DOCSLIB.ORG

Avalanche Press

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Avalanche Press AVALANCHE PRESS NileWar in Heliopolis Empire Requires the use of the Dungeons & Dragons® Player’s Handbook, Third Edition, published by Wizards of the Coast® Gora McGahey (order #19251) 69.136.21.109 ‘D20 System’ and the ‘D20 System’ logo are Trademarks owned by Wizards of the Coast and are used according to the terms of the D20 System License version 1.0. A copy of this License can be found at www.wizards.com. The Open Game Content in this book includes game rules, character and creature statistics, and similar material using the D20 system. This content is denoted by its placement in bordered-style sidebars and by text highlighted in bold italic type within the main body of the text. Additionally, all of the material in Parts 3 and 4 is designated Open Game Content. The remaining material, including that in bordered-style sidebars and the presentation of this book as a complete work is designated Product Identity. With the exception of the Open Game Content, reproduction of this work without the written permission of the Copyright Holder is a violation of copyright law and is expressly forbidden. This is a work of fiction. Any resemblance to actual persons living or dead less than 3000 years is purely coincidental. Avalanche Press Ltd. P.O. Box 4775, Virginia Beach, VA 23454 USA 1-800-564-9008 • www.AvalanchePress.com Copyright © 2002 Avalanche Press LTD. All rights reserved. ISBN 0-9707961-7-X Printed in the United States of America. First Printing, 2002. Gora McGahey (order #19251) 69.136.21.109 Table of Contents Scribe 25 Career Choices 16 Trader 27 Introduction 4 Money 16 Prestige Classes 28 Part 1: History of Wages 16 Avatar 28 the Nile Empire 5 Sick Leave and Vacation 16 Godslayer 29 A Brief History of Early Egypt 5 Funerary Cost 17 Pharaoh 30 Pre-dynastic Period 5 Workers’ Rights 17 Alignment 32 Archaic Period 5 Agriculture 17 New Skills 32 Old Kingdom 6 Inundation and Fertilization 17 New Feat 34 First Intermediate Period 7 Reservoirs and Irrigation 17 Equipment 35 Middle Kingdom 7 Planting and Harvesting 17 Money 35 Second Intermediate Period 8 Gardens 17 New Kingdom 8 Lumber and Other Crops 18 Part 4: The Great Ennead 36 Mythic History 8 Controlling Agriculture 18 The Creator Gods 36 The Jealousy of Set 8 Livestock 18 Atum 37 The Death of Osiris 8 Cattle 18 Shu 37 Isis’s Search 9 Sheep, Goats, and Pigs 19 Tefnut 37 The Queen of Byblos 9 Poultry and Fish 19 Nut 37 The Rebirth of Osiris 10 Exotic Animals 19 Geb 37 The Revenge of Set 10 Transportation 19 Apophis 37 The God of Death 10 Taxation 19 The Ennead of the Nile 38 The Exile of Set 10 Architecture 19 Amun-Re 38 Current State of the Empire 11 Building Materials 19 Osiris 38 Worker Housing 19 Isis 40 Part 2: Life and Culture in Egypt 12 Furnishings 20 Horus 40 Hieroglyphs and Writing 12 Royal Palace 20 Anubis 41 The Beginnings of Language 12 Lifestyles 20 Hathor 41 The Makeup of Hieroglyphs 12 Food Staples 20 Thoth 41 Pyramid Shorthand 12 Delicacies 20 Bastet 42 Egyptian Grammar 12 Hygiene 20 The Ennead of the Desert 42 Writing Utensils 12 Clothing 21 Set 42 Learning Hieroglyphs 14 Family Units 21 Nepthys 43 Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts 14 Religion 21 Sokar 44 Royalty 14 The Cosmos 21 Khonsu 44 Divine Rule 14 Religious Festivals 22 Ptah 45 Commander-in-Chief 14 Death, Mummification, Sobek 45 Trappings of Office 14 and Burial 22 Bes 45 The Vizier 15 Death 22 Government 15 Mummification 23 Part 5: War in Heliopolis 46 Egyptian Socialism 15 Burial 23 Running Heliopolitan Adventures 46 The Justice System 15 Forces of Isfet 46 The Military 16 Part 3: Characters 23 The Gods of Evil 46 Military Regiments 16 Race 23 Avatars and Godslayers 47 Military Advancements 16 Gender 23 Monsters 47 Military Transport 16 Standard Character Classes 23 Undead 50 Egyptian Economics 16 New Character Classes 23 Foreign Invaders 51 Nomad 23 3 Gora McGahey (order #19251) 69.136.21.109 Part 1: History of the Nile Empire The actual origin of the great state of Egypt is lost in the sands of the desert. What little is known has been gathered by piecing together various archaeological findings. All agree glyphs into Egypt, and for the beginnings of a definite split that the Kingdom of Egypt was formed when the states