January 2011 Journal of Global Analysis

Integration in the Global South: What role for IBSA Dialogue Forum? Mehmet Özkan*

Recently we have seen that the middle-sized states are coming together in several forums. The WTO meetings and India-Brazil-South Africa (IBSA) dialogue forum are among those to be cited. Such groupings are mainly economy- oriented and whether they will have political output needs to be seen, however, in the future if globalization goes in a similar way as today, we might see more groupings. Those groupings should be seen as reactions to unjust and exclusive globalization. The IBSA Dialogue Forum members have enhanced their relations economically by signing bilateral trade agreements and acting together on economic issues in global forums. If they can hold together, they are creating a market more than ¼ of global population and, if successful, it has a chance to be the engine of growth in the South. Moreover if they can create the biggest market in the South, they would also be influential in the being of the voice of the South. In that sense, this paper addresses the possible ways to develop relations between the IBSA members and economic development in the South, furthermore, implication of the IBSA on global governance and development can be as critical as its contribution to economic development, since the global governing bodies have legitimacy crisis.

Keywords: South-South relations, the IBSA Dialogue Forum, pivotal middle power, economic development, international institutions.

Mehmet ÖZKAN PhD Scholar Sevilla University, Spain e-mail: [email protected] www.cesran.org

* Mehmet ÖZKAN is a PhD Candidate at Sevilla University, Spain focusing on how cultural/religious elements shape the foreign policy mentality in the non-western world, namely in South Africa, Turkey and India. His articles appeared in various journals including in The Journal of Modern Journal of Global Analysis, African Studies, Review of African Political Economy and Insight Turkey. His personal website is Vol. 2, No. 1, 2011 http://works.bepress.com/mehmetozkan/ www.cesran.org Journal Integration in the Global South: of What role for IBSA Dialogue Global Forum? Analysis

Introduction With the globalization process, economy and politics are so intertwined that both cannot be analyzed separately. Economic development, international security, global governance and representation also need to be analyzed from an interdisciplinary perspective in order to understand fully ongoing international political economy. In this paper, the role of India-Brazil-South Africa Dialogue Forum (IBSA) will be analyzed from the perspective of global economic system and economic development in the South. Although it was initiated in 2003 with a modest manner, the IBSA has been the engine of the South since then. What are the implications of the IBSA for global economy, development and governance in the North-South agenda in particular is the main question that this paper tries to answer. It is organized in three parts. First, a general but concise analysis of the problems that global economy faces today is introduced, in the context of poverty, globalization and international institutions. Second, the theoretical pinning of the paper, pivotal middle power is elaborated; third, the IBSA is analyzed in the lens of the discussion outlined in the first section by paying special attention to the North-South relations. What follow in the last section is the implications of pivotal middle power activism and the IBSA Dialogue Forum and conclusion.

Global Economy, Governance and Globalization With the advent of globalization, there has been a growing contest in the domain of international economic governance between developed countries and the rest. Trans-nationalization of market forces has brought “disturbing rise in poverty and inequality”,1 while increasing aggregate global economic wealth. From this perspective, international economic institutions have been seen as reflection of the interest of powerful, not poorer, states.2 Given the fact that the global norms and rules that underwrote the institutional architecture of international economy are still driven by “northern agendas”, it spawns southern resentment toward the existing institutions. The ongoing process of political contest and transition with regard to global economy is directly related to global governance and might have far-fetched implications for

1 Robert Hunter Wade, “The Disturbing Rise in Poverty and Inequality: Is it all a ‘Big Lie’?”, David Held and Mathias Koenig-Archibugi (eds), Taming Globalization: Frontiers of Governance, Cambridge, Polity, 2003, pp. 18-46. 2 Ngaire Woods and Domenica Lombardi, “Uneven Patterns of Governance: How Developing Countries are Repre-

sented in the IMF”, Review of International Political Economy, vol.13, no.3, 2006, pp. 480-515. Forum? for IBSA Dialogue in the Global South: What role Integration

