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Hsduwphqw 8Qlyhuvlw\ Ri $Dukxv +LVWRU\RI6FLHQFH'HSDUWPHQW 8QLYHUVLW\RI$DUKXV KLAUS RASMUSSEN Det danske engagement i CERN 1950-70 +RVWD1R :RUNLQ3URJUHVV Hosta (History Of Science and Technology, Aarhus) is a series of publications initiated in 2000 at the History of Science Department at the University of Aarhus in order to provide opportunity for historians of science and technology outside the Department to get a glimpse of some of the ongoing or recent works at the Department by reserachers and advanced students. As most issues contain work in progress, comments to the authors are greatly valued. Publication is only made electronically on the web site of the Department (www.ifa.au.dk/ivh/hosta/home.dk.htm). The issues can freely be printed as pdf-documents. The web site also contains a full list of issues. ISSN: 1600-7433 History of Science Department University of Aarhus Ny Munkegade, building 521 DK-8000 Aarhus C Denmark English summary This thesis is a narrative about the Danish involvement in the emergence of the joint European collaboration CERN. Its primary objective is to describe events relating to CERN, in which Danish scientists, politicians and government officials took part. The secondary objective is to interpret the events in terms of Big Science characteristics, to see how a small country reacted to this new scale of scientific investigations. In the years from 1950 to 1954 Danish scientists, and most prominently Niels Bohr, managed to wield substantial influence in the debate concerning how this European endeavor should be carried out. Even though the Danes were not successful in promoting their preferred style of cooperation, they managed to obtain a relatively central part of it: The Theoretical Study group located at Niels Bohr’s institute in Copenhagen. This group worked from 1952 until 1957, and already in 1958, NORDITA was ready to take over, although the later had no direct connection with CERN. In the meantime Danish scientists had also, without success, wanted to acquire the CERN laboratory itself. All this is testimonial to a very pragmatic style of negotiating, which the Danish delegates to the CERN council used both towards the other memberstates and towards the Danish government - and it was quite successful. Around 1958 to 1963 the Danish involvement in CERN seemed to diminish. Most, if not all, organizational interest was gone, and scientifically only a few people from the so called High Energy-group in Copenhagen utilized the possibilities presented by the new accelerators in Geneva. From 1964 and onwards there was a new rise in the involvement as Danish nuclear physicists embarked on the ISOLDE-project, and Danish high energy physicists (unsuccessfully) sought together with Norwegians and Swedes to build a small strong focusing accelerator in Lund (Sweden). At the same time a new research council called ”Acceleratorrådet”, was established in Denmark. The official aims of the council was to advise the government in questions related to CERN, and to distribute an amount of money earmarked for CERN-related research. One of the main conclusions of the thesis is that although both scientists, politicians, and government officials were unaware of the implications raised by Big Science, it was still possible to get the most in the given situations. This was to a great extent because of Niels Bohr, but he also prolonged the period in which the realization of Big Science failed to dawn upon the people involved. (Version 2) Forord Forord Selv den største flod starter som en lille bæk. Således udviklede ideen til dette speciale sig også. Det hele startede i efteråret 2000, da jeg var ved at skrive min hovedfagsopgave. Opgaven omhandlede fænomenet Big Science, og mens jeg ledte efter materiale, faldt jeg over følgende billede fra indvielsen af CERN’s Proton Synkrotron: Figur 1 Indvielsen af CERN’s PS i 1960. Bemærk Niels Bohr til højre for talerstolen. (Kilde: CERN’s hjemmesider) Jeg lagde mærke til en af personerne på podiet, og det var selvfølgelig den allestedsnærværende Niels Bohr, kvantemekanikkens fader, udforsker af kerners struktur og Nobelprisvinder. Min viden om CERN’s historie var på daværende tidspunkt lettere begrænset, og jeg var derfor fascineret over at opdage, at Danmarks mest berømte videnskabsmand, måske også havde spillet en rolle i opbygningen af den fælles europæiske organisation for kerneforskning. 1 Jeg fik færdiggjort min hovedfagsopgave, tog hovedfagseksamen og begyndte at spekulere over et emne for mit speciale. Det var klart, at et klogt valg ville være at studere noget i sammenhæng med Big Science, således at jeg kunne drage nytte af den viden, jeg allerede havde tilegnet mig i forbindelse med hovedfagsopgaven. Dog mente jeg at en direkte fortsættelse ville gøre min uddannelse for smal, og jeg ledte derfor efter noget lidt andet. 