between the upper class and the rest of the Egyptian people. of Upper and Lower Egypt merged for the first time, but The First Dynasty would last about 175 years and be led beyond that things get a little hazy. by the pharaohs (after Menes) Atoti (Athotis I), Djer, Wadji, A Brief History of Early Egypt Dewen, Adjib, Semerkhet, and Qaa. The Second Dynasty began with the rule of the pharaoh, Although the myth of Egypt is that it was an empire that Hetepsekhemui, and lasted about 150 years. Although there lasted for thousands of years, the truth is a little different. is little information about this dynasty, what is known suggests Egyptian culture was split up into several widely diverse a time of unrest and possible splitting of the state. periods (often referred to as kingdoms). This section chronicles the rise of Egypt from its earliest origins to the The troubles seem to have begun when Hetepsekhemui and beginning of the New Kingdom where the adventure WAR IN the two succeeding pharaohs built their royal mastabas not HELIOPOLIS is set. in the necropolis of Abydos, but in Saqqara. While space was probably a great consideration, there was a sense of lost Pre-dynastic Period (3182-3032 BC) respect for tradition. Two of the later pharaohs, Peribsen According to archaeological findings, the first known king and Khasekhemui would return to Abydos for their tombs, appears to have been named Narmer. In the one record of but by then the damage seems to have been done. his kingship, he is shown wearing a Red Crown in one place Moving the pharaoh’s tomb from Abydos to Saqqara located and a White Crown in another. Both depictions, however, both the capital (Memphis) and the royal tomb in Lower show him holding dominion over his enemies and feature Egypt. Prior to this change, the tomb in Upper Egypt (at prominently the symbol for Horus, the falcon. His reign Abydos) served both as a reminder of the unified kingdom falls into relative prehistory and is usually referred to as the and as a way to ensure it remained that way. Pre-dynastic Period. From what records exist, it seems as if Upper Egypt grew Archaic Period (3032-2707 BC) increasingly disconsolate with this turn of events and its The Archaic Period marks the rise of the first pharaohs and loss of political power. Eventually these disputes led to open the first two dynasties in Egypt. The period lasted a little over warfare. During the reign of Khasekhemui, Upper Egypt 300 years, during which Memphis became Egypt’s capital. defeated Lower Egypt and re-unified the kingdom. The first recorded pharaoh was Horus-Aha, also referred to The reign of the pharaohs of the Second Dynasty as Menes. He appears to have been the son of Narmer and from Hetepsekhemui to Nebre, Ninetjer, the first pharaoh to inherit his position. He headed what is Wenegnebti, Sekhemib, Neferkare, Neferkasokar, known as the First Dynasty. This period was marked by the Hudjefa, Peribsen, and Khasekhemui and the dis- use of mastabas, or raised tombs, for burial in solution and reunification of the unified kingdom the necropolis of Abydos, would lead Egypt into its most memorable period. for the introduction Old Kingdom (2707-2170 BC) of hiero- With the end of the Second Dynasty, Egypt moved into what is called the Old Kingdom — a period encompass- ing the Third through Eighth Dynasties. The great- The Pyramids of Giza still inspire awe in visitors 4,500 years later. 4 Gora McGahey (order #19251) 69.136.21.109 est achievements of the Old Kingdom are still visible nearly 5,000 years later: the pyra- mids. However, the existence of these monumental structures is dwarfed by the sheer scope of the economy, government, and popular will needed to create them. The first pharaoh of the Old Kingdom, Nebka, begins the Third Dynasty. However, his predecessor, Djoser, the builder of the first pyramid, overshadowed his reign. Djoser, the son or son-in-law of Khasekhemui, worked with his trusted assis- tant and architect, Imhotep, to create a monument worthy of the pharaoh in the afterlife. They built upon the idea of the mastabas used by previous pharaohs in Saqqara. Their novel idea was to take the mastaba, which looked like a raised building with a flat top, and build a smaller mastaba on top of the first, and so on, until they created a series of mastabas that reached to the