85 86 Integration in the Global South: What role for IBSA Dialogue Forum? Analysis Global Journal of higher than those of G8 members. substantially rates growth had economies market emerging years, 25 last in fact, In economies. largest 10 of top the in are Korea South and Brazil Mexico, India, China, demographyglobal about. arecomingand GDP structuralmajor in changedominant, currently are economies G8 the While economies. developing major the of role the in growth a dramatic is There developments. economic global the and of configuration a threat as structural changing the address order. to global international needs as one First, well Globalisation globalisation. as perspective economy international the from problematized be to to needs opportunity response a is recognized, The interconnectedness among different regions, as many researchers many as regions, different among interconnectedness The for new alternatives. original). This is not only prone to generate new forms of resistance, but also to search greateras representation,not efficiency, in and (emphasis justice” accountability and governance agenda is still “driven by an understanding of governance as global governance norms and institutions. As emphasized by Higgott, by As emphasized institutions. and norms governance global increasingly large proportion ofthe world’s economy. if and an excluding be world will system economic international developing continues, structure current the the within mostly place take will increase billion-person increasepopulation will fifty by percent, Expectedly, people. 9billion to from 6 three- global 2050 by that argued is it Furthermore, taken. are economy international the regarding decisions major where summits G8 representation at has Hindu, or Islamic or it Confucianism be civilizations, the of none perspective, civilizational and cultural only are they but G8; part of G8 outreach (so-called G8+5) along with Brazil, of Mexico and South Africa. From member not are India, and China world, the in countries fastestdeveloping and populous most The account. takeninto be to needs economy operates within and through “multilateral institutions” that are established over the over established are that institutions” “multilateral through and within operates It perspective. a “multilateralist” having from far but essence, in “institutionalist” as essence. In fact, the current structure of international political economy can be defined waythe one, governancethe multilateralism and are understood democratic not is in thusa process, decision-making to related institutions. Second, the first of heart very problem the exists legitimacy at current in representation of all, thereis of problem First growing a two. mainly are issues abovementioned those of Implications 6 5 4 3 Nations University Press, 2005,pp.281-295. York,UnitedNew Summit, 20 Top:Leaders’ the A Reformingfrom F.(eds), Andrew Cooper and Thakur Ramesh English, L20”, John the Slaughter, Order, Networks, Anne-Marie and World “Government see perspective order Higgott, “Multilateralism and the Limits of Global Governance”, p. 31; and for the importance of G20 from a world at the Crossroads: Replacing the G-7 with the G-20”, p. 7; Higgott argues that it is “rational and just”, see Richard Governance Economic “GlobalF. Linn, Johannes Bradfordand I. Colin all”,forsee opportunity “an this call Linn In order to solve this issue, there is an increasing demand to replace G8 with the G20. For example, Bradford and comm/policybriefs/pb131.pd the G-20”, Policy Briefing 131, Washington DC, The Brookings Institution, April 2004, with G-7 the ReplacingCrossroads: the at GovernanceF.Economic “Global Johannes BradfordLinn, and I. Colin Conflict, vol.31, no.2, 1996, p.126-127. PeterRienner,Katzenstein,and J. 113-115; ComparativeLynnep. in “Regionalism1998, Perspective”, CO,Boulder, Analysis, Cooperation and for Framework New A Security: Wilde, de Jaap and Wæver Ole Buzan, Barry See tina, 19-21May 2004,p.7. versityconferenceforweGovernance?”,go Where do Global Crisis: from the “Learning on Aires,ArgenBuenos - Governance”, Global of Uni- Limits Nations United presented the paper at “Multilateralism and Higgott, Richard f (Accessed17May 2008),p.2-3 5 Secondly, the demographic structure of the global 6

