ALL ABOUT COLOR March 2020 USA Version CONTENTS CHAPTER 1
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Color Models
Color Models Jian Huang CS456 Main Color Spaces • CIE XYZ, xyY • RGB, CMYK • HSV (Munsell, HSL, IHS) • Lab, UVW, YUV, YCrCb, Luv, Differences in Color Spaces • What is the use? For display, editing, computation, compression, …? • Several key (very often conflicting) features may be sought after: – Additive (RGB) or subtractive (CMYK) – Separation of luminance and chromaticity – Equal distance between colors are equally perceivable CIE Standard • CIE: International Commission on Illumination (Comission Internationale de l’Eclairage). • Human perception based standard (1931), established with color matching experiment • Standard observer: a composite of a group of 15 to 20 people CIE Experiment CIE Experiment Result • Three pure light source: R = 700 nm, G = 546 nm, B = 436 nm. CIE Color Space • 3 hypothetical light sources, X, Y, and Z, which yield positive matching curves • Y: roughly corresponds to luminous efficiency characteristic of human eye CIE Color Space CIE xyY Space • Irregular 3D volume shape is difficult to understand • Chromaticity diagram (the same color of the varying intensity, Y, should all end up at the same point) Color Gamut • The range of color representation of a display device RGB (monitors) • The de facto standard The RGB Cube • RGB color space is perceptually non-linear • RGB space is a subset of the colors human can perceive • Con: what is ‘bloody red’ in RGB? CMY(K): printing • Cyan, Magenta, Yellow (Black) – CMY(K) • A subtractive color model dye color absorbs reflects cyan red blue and green magenta green blue and red yellow blue red and green black all none RGB and CMY • Converting between RGB and CMY RGB and CMY HSV • This color model is based on polar coordinates, not Cartesian coordinates. -
Color Combinations and Contrasts
COLOR COMBINATIONS AND CONTRASTS Full Value Color Combinations Above are 18 color combinations tested for visibility, using primary and secondary colors, of full hue and value. Visibility is ranked in the sequence shown, with 1 being the most visible and 18 being the least visible. Readability It is essential that outdoor designs are easy to read. Choose colors with high contrast in both hue and value. Contrasting colors are viewed well from great distances, while colors with low contrast will blend together and obscure a message. In fact, research demonstrates that high color contrast can improve outdoor advertising recall by 38 percent. A standard color wheel clearly illustrates the importance of contrast, hue and value. Opposite colors on the wheel are complementary. An example is red and green (as shown above). They respresent a good contrast in hue, but their values are similar. It is difficult for the human eye to process the wavelength variations associated with complementary colors. Therefore, a quivering or optical distortion is sometimes detected when two complemen- tary colors are used in tandem. Adjacent colors, such as blue and green, make especially poor combinations since their contrast is similar in both hue and value. As a result, adjacent colors create contrast that is hard to discern. Alternating colors, such as blue and yellow, produce the best combinations since they have good contrast in both hue and value. Black contrasts well with any color of light value and white is a good contrast with colors of dark value. For example, yellow and black are dissimilar in the contrast of both hue and value. -
Rethinking Color Cameras
Rethinking Color Cameras Ayan Chakrabarti William T. Freeman Todd Zickler Harvard University Massachusetts Institute of Technology Harvard University Cambridge, MA Cambridge, MA Cambridge, MA [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Abstract Digital color cameras make sub-sampled measurements of color at alternating pixel locations, and then “demo- saick” these measurements to create full color images by up-sampling. This allows traditional cameras with re- stricted processing hardware to produce color images from a single shot, but it requires blocking a majority of the in- cident light and is prone to aliasing artifacts. In this paper, we introduce a computational approach to color photogra- phy, where the sampling pattern and reconstruction process are co-designed to enhance sharpness and photographic speed. The pattern is made predominantly panchromatic, thus avoiding excessive loss of light and aliasing of high spatial-frequency intensity variations. Color is sampled at a very sparse set of locations and then propagated through- out the image with guidance from the un-aliased luminance channel. Experimental results show that this approach often leads to significant reductions in noise and aliasing arti- facts, especially in low-light conditions. Figure 1. A computational color camera. Top: Most digital color cameras use the Bayer pattern (or something like it) to sub-sample 1. Introduction color alternatingly; and then they demosaick these samples to create full-color images by up-sampling. Bottom: We propose The standard practice for one-shot digital color photog- an alternative that samples color very sparsely and is otherwise raphy is to include a color filter array in front of the sensor panchromatic. -