heavens themselves. Thus was born the first, or the step, pyramid. After Djoser, the remaining pharaohs in the Third Dynasty, Djoserti, Khaba, Mesokhris, and Huni, attempted but failed to build their own step pyramids. Most of their tombs have yet to be found. The Fourth Dynasty marks the period of Egypt’s greatest achievement in the art of pyramid building. The dynasty began with the lengthy reign of the pharaoh, Snefru. This was a time of peace and great prosperity for Egypt. Without the need to fight their enemies, resources could be allocated to the works of wonder so intimately linked with Egyptian culture. Snefru’s son, Cheops, is probably the most recognized of the pharaohs for his construction of the Great Pyramid, but under Snefru’s guidance the kingdom flourished.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ancient Egyptian Chronology and the Book of Genesis
    Answers Research Journal 4 (2011):127–159. www.answersingenesis.org/arj/v4/ancient-egyptian-chronology-genesis.pdf Ancient Egyptian Chronology and the Book of Genesis Matt McClellan, [email protected] Abstract One of the most popular topics among young earth creationists and apologists is the relationship of the Bible with Ancient Egyptian chronology. Whether it concerns who the pharaoh of the Exodus was, the background of Joseph, or the identity of Shishak, many Christians (and non-Christians) have wondered how these two topics fit together. This paper deals with the question, “How does ancient Egyptian chronology correlate with the book of Genesis?” In answering this question it begins with an analysis of every Egyptian dynasty starting with the 12th Dynasty (this is where David Down places Moses) and goes back all the way to the so called “Dynasty 0.” After all the data is presented, this paper will look at the different possibilities that can be constructed concerning how long each of these dynasties lasted and how they relate to the biblical dates of the Great Flood, the Tower of Babel, and the Patriarchs. Keywords: Egypt, pharaoh, Patriarchs, chronology, Abraham, Joseph Introduction Kingdom) need to be revised. This is important During the past century some scholars have when considering the relationship between Egyptian proposed new ways of dating the events of ancient history and the Tower of Babel. The traditional dating history before c. 700 BC.1 In 1991 a book entitled of Ancient Egyptian chronology places its earliest Centuries of Darkness by Peter James and four of dynasties before the biblical dates of the Flood and his colleagues shook the very foundations of ancient confusion of the languages at Babel.
    [Show full text]
  • Clarity Chronology: Egypt's Chronology in Sync with the Holy Bible Eve Clarity, P1
    Clarity Chronology: Egypt's chronology in sync with the Holy Bible Eve Clarity, p1 Clarity Chronology This Egyptian chronology is based upon the historically accurate facts in the Holy Bible which are supported by archaeological evidence and challenge many assumptions. A major breakthrough was recognizing Joseph and Moses lived during the reigns of several pharaohs, not just one. During the 18th dynasty in which Joseph and Moses lived, the average reign was about 15 years; and Joseph lived 110 years and Moses lived 120 years. The last third of Moses' life was during the 19th dynasty. Though Rameses II had a reign of 66 years, the average reign of the other pharaohs was only seven years. Biblical chronology is superior to traditional Egyptian chronology Joseph was born in 1745 BC during the reign of Tao II. Joseph was 17 when he was sold into slavery (1728 BC), which was during the reign of Ahmose I, for the historically accurate amount of 20 pieces of silver.1 Moses (1571-1451 BC) was born 250 years after the death of the Hebrew patriarch, Abraham. Moses lived in Egypt and wrote extensively about his conversations and interactions with the pharaoh of the Hebrews' exodus from Egypt; thus providing a primary source. The history of the Hebrews continued to be written by contemporaries for the next thousand years. These books (scrolls) were accurately copied and widely disseminated. The Dead Sea Scrolls contained 2,000 year old copies of every book of the Bible, except Esther, and the high accuracy of these copies to today's copies in original languages is truly astonishing.