1 Nu er jeg overrasket over hvordan jeg virkelig kunne have troet det var anderledes! 3 Forord Under en semesterstartsfest på IVH foreslog Helge Kragh2 mig ganske uformelt, at jeg kunne lave en undersøgelse af danske eksempler på Big Science, - hvis man i det hele taget kunne tale om noget sådant. (En diskussion jeg ikke skal komme nærmere ind på.) Uanset hvordan man ville definere dansk Big Science, så tænkte jeg, at man hurtigt ville løbe ind i endeløse definitionsproblemer, og jeg var bange for at et sådant projekt ville blive stemplet med det modsætningsfyldte prædikat: “Verdens mindste Big Science”3 Dette mulige resultat tiltalte mig ikke specielt, så jeg blev ved med at lede efter andre muligheder. I sidste ende henvendte jeg mig til Henry Nielsen, som jeg havde været knyttet tættest til gennem min tid ved Institut for Videnskabshistorie, og jeg spurgte ham, om han ville være vejleder for mig på det stadig ubestemte projekt. Det ville han gerne, han var meget begejstret, og vi aftalte at spise frokost sammen den næste dag, for at overveje mulighederne under afslappede forhold. Allerede mens vi fyldte vores tallerkner, foreslog Henry, at jeg måske ville finde det interessant at undersøge den danske vinkel på CERN’s historie, hvorved jeg kunne udnytte det specielt danske kildemateriale, som han ikke mente var blevet undersøgt tidligere. Dette ville også give mig lejlighed til at udnytte mine tidligere undersøgelser af Big Science. Jeg var ganske overrasket. Dette var lige, hvad jeg gerne ville beskæftige mig med, og det havde ligget og rumsteret i mit baghoved lige siden jeg så billedet af Bohr ved indvielsen af CERN PS. Ligesom bækken ikke bliver til en flod inden den løber sammen med andre strømme, så blev dette projekt heller ikke stablet på benene inden Henry Nielsen trådte ind på scenen. Efter denne lykkelige begyndelse, har jeg haft stor frihed til at formulere det konkrete indhold og de mål med specialet, som jeg mente var mest relevante og interessante, men selvfølgelig altid med lydhørhed overfor kommentarer og forslag fra af andre. For det første så har jeg været meget taknemmelig for Henry Nielsens vedvarende vejledning gennem hele forløbet, men også Finn Aaserud skal have tak for bl.a., at give mig lov til at sidde en måned på et af Niels Bohr Arkivets kontorer, hvor både Felicity Pors og Anne Lis Rasmussen har været meget hjælpsomme i forbindelse med min gennemgang af arkivkasser. På Rigsarkivet har jeg haft glæde af at tale med Margit Mogensen, og i Ministeriet for Videnskab, Teknologi og Forskning har Hanne Dalager gjort et stort stykke arbejde for at finde materiale til mig. Mine samtaler med Hans Henrik Andersen, Jens Ulrik Andersen, Jens Bang, Hans Bøggild, Peter Hansen og Gunnar Sørensen har alle været med til at give mig en fornemmelse af hvad videnskabsfolk personligt syntes om CERN, en spændende, men også subjektiv viden (hvilket absolut ikke er negativt ment.) Andre skal også have tak, deriblandt Espen Rudjord Nielsen, Palle Lykke, Torben Huus og Peder Gregers Hansen. 2 Helge Kragh er professor ved IVH 3 Prædikatet er en omskrivning af et reklamemotto for byen Aarhus: “Aarhus: Verdens mindste storby”, hvilket jeg ikke finder særligt attraktivt! 4 Forord Henrik Knudsen vil jeg gerne takke for mange gode diskussioner og konstruktive forslag, samt at han tog sig tid til at gennemlæse det næsten færdige speciale. Dette gælder også min kæreste Anne Hauch, hvis deltagelse og interesse har været mig en evig kilde til glæde. Klaus Rasmussen Aarhus Universitet, 30. maj 2002 5 Indholdsfortegnelse Indholdsfortegnelse English summary .....................................................................................................................1 Forord.......................................................................................................................................3 Indholdsfortegnelse..................................................................................................................6 Forkortelser..............................................................................................................................8 Indledning ................................................................................................................................9 Kapitel 1 Acceleratorerne................................................................................................... 12 Elektrostatiske generatorer ................................................................................................... 15 Cyklotroner.......................................................................................................................... 17 Synkrocyklotroner...............................................................................................................
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