Compression for Great Video and Audio Master Tips and Common Sense
Compression for Great Video and Audio Master Tips and Common Sense 01_K81213_PRELIMS.indd i 10/24/2009 1:26:18 PM 01_K81213_PRELIMS.indd ii 10/24/2009 1:26:19 PM Compression for Great Video and Audio Master Tips and Common Sense Ben Waggoner AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Focal Press is an imprint of Elsevier 01_K81213_PRELIMS.indd iii 10/24/2009 1:26:19 PM Focal Press is an imprint of Elsevier 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UK © 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions . This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this fi eld are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. -
Effect of Ph and Oxidation Reduction Potential on Dyeing of Modal Knitted Fabric with Natural and Synthetic Indigo
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 07 Issue: 02 | Feb 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 Effect of pH and Oxidation Reduction Potential on Dyeing of Modal Knitted Fabric with Natural and Synthetic Indigo Md. Ershad Khan1, Chowdhury Jony Moin2 1,2Department of Textile Engineering, Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - Application of natural indigo dye can be increasing day by day due to shrinkage of cotton observed from the ancient time. After the invention of cultivation land as well as considering the sustainability synthetic indigo, this dye is being used widely in producing issue [17]. So, the consumers as well as suppliers are blue jeans from the early twentieth century. In the recent developing textiles with regenerated cellulosic fibers. In time, the use of natural dyed textiles are appreciated the current study, one the popular regenerated cellulosic globally considering its Eco- friendliness. In this current fiber, modal is dyed with both natural and synthetic indigo study, dyeing performance of both natural and synthetic dye to investigate its dyeing quality and to establish its indigo dye on modal fibre had been studied in terms of dye relation with the influential parameters e.g. pH and uptake (K/S value), color fastness to rubbing and color Oxidation Reduction Potential (ORP) with the dyeing fastness to wash. It had been found that natural dye showed performance. comparatively lower dye absorbency than synthetic dye at 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS the same dyeing parameters but the color fastness to wash and rubbing is found comparatively better in natural indigo dyed modal than the synthetic indigo dyed modal. -
OSHER Color 2021
OSHER Color 2021 Presentation 1 Mysteries of Color Color Foundation Q: Why is color? A: Color is a perception that arises from the responses of our visual systems to light in the environment. We probably have evolved with color vision to help us in finding good food and healthy mates. One of the fundamental truths about color that's important to understand is that color is something we humans impose on the world. The world isn't colored; we just see it that way. A reasonable working definition of color is that it's our human response to different wavelengths of light. The color isn't really in the light: We create the color as a response to that light Remember: The different wavelengths of light aren't really colored; they're simply waves of electromagnetic energy with a known length and a known amount of energy. OSHER Color 2021 It's our perceptual system that gives them the attribute of color. Our eyes contain two types of sensors -- rods and cones -- that are sensitive to light. The rods are essentially monochromatic, they contribute to peripheral vision and allow us to see in relatively dark conditions, but they don't contribute to color vision. (You've probably noticed that on a dark night, even though you can see shapes and movement, you see very little color.) The sensation of color comes from the second set of photoreceptors in our eyes -- the cones. We have 3 different types of cones cones are sensitive to light of long wavelength, medium wavelength, and short wavelength. -
High Resolution Gray Scale Medical Displays - Technical Developments and Actual Products