    [Show full text]
  • Ä G Y P T I S C H E
    Ä g y p t i s c h e Geschichte Ä g y p t e n Ägyptische Genealogie und Geschichte nach Erkenntnis von Gotthard Matysik Pharao Tutanchamun Pharaonen-Thron Nofretete Ägyptologen: Champollion Jean Francois (Franzose), entzifferte 1822 die ägyptischen Hieroglyphen Belzoni (Italiener), der Sammler Lepsius (Deutscher), der Ordner Mariette (Franzose), der Bewahrer Petrie (Engländer), der Messende u. Deuter Schlögl (Schweiz) Historiker der Geschichte Ägyptens: Manetho, ägyptischer Hohepriester in Heliopolis, * in Sebennytos im 3. Jahrhundert v. Chr., Verfasser einer nicht original überlieferten Pharaonengeschichte mit ihrer Einteilung in 30 Dynastien. Diodorus Sicullus, aus Sizilien, griechischer Historiker, 1. Jahrhundert v. Chr., Verfasser einer ägyptischen Geschichte Prf. Kenneth Kitchen (Ägyptologe). Verfasser des „The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt“ von 1973 Dr. David Rohl, Verfasser von „Pharaonen u. Propheten“ u. „Das Alte Testament auf dem Prüfstand“ von 1996 Herrscher in ä g y p t e n Stufenmastaba von König Djoser Felsentempel von Abu Simbel Das Schwarze Land (ägyptisch: Kemet) war der Wohnsitz des Horus, eines lebenden Königs u. seiner göttlichen Mutter Isis. Das Rote Land (ägyptisch: Deschret), die riesige Wüste, das Reich der Gefahr u. des Unheils, regiert von Seth (ägyptisch: Set Sutech), dem Gott des Chaos. Pharao (Titel) = par-o = großes Tor (ähnlich der „hohen Pforte) Vordynastische Periode vor 3200 bis 3150 vor Chr. um 3400 v. Chr. Onyxkopfstandarte Fingerschnecke Fisch Pen-abu um 3300 Elefant Funde könnten seinen Namen tragen, Lesung unsicher. Stier um 3250 Rinderkopfstandarte, vermutl. Kleinkönig von Skorpion I. besiegt. Skorpion I. um 3250 v. Chr. Skorpion I. in Oberägypten. Schrift und Bewässerungsanlagen wurden eingeführt. Grab in Abydos 1988 entdeckt.
    [Show full text]
  • Pharaoh Chronology (Pdf)
    Egypt's chronology in sync with the Holy Bible by Eve Engelbrite (c)2021, p1 Egypt's Chronology in Synchronization with the Bible This Egyptian chronology is based upon the historically accurate facts in the Holy Bible which are supported by archaeological evidence and challenge many assumptions. A major breakthrough was recognizing Joseph and Moses lived during the reigns of several pharaohs, not just one. During the 18th dynasty in which Joseph and Moses lived, the average reign was about 15 years; and Joseph lived 110 years and Moses lived 120 years. The last third of Moses' life was during the 19th dynasty. Though Rameses II had a reign of 66 years, the average reign of the other pharaohs was only seven years. Biblical chronology is superior to traditional Egyptian chronology Joseph was born in 1745 BC during the reign of Tao II. Joseph was 17 when he was sold into slavery (1728 BC), which was during the reign of Ahmose I, for the historically accurate amount of 20 pieces of silver.1 Moses (1571-1451 BC) was born 250 years after the death of the Hebrew patriarch, Abraham. Moses lived in Egypt and wrote extensively about his conversations and interactions with the pharaoh of the Hebrews' exodus from Egypt; thus providing a primary source. The history of the Hebrews continued to be written by contemporaries for the next thousand years. These books (scrolls) were accurately copied and widely disseminated. The Dead Sea Scrolls contained 2,000 year old copies of every book of the Bible, except Esther, and the high accuracy of these copies to today's copies in original languages is truly astonishing.
    [Show full text]
  • Turin King List
    Turin King List This article contains Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Egyptian hieroglyphs. The Turin King List, also known as the Turin Royal Canon, is an ancient Egyptian hieratic papyrus thought to date from the reign of Pharaoh Ramesses II, now in the Museo Egizio (Egyptian Museum)[1] in Turin. The papyrus is the most extensive list available of kings compiled by the ancient Egyptians, and is the basis for most chronology before the reign of Ramesses II. 1904 version of attempt to assemble parts of the Turin King list Creation and use The papyrus is believed to date from the reign of Ramesses II, during the middle of the New Kingdom, or the 19th Dynasty. The beginning and ending of the list are now lost; there is no introduction, and the list does not continue after the 19th Dynasty. The composition may thus have occurred at any subsequent time, from the reign of Ramesses II to as late as the 20th Dynasty. The papyrus lists the names of rulers, the lengths of reigns in years, with months and days for some kings. In some cases they are grouped together by family, which corresponds approximately to the dynasties of Manethoʼs book. The list includes the names of ephemeral rulers or those ruling small territories that may be unmentioned in other sources. The list also is believed to contain kings from the 15th Dynasty, the Hyksos who ruled Lower Egypt and the River Nile delta. The Hyksos rulers do not have cartouches (enclosing borders which indicate the name of a king), and a hieroglyphic sign is added to indicate that they were foreigners, although typically on King Lists foreign rulers are not listed.
    [Show full text]
  • Manetón Y La Dinastía II. Pistas Sobre Las Dinámicas De Poder a Comienzos De La Historia Egipcia
    XVI Jornadas Interescuelas/Departamentos de Historia. Departamento de Historia. Facultad Humanidades. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, 2017. Manetón y la Dinastía II. Pistas sobre las dinámicas de poder a comienzos de la historia egipcia. Zulian, Marcelo. Cita: Zulian, Marcelo (2017). Manetón y la Dinastía II. Pistas sobre las dinámicas de poder a comienzos de la historia egipcia. XVI Jornadas Interescuelas/Departamentos de Historia. Departamento de Historia. Facultad Humanidades. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata. Dirección estable: https://www.aacademica.org/000-019/2 Acta Académica es un proyecto académico sin fines de lucro enmarcado en la iniciativa de acceso abierto. Acta Académica fue creado para facilitar a investigadores de todo el mundo el compartir su producción académica. Para crear un perfil gratuitamente o acceder a otros trabajos visite: https://www.aacademica.org. Manetón y la Dinastía II. Pistas sobre las dinámicas de poder a comienzos de la historia egipcia. Zulian, Marcelo. UM, CIUNSa. PARA PUBLICAR EN ACTAS El conflicto entre los poderes locales y los poderes nacionales1 fue una constante a lo largo de la historia del Antiguo Egipto, pero es en el periodo inmediatamente posterior a la unificación, conocido como Dinástico Temprano, cuando esta realidad se mostró más desnuda. Hace unos años presenté un trabajo en el que analizaba la distribución de las tumbas reales de la Dinastía I para concluir que, al menos hacia comienzos de la unificación, las lealtades locales predinásticas seguían vigentes (ZULIAN, 2013). En el presente trabajo la intención es profundizar en el conocimiento de esta dinámica a través del análisis de la cronología de la Dinastía II.
    [Show full text]
  • Los Aujòls De Joan Baptista Blanc I
    Joan Francés Blanc Los aujòls de Joan Baptista Blanc I 2018 Joan Francés Blanc Los aujòls de Joan Baptista Blanc I: Introduccion. Lista corta © 2018 Joan Francés Blanc Licéncia Creative Commons CC-BY-NC-SA Genealogia n°21 http://j.f.blanc.free.fr -ii- ENSENHADOR I. Pourquoi ce livre n’est pas en français.......................v About this book..........................................................vi Introduccion..............................................................vii Los aujòls de Joan Baptista Blanc. Lista corta............1 II. Los aujòls de Joan Baptista Blanc segond la basa de Roglo. Lista corta...............................................217 III. Los aujòls de Joan Baptista Blanc. Las vint primièras generacion. Lista longa..........................571 IV. Los aujòls de Joan Baptista Blanc segond la basa de Roglo. Lista longa, generacions 1 a 23..............935 V. Los aujòls de Joan Baptista Blanc segond la basa de Roglo. Lista longa, generacions 24 a 28..........1387 VI. Los aujòls de Joan Baptista Blanc segond la basa de Roglo. Lista longa, generacions 29 a 61..........1867 VII. Los aujòls de Joan Baptista Blanc segond la basa de Roglo. Nòtas. Generacions 1 a 20...................2219 VIII.Los aujòls de Joan Baptista Blanc segond la basa de Roglo. Nòtas. Generacions 21 e 22.................2671 IX. Los aujòls de Joan Baptista Blanc segond la basa de Roglo. Nòtas. Generacion 23...........................3161 X. Los aujòls de Joan Baptista Blanc segond la basa de Roglo. Nòtas. Generacion 24...........................3509 -iii- XI. Los aujòls de Joan Baptista Blanc segond la basa de Roglo. Nòtas. Generacion 25...........................3937 XII. Los aujòls de Joan Baptista Blanc segond la basa de Roglo. Nòtas. Generacion 26...........................4375 XIII. Los aujòls de Joan Baptista Blanc segond la basa de Roglo.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient Egypt: an Introduction Salima Ikram Frontmatter More Information
    Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-67598-7 - Ancient Egypt: An Introduction Salima Ikram Frontmatter More information Ancient Egypt An Introduction This book provides an introduction to one of the greatest civilisations of all time – ancient Egypt. Beginning with a geographical overview that explains the development of Egyptian belief systems as well as Egypt’s subsequent political development, the book examines Egyptological methodology; the history of the discipline of Egyptology; and Egyptian religion, social organization, urban and rural life, and funerary beliefs. It also discusses how people of all ranks lived in ancient Egypt. Lavishly illustrated, with many photographs of rarely seen sites, this volume is suit- able for use in introductory-level courses on ancient Egypt. It offers a variety of student-friendly features, including a glossary, a bibliography, and a list of sources for those who wish to pursue their interest in ancient Egypt. Salima Ikram is professor of Egyptology at the American University in Cairo. An archaeologist of ancient Egypt, she is the author of several scholarly and popular books, including, most recently, Death and Burial in Ancient Egypt, Divine Creatures: Animal Mummies in Ancient Egyp t, and, with A. M. Dodson, The Tomb in Ancient Egypt and The Mummy in Ancient Egypt. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-67598-7 - Ancient Egypt: An Introduction Salima Ikram Frontmatter More information Agricultural and taxation scenes from the tomb
    [Show full text]
  • COMBA-TAI an AMERICAN ORDER of KNIGHTS Testimony of an Ancient Near East Based Military Order Founded
    COMBA-TAI AN AMERICAN ORDER OF KNIGHTS Testimony of an Ancient Near East based Military Order founded By Dr. Alonzo M. Jones Code of the Sword and Shield The Sword is my body which is my weapon; the shield is my mind and that which I use to protect the sword; I shall never use these abilities; only in defense of myself or other, For this beautiful gift that I have been given, is given of God. Table of Contents I. Forward II. About the Author III. Preface IV. Introduction V. Chapter Dr. S. A. Jones VI. Chapter Our Royal Heritage VII. Chapter Loving Our Biological Heritage VIII. Chapter Our Rank System IX. Chapter Comba-Tai A Martial Art X. Chapter Oral History XI. Chapter Notes FOREWARD COMBA-TAI, AN AMERICAN ORDER OF KNIGHTS “Comba-tai, An American Order of Knights,” is an essay on the origins and evolution of the martial art of Comba-tai, written by Dr. Alonzo M. Jones. Dr. Jones is the co-founder of the art of Comba-tai; though, as he explains in this essay, he did not invent the art, but rather was a catalyst for its excavation, resurgence, and diversification. It must be acknowledged here that the art of Comba-tai is as much a study of the human ethos as it is a study of the martial arts. If the reader is looking for a simplistic retelling of martial art history, as is available almost anywhere, then you will be greatly surprised, and perhaps overwhelmed. The contents to follow transcend the simple boundaries of martial lore and history to weave a majestic tapestry in which we will face our darkest prejudices and entertain the most glorious possibilities of human potential.
    [Show full text]
  • Long-Term Nile Flood Variation in Pharaonic Egypt
    10 Long-Term Nile Flood Variation and Political Discontinuitie~~ in Pharaonic Egypt KARL w. BUTZER Egypt provides a unique physical, archaeological, and historical record of environment, technology, land use, settlement, and economic history. In ef­ fect, the Nile constitutes an oasis corridor through a thinly inhabited desert, providing a test-tub,~ case for a society circumscribed by its environment and relatively isolated from external turmoiL Egyptian livelihood was closely linked to the waters of the river, further limiting the number of potential vari­ ables. Egyptian culture-defined by languagr~, re­ ligion, and national consciousness-spanned some four thousand years, from late prehistoric wdl into Roman times. This gives an unusual time depth in which to evaluate ecological adjustments and re­ sponse on various scales. Subsistence-settlement systems of complex so­ cieties such as that of Pharaonic Egypt are in con­ stant readjustment. They are also repeatedly modi­ fied and even transformed in response to external and internal variables. Endogenic factors in the case of Egypt include demographic trends, ul'bani- This paper profited sustantially from discussioll 'Nith Klaus Baer, George Cowgill, and Cynthia Batc£. 102 Nile Flood Variation and Political Discontmuities zation, social and economic stratification, agricul­ role of economic limiting conditions in a complex tural intensification, and spontaneous as well as human ecosystem. governmental expansion of agriculture into mar­ ginal environments (Butzer, 1976). Exogenic fac­ tors include human variables such as repeated inva­ sions or wstained immigration by various peoples Pharaoh and the Nile Floods from the Western Desert, Nubia, or western Asia and from the open Mediterranean Sea; they also To the ancient Egyptians the Nile represented include the financial and cultural impacts of the the source of life, the cosmic order, and creation New Kingdom imperium in Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • Aegyptiannamesmale.Pdf
    Aakheperkare Djedkara Kasiya Moswen Pasherdjehuty Setne Setpenre- Aapehty Djedkare Katenen Msamaki Pathemwia meryamun Aaron Djedkhonsiufankh Katep Msrah Pawiaeadja Setutre Abasi Djedkhonsuefankh Kawab Mudads Paynedjem Setymerenptah Abayomi Djedneferre Kay Mukhwsna Payneferher Seuserenre Abubakar Djedptahefankh Kazemde Musa Payshuweben Sewadjkare Addaya Djedptahiufankh Kedamen Musim Pebes Shabaka Adeben Djehutmose Kek Naeem Pediamun Shakir Adio Djehuty Kemuny Naga-ed-der Pedibastet Shedsunefertum Adofo Djehutyhotep Kenamun Nakht Pediese Shemay Adom Djehutymose Kenefer Nakhthorheb Pedihor Shepenwepet Aha Djenutymes Kenherkhopshef Nakhtimenwast Peftjauabastet Shepseskare Ahhotpe Djer Kerasher Nakhtmin Penamun Shepseskhet Ahmes Djeserka Kha'y Nakhtnebef Penbuy Shepsesre Ahmose-saneit Djeserkare Kha Nakhtnebtepnefer Penmaat Sheri Djeserkheperure- Ahmose-sipari setpenre Khaaasekhemwy Naneferkeptah Penmennefer Sherief Ahmose Djeserkheprure Khaankhre Naqada Pennestawy Shoshenq Akencheres Djesersukhons Khaba Narmer Pentaweret Shu Akhenaten Djet Khabausokar Nassor Pentu Si-Mut Akhenre Djethutmose Khaemhat Nebamen Pepy Siamun Akhentaten Djhutmose Khaemhet Nebamun Pepynakhte Siese Akheperenre Djoser Khaemnetjeru Nebankh Peraha Simut Akheperkare Donkor Khaemwaset Nebemakst Peteese Sinistar Akheperre- setpenamun Ebo Khafra Nebertcher Peyes Sinuhe Akheperre- setpenre Edfu Khahetepre Nebhepetre Phineas Sipair Akheperre Emir Khahor Nebhotep Phoenix Siptah Akheperure Enezib Khakaure Nebimes Piankh Sirenput Akiiki Fadil Khakheperraseneb Nebitka Piankhi Sitre-merenamun
    [Show full text]
  • List of Pharaohs
    List of pharaohs This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "List of pharaohs" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Pharaoh of Egypt The pharaohs were rulers of Ancient Egypt dating from the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt during the Early Dynastic Period by Narmer approximately 3100 BC. Although the specific term "Pharaoh" was not used by The Pschent combined the Red Crown of their contemporaries until the Lower Egypt and the White Crown of Upper rule of Merneptah of the 19th Egypt. dynasty, c. 1200 BC, the style of titulature of the rulers of Egypt remained relatively constant, initially featuring a Horus name, a Sedge and Bee (nswt-bjtj) name and a Two Ladies (nbtj) name, with the additional Golden Horus, nomen and prenomen titles being added successively during later dynasties. Egypt remained continually governed by native pharaohs for approximately 2500 years until it was conquered by the Kingdom of Kush in the late 8th century BC, whose rulers adopted the traditional pharaonic titulature for themselves. Following the Kushite conquest, Egypt would first see another period of independent native rule before being conquered by the Achaemenid Empire, whose rulers also adopted the title of "Pharaoh". The last native Pharaoh of Egypt was Nectanebo II, who was Pharaoh A typical depiction of a pharaoh. before the Achaemenids Details conquered Egypt for a second time. Style Five-name titulary First monarch Narmer (a.k.a.
    [Show full text]