- lighted flat-screen technologies. Because monitors transmit light, displays use the red-green-blue (RGB) additive color model. The RGB model is called "additive" because a combination of the three pure colors red, green, and blue "adds up" to white light: The computer's operating system organizes the display screen into a grid of x and y coordinates, like a checkerboard. Each little box on the screen is called a "pixel" (short for "picture element"). Current Macintosh and Windows displays are composed of these grids of pixels. Pixels and color depth To control the color of each pixel on the screen, the operating system must dedicate a small amount of memory to each pixel. In aggregate this memory dedicated to the display screen is often referred to as "video RAM" or "VRAM" (Video Random Access Memory). In the simplest form of black-and-white computer displays, a single bit of memory is assigned to each pixel. Because each memory bit is either positive or negative (0 or 1), a 1-bit display system can manage only two colors (black or white) for each pixel on the screen: If more bits of memory are dedicated to each pixel in the display, more colors can be managed. When 8 bits of memory are dedicated to each pixel, each pixel could be one of 256 colors. (256 = 2 to the eighth power; in other words, 256 is the maximum number of unique combinations of zeros and ones you can make with 8 bits.) This kind of computer display is called an "8-bit" or "256-color" display, and is common on older laptop computers and desktop machines.
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