LCDs High Resolution Gray Scale Medical Displays - Technical Developments and Actual Products MIYAMOTO Tsuneo, HAYASHIDA Katsumi, MATSUI Seiji, MORI Kengo Abstract The trend in improvements to the brightness and contrast of LCD panels is accelerating the shift in medical displays from CRT to LCD panels. In the field of medical displays a precise relative image evaluation between multiple displays is an essential function. However, the alignment of the white points across multiple LCD panels and the deviation of white points caused by deterioration with age are tend to result in a significant increase in the costs and service expenses. The newly developed displays introduced below employ a “new backlight system (called X-Light®)” with a white point adjustment capability that enables long hours of use with stable white points and brightness. Other features that allow the new displays to support accurate medical image diagnoses include the SA-SFT LCD panel that features high brightness and contrast, 11.5-bit gamma circuitry and an integral calibration system. Keywords medical radiogram LCD, CCFL, color calibration, acceptance test, uniformity test 1. Introduction specification with high color temperature and in the clear base specification with a low color temperature. Photo shows exter- The medical displays for use in the reading and referencing nal views of two 3M clear base model units. of images are usually used in pairs in order to compare previ- ous and current images. What is important in this application is ® that the brightness and white points of the two displays are 3. A New CCFL Backlight System (X-Light ) with 1) identical and that their brightness and white points do not vary a 3-Color Independent Brightness Adjustment as time passes. -
Hair Color Solutions Participant Workbook This Workbook Belongs To: MISSION
Hair Color Solutions participant workbook This workbook belongs to: MISSION OUR ______________ AT AVEDA IS TO ______________ FOR THE ______________ WE LIVE IN, FROM THE ______________ WE MAKE TO THE ______________ IN WHICH WE ______________ BACK TO ______________. AT ______________, WE ______________ TO SET AN ______________ FOR___________________ LEADERSHIP AND ___________________, NOT JUST IN THE ______________ OF ______________, BUT AROUND THE ______________. 1 learning objectives • Explain how to use Aveda Hair Color systems to solve common hair color challenges • Perform the six steps to a successful hair color consultation • Formulate and apply hair color changes with success FOR EVERY FAILURE, THERE’S AN ALTERNATIVE COURSE OF ACTION. YOU JUST HAVE TO FIND IT. WHEN YOU COME TO A ROADBLOCK, TAKE A DETOUR. MARY KAY ASH 2 HAIR COLOR CHALLENGES color sudoku puzzle Solve the puzzle by coloring in the remaining squares using three simple rules: • Use all the color options in each box without repeating • Use all the color options in each row without repeating • Use all the color options in each column without repeating Color options: pink black orange green blue grey black pink black pink orange orange grey grey pink blue 3 hair color horror story Every hair colorist has one. Write down a time when a hair color service went wrong. HAIR COLOR CHALLENGES HAIR COLOR SOLUTION: The act or process of determining the answer to a problem 4 HAIR COLOR CHALLENGES HAIR COLOR the big challenge Natural Level: 6 Dark Blonde with 50% grey Desired Level: -
CODE of COLOR
CODE of COLOR TABLE OF CONTENTS COLOR THEORY Color Perception The Color Wheel The Language Of Hair Color - ANATOMY The Anatomy Of Hair Hair Strand Growth Hair Strand Abundance Hair Strand Formation Hair Strand Coloration Hair Strand Condition - HAIR COLOR TECHNOLOGY Hair Color Chemical Attributes Hair Color Developer Attributes Choosing And Understanding Color Systems - THE MECHANICS OF SUCCESS The L’ANZA Healing Color Mechanics Of Success Understanding L’ANZA Healing Colors Successful Color Formulation Conducting A Patch Test Preparing The Hair For A Color Service Corrective Color Post Color Services COLOR THEORY Color Perception – The Color Wheel – The Language of Hair Color COLOR THEORY COLOR PERCEPTION The human eye interprets color in a unique way. Our perception of color is ruled by light wavelengths, and how they absorb or reflect from a surface. Our eyes are sensitive to light, so color perception depends on how individual light wavelengths react to a surface, creating visible light. Humans see hair color based on how individual light wavelengths are absorbed or reflect from each hair strand. Color Perceptions WHITE LIGHT SPECTRUM The electromagnetic spectrum of light that passes through our atmosphere is known as the visible (or white light) spectrum. The white light spectrum is a combination of all visible saturated color wavelengths the human eye and brain can distinguish. Black is a total absence of light. LIGHT WAVELENGTHS & COLOR The visible spectrum corresponds directly to individual light wavelengths, ranging from 400 to 700 nanometers (nm), and a color range of violet through dark red. Every surface absorbs, diffuses, combines and/or reflects each light wavelength, enabling the human eye and brain to perceive color. -
Effect of Semi-Permanent Hair Color Conditioner for Maintenance Hair Coloring
EFFECT OF SEMI-PERMANENT HAIR COLOR CONDITIONER FOR MAINTENANCE HAIR COLORING 1,* 1 1 Kanchanapa Sathirachawan Waruttaya Sripattanakul , Thapakorn Tree-udom , Nanthana Chanthasila1 and Pruchaya Manhathao1 1School of Cosmetic Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand *e-mail: [email protected] ______________________________________________________________________________ Abstract Hair color fading is a common problem in artificial hair colorants complained by both young and elderly consumers. One of the main reasons is the open of hair cuticles that allows color escaping out upon shampooing. To overcome color fading problem, the semi-permanent hair color conditioner was developed. The effect of semi-permanent hair color conditioner for maintenance of hair coloring were studied in this work. The experiment was carried out on red brown permanent dyed hair tresses with and without treatment of semi-permanent hair color conditioner. After shampooing for 50 times, the comparative efficiency of color maintenance between untreated and conditioner-treated groups was performed using colorimeter based on CIE L*, a*, b* color scale. The result showed that percent changes of a*- value and ∆E of conditioner-treated group were significantly lower than that of untreated group (p < 0.05). This indicated that semi-permanent hair color conditioner appears to be an effective product for the maintenance of hair coloring. ______________________________________________________________________________ Keywords : hair color fading; hair color maintenance; conditioner; hair dye; hair care Introduction : Color fading is a common problem in everyone who dyed their hair has a tendency to be found after doing artificial hair colorant (Morel and Christie 2011). The almost causes of off-shade fading may be simple to suffer in daily life unavoidably. -
Hair Coloring – Hair Dyeing
Review Article ISSN (Print) : 2231-1947 RGUHS J Med Sciences, Vol 8(1), 13-17, January 2018 DOI: 10.26463/rjms/2018/v8/i1/121003 Hair Coloring – Hair Dyeing K. Hanumanthayya1, G. Balasubrahmanyam2, Menakaa Mohan3, Sunitha Mohan3 and N. Nikhil3 1Professor and Head, Department of Dermatology, Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Bangalore – 560066, Karnataka, India; [email protected] 2Assistant Professor, Department of Dermatology, Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Bangalore – 560066, Karnataka, India 3Junior Residents, Department of Dermatology, Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Bangalore – 560066, Karnataka, India Abstract History of the coloring of the gray hairs can be traced back to Sumerians and Pharaohs 2000 BC. Women in the past used hair colors to hide their gray hairs. Today men are also applying hair color to hide their gray hairs and younger people color their hair as a fashion. The discovery of paraphenylenediamine and better understanding of chemistry of hair dyes have resulted in safe and customer friendly products. Now men and women can apply the hair dyes in their own home in just one easy step 30-45 minutes. Keywords: Hair, Hair Dye, PPD, Hydrogen Peroxide Introduction History of Hair Coloring The scalp has the most striking feature for every person. Human’s use of hair dye traces back to the beginning of For a long time, hair has been considered more than just a civilization. The extraordinary history of hair color can biological feature, and is more often center of beautification. be traced back to Sumerians who lived in 2000 BC. Nobel For women, hair is an ornament that has transformed their Sumerians used to color their gray hairs with golden dye, beauty at higher level. -
Hair Dyes Resorcinol and Lawsone Reduce Production of Melanin in Melanoma Cells by Tyrosinase Activity Inhibition and Decreasing
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2015, 16, 1495-1508; doi:10.3390/ijms16011495 OPEN ACCESS International Journal of Molecular Sciences ISSN 1422-0067 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijms Article Hair Dyes Resorcinol and Lawsone Reduce Production of Melanin in Melanoma Cells by Tyrosinase Activity Inhibition and Decreasing Tyrosinase and Microphthalmia-Associated Transcription Factor (MITF) Expression Shu-Mei Lee 1,*, Yi-Shyan Chen 2, Chih-Chien Lin 2 and Kuan-Hung Chen 2 1 Department of Cosmetic Science and Management, Mackay Medicine, Nursing and Management College, 92 Shengjing Road, Beitou, Taipei 11260, Taiwan 2 Department of Cosmetic Science, Providence University, 200, Sec. 7, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu Dist., Taichung 43301, Taiwan; E-Mails: [email protected] (Y.-S.C.); [email protected] (C.-C.L.); [email protected] (K.-H.C.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +886-2-2858-4180 (ext. 2407); Fax: +886-2-2858-4183. Academic Editor: Manickam Sugumaran Received: 25 November 2014 / Accepted: 4 January 2015 / Published: 9 January 2015 Abstract: Hair coloring products are one of the most important cosmetics for modern people; there are three major types of hair dyes, including the temporary, semi-permanent and permanent hair dyes. The selected hair dyes (such as ammonium persulfate, sodium persulfate, resorcinol and lawsone) are the important components for hair coloring products. Therefore, we analyzed the effects of these compounds on melanogenesis in B16-F10 melanoma cells. The results proved that hair dyes resorcinol and lawsone can reduce the production of melanin. The results also confirmed that resorcinol and lawsone inhibit mushroom and cellular tyrosinase activities in vitro.