http://www.brookings.edu/ effectiveness 3 h global the 4 have internationally- and one to determine the fate of its region to a certain extent. This extent. certain a to region and its of fate the -regionally determine to borders one and internationally- its beyond developments influence and power project to This study considers the pivotal middle power to be a key state that is able and willing put forward ananalysis from “below”. designed to evaluate the role of the middle powers in the international system and to from analysis an therefore,“above”. contrast,power is, byconcept middle is, stateThe a on based centricapproach concept This world. developing the in policy US for framework new a propose to formulated mainly is concept states pivotal the that is reason other The merged. are two the why reasons the of one arepowers middle of importance economic regional the statesand pivotal of case the in power military of lack The concept. state”,“pivotalpower” and middle “pivotal the producepower” to “middle concepts of the combination the in lies article this of basis theoretical The economic vitality anddevelopment. regions’ their contrast,forimportant by statesare, Pivotal levels. global and regional at both issues security in role leading a play could to military powers middle because capability attention special pays contrast, by approach, power middle The states. of middle powers. In world affairs, middle powers act as catalysts, facilitators and facilitators as catalysts, managers. act powers middle affairs, world In powers. patterns middle behavioral of key as regarded also are interests general the with complying and citizen` international `good a Being operations. peacemaking such as and peacekeeping issues second-order in active become could power middle a Furthermore, and emphasize multilateral diplomacy and involvement in international organizations. capabilities military and economic middle-rank have must state a location, strategic geo- and population, size, to addition power,in middle a be to hand, other the On region’s economic vitality”. its bolster “would stability and prosperity mayhem”,its “transboundary but in result the “capacity to affect regional and international stability”, however, its collapse would be population, large strategically located, a and posses economic power. have In addition, a pivotal impressive, state will have physically be minimum, a at must, state a power. pivotal, middle be and To state pivotal the of combination a is It clarified. be should power” middle “pivotal the of concept the role, critical a play could powers middle pivotal the old andnew where areas possible the some defining and analyzing of Before theories. consisting concept new relatively a is Power Middle Pivotal Toward aNew Concept: Pivotal MiddlePowers andGlobalPolitics centre over periphery. global system, or it will serve as a machinery to protect and re-define the hegemony of greater globalization will bring about a greater representation of the “globe” within the partners in these institutions than to the senior ones. The core junior question the is whether to the more applied always multilaterally behave to injunction the but years, 8 7 Changing World Order, Vancouver, University ofBritishColumbia Press, 1993. Andrew F. Cooper, Richard A. Higgott and Richard K. Nossal, Relocating Middle Powers: Australia and Canada in a 37. Robert Chase, Emily Hill and Paul Kennedy, “Pivotal States and US Strategy”, Foreign Affairs, vol.75, no.1, 1996, p. 8 ioa sae hoit d nt mhsz te iiay aaiiy f such of capability military the emphasize not do theorists state Pivotal 7 Journal of Global Journal of Analysis 87 Integration in the Global South: What role for IBSA Dialogue Forum? 88 Integration in the Global South: What role for IBSA Dialogue Forum? Analysis Global Journal of coalitions would be a better arrangement to be more influential. With fewer members smaller,indicateexperiencesfocused morethat factand the of because perhaps is It world. developing the in countries of number a limited have collaborations such far So outcome. to influence collaborated effectively and ground common Africa found in have counterparts their and America South of Cone Southern of Countries the this of result a As collaboration. this pioneered haveventure this in Brazil and Africa South of security.leadershipstotrade The fromranging issues of diversityforay a on multilateral in successful most the been have relations South-South years, recent In different regions. from powers middle pivotal of role leadership and involvement with only possible was made This etc. NAC, and G-20+, IBSA, the as such forums through rejuvenating recently, South-South relations seem to have acquired a fresh breath of life and began ihu a eo Aog ih emn ad aa, ni ad rzl omd h G4 the formed Brazil reforms. these and promote to India order in Japan, initiative and Germany with Along veto. a without members permanent new with Council Security UN the of expansion the proposed 2004, the UN Secretary General’s High Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change In missions. peacekeeping UN for troops of contributors main the among been have they years many For Council. Security UN the on seat Indiapermanent andBrazil a demanded have both decades for For example, participation. level institutional global through at influence more sought have powers middle pivotal years, recent In international level and Theyare aware factthe of thatregionalhave a couldeasily issue repercussions atthe ones. international and regional of issues the between link to ability their is powers middle pivotal of feature Another both. of mixture a somehow is It regions. their to limited however,be cannot, powers middle pivotal the of role The regions. their of Pivotal middle powers are, furthermore, regional powers. They occupy the “heartland” forces itto play itsrole at international level. aleading playing from role regarding it economic and security issues. For Australia, being a separate prevents continent, asuperpower as US the of domination regional the Canada, of case the In level. regional at play to role limited a had have locations international levels.and Classical middle regional powers such at as Canada and role Australia, due a to their playgeographical to ability their is powers middle pivotal of integration. distinguishingdevelopmentregardand feature The economicregional to with role leading its and operations peacemaking and peacekeeping as such issues security in involvement active its by power middle pivotal a identify also will study ideological talking point than a policy action plan at the turn of the century. the of turn the at plan action policy a than point talking ideological an of more become to agenda the down dropped relations South-South mid-1990s, the in countries’ developing in priority policy foreign a was it While years. recent in fluctuated have relations South-South the to given priority of levels the general, In global politics. interestshowedthe has growinginspirations powersit and pivotal 2006, middle of in 10 9 bridge Cam- Review ofInternational Affairs, Building”, vol.17,no.3,2004,p.526. Coalition toMultilateral Relations Trade Bilateral From Relations: Atlantic “South White, Lyal Ruchita Beri, “IBSA DialogueForum: AnAssessment”, Strategic Analysis, vol.32, p.816. no.5,2008, vice versa . 9 Despite the failure of the reforms in reforms the of failure the Despite 10 More Put succinctly, the IBSA initiative should be seen as an endeavor to ratchet up to ratchet desire the an endeavor by guided as is initiative This power.bargaining beseen global states’ pivotal three should initiative IBSA the succinctly, Put between theseleadingindustrial countries ofthesouth. formalizeto aimed It providerelations a 2003. and forum coordinatingof for strategy G8 summit in the participation their of aftermath the in TrilateralCommission IBSA role important the of creation the an was approach this play Following relations. North and to South between willing is that groupings earlier of repercussion as seen On the 6 the On IBSA DialogueForum andItsImplications for Global Economy multilateral forums to establish atrulySouth-South cooperation. despite the fact that there are more countries from different continents joining through Asia, from in general India with along countries, American Latin and African to limited been has activism be,South-South may reason the Whatever constructive. more and greater accountability, the task of setting objectives would be easier and relatively peace” andis“notagainst anyone”. of message the and goodwill “spread[s] Amorim, Celso Minister Foreign Brazilian of create new to in the a words initiative Instead IBSA of that, geopolitical group the divisions. consists seek not does this orders; multilateral independent and alternative ot hs emerged”. has South the of countries and nations developing amongst dialogue of process a of necessity and importance the years, few past the “In declaration: the in way following the in is motivated initiative IBSA The world. developing emerging an for campaigners as September 2003. The leaders of the three states have consciously advanced themselves Bihari Vajpayee of India formally launched the IBSA during the UN General Assembly in Presidents Thabo Mbeki of South Africa, Lula da Silva of Brazil and Prime Minister Atal world, developing 53). 2005, multilateral (Miller initiatives global the engagementwith dynamic havea and of regions different three from democracies, strong are All powers. semi-peripheral three these characteristics of shared the was talks these for talks between their respective head of state during the G8 meeting in Evian. The basis informal after (IBSA) Forum Dialogue Africa India-Brazil-South the up set to Brasilia negotiations over the years, the over negotiations WTO during groupings several initiating After Africa. from Africa South and America through Latin fromBrazil Asia, from India thedeveloped been has endeavor this keyin player cooperation The from countries. and requests South-South arrangements, to trading special substance of promotion givethe to sought have countries) theWTO structure, within 2001 ofunder-developed in participation the (with countries developing the of tradeofficials meeting Ministerial Doha the after Especially 13 12 11 2004, p.948-954. no.7, Economy, WTO”, World vol.27, the The in Coalitions Evolving Their and Countries Developing Ministerial: draper-sallyjnu1.do 2005, Unit, tional Policy Trade Peter Draper and Razan Sally, Developing-Country Coalitions in Multilateral Trade Negotiations, May, LSE Interna- Quoted Devraj, inR. “India,Brazil, SouthAfrica Ready to LeadGlobalSouth”, IPS-Inter Press 2004. Service, 2007). Brasilia Declaration, 6 June 2003, clause 2, clause 2003, 6 June Declaration, Brasilia th of June 2003, the foreign ministers of Brazil, South Africa and India met in met India and Africa South Brazil, ministersforeignof the 2003, June of (Accessed 30 May 2007); and Amrita Narlikar and Diana Tussie, “The G20 at the Cancun the at G20 “The Tussie, Diana and Narlikar Amrita and 2007); May 30 (Accessed c 11 Different from previous third world initiatives thataimed initiatives world third previous from Different 13 http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/internationalTradePolicyUnit/Events/May2005/ the establishment of the IBSA Dialogue Forum can be can Forum Dialogue IBSA the of establishment the 12

Acse 2 May 20 (Accessed www.ibsa-trilateral.org/brasil_declaration.htm Journal of Global Journal of Analysis 89 Integration in the Global South: What role for IBSA Dialogue Forum? 90 Integration in the Global South: What role for IBSA Dialogue Forum? Analysis Global Journal of various academics. by as argued system international of the norms regulative and constitutive the alter not is aim central their however economy, international of understanding oftheir centre the very at institutions the locates that perspective constructivist of product a is IBSA Therefore,the heard. voice their make to channels create to seeks elements from time to time through new initiatives, ideas and perceptions. ideas apartheid” “global the against grouping reflective a new initiatives, as best at understood be through may Forum Dialogue IBSA the time of establishment the Theoretically, to time from as changeable but elements fixed, not are institutions see to political tend in producing they However, outcome. institutions informal and formal of importance the on focus “transformative”.not countriesbut Developing “reformist” as seen be can behaviors their and level institutional at order economicliberal in believe they that is countries among developing building coalition the behind force theoretical driving main The the three between states. relations economic existing already the from further step one moved has IBSA the of establishmentregard, this In 2004. January in concluded was that trade, bilateral in products selected on tariffs reducing on MERCOSUR and India between deal preferential trading a as well as time, some for agreement free-trade force for change for allpeoples,andmust benefit thelargest numberof countries”. apositive become must globalization that agreed They globalization. from benefited not have world the of parts large that concern their “expressed they development, level. While they recognize the expansion of economic growth, employment and social concentrated effort by three rising powers to increase their bargaining power at global a as Economically, seen Africa. be South might IBSA and Brazilfirst, the India, namely members, IBSA the between ties strong fairly and politics.The existing already global on in builds forum positions similar enjoy that states between cooperation for agreement between MERCOSUR preference a fixed for negotiations been have there IBSA, the initiated they before equity. Put simply, making neo-liberalism work for all is a central message. with advanced be to is globalization if crucial and required is that governance global the advance to and world developing of needs the to responsive system economic Bearing this in mind, the key objective of the IBSA has become to make the international 19 18 17 16 15 14 2005, p.1. no.1, no.61, Quarterly, India Non-Alignment”, “New” of Rise The Forum: Nayef,“IBSA Abdul see example For don, Zed Books, 2004. PatrickAgainstBond, Africa South Apartheid: Global Meets Worldthe Internationaland IMF Bank, Lon Finance, into force on March 1,1970,thereby replacing theCustoms UnionAgreement of1910. Customsthe Agreementof Union between Botswana,Swaziland. Africa,enteredLesotho,and It South Namibia, SACU is a custom union among the countries of Southern Africa. It came into existence in 1969 with the signature trade andthefluidmovement of goods, peoples,andcurrency. Asuncion, which was later amended and updated by the 1994 Treaty of Ouro Preto. Its purpose is to promote free MERCOSUR is a trading zone between Brazil. Argentine, Uruguay and Paraguay, founded in 1991 by the Treaty of tina.taylor.pd 2004, May 19-21 Argentina, Aires,G-20”, Buenos the of Case The Project: Nexus Ideas-Institutional “The on conference University Nations United at presented ernance”,paper Gov Global Future Implications for Forum: Dialogue IBSA the Taylor,and Ian G-20+ the G-20, the Africa, “South Brasilia Declaration 6June2003,clause 13. f (Accessed15December2005),p.17. 19

16 and SACU 17 as a means toward establishing a future http://cigionline.ca/publications/docs/argen- 18 and a movement that movement a and 15 Secondly, really to 14

- - development concerns of the South. the of concerns development order to achieve a in “secure” world, 11 a chastened September North appears of more wakewilling to considerthe in Therefore, world. third the in terrorism for ground events. Poverty, underdevelopment and exclusion are cited, among others, as breeding how it operates (or should operate) changes over time seems apparent after the 9/11 initial period. Economically, expectation was that was Economically, expectation period. initial the during along go they as table the to frequently more coming are issues related security and political the imperatives, economic with Started world. developing the of “voice” be the it will that of many expectations raised initiative IBSA the Overall, near future. the in process smooth a be will this that guarantee no is However,there members. IBSA the surrounding areas underdeveloped the in observed be also can attraction investment and FDI significant A states. member the in investment and FDI attract to only limited be not would IBSA’s sense itself,region that the the in contribution in not “regions”,if the to close areas the mainly concentrateinvestments that fact the across the globe, that might contributemightthat development.globe, economicacross the and themselves among FDI attractionnew for the be likelyto is World,it Third the in n n ra s h aqiiin n dpomn of capital. deployment and acquisition the is area an in development, economic element for critical investment,a of developmentCentralto an international systemic one. rolefromregionalonly developmentfortheir IBSAnot the perspective, from also but a defines This South. the of problems other the and relief debt eradication, poverty expectation is that the IBSA could play the key role in defining the South’s concerns for bridging the increasing gap between the North and the South. In this environment, the Cox’s underdevelopedones. ForeignDirect Investments are(FDIs) attracted “regions”, same the to the rather than Similarly, available. readily are facilities other and distribution transportation, where economic structure, production of goods is mainly concentrated at so-called “regions” the developing world. However, the IBSA seems to have less common political ground of members far-flung three among agreement transcontinental a is it because form, foreign trade of US$300 billion. US$300 of trade foreign and market domestic trillion US$1.2 a to amount and people billion 1.2 of market a 25 24 23 22 21 20 20 argument thatnature the political economy,of about ideas institutions and its ernance”, p.20. Gov Global Future Implications for Forum: Dialogue IBSA the Taylor,and Ian G-20+ the G-20, the Africa, “South no.4, 2005,pp.71-92. Prabir De, “Deepening IBSA Trilateral Cooperation: The Role of Communication Services”, India Quarterly, vol.61, Evolution andDynamics,p.169. key players. See the statistic of Worldthe Bank, cited inare Robert O`Brion and Marc Williams, GlobalIndia Political Economy,and Africa South where ones, least the of one become has Asia South and Africa Sub-Saharan to and 1998 1990 FDI between of attraction attraction. The FDI toconducive is thatarea an as here used is Region millan, 2004,p.178. Political NewEconomy, Palgrave Dynamics, Global York, Mac- and Williams, MarcEvolution and O`Brion Robert phi Paper 362,TheInternational Institute forStrategic Studies,London,2003,p.75. Chris Alden and Garth le Pere, South Africa’s Post-Apartheid Foreign Policy-From Reconciliation to Revival?, Adel- 1996, p.49-59. Press, University Cambridge Order,Cambridge, World to Approaches Sinclair), J. Timothy (with W.Cox Robert 23 If the IBSA Dialogue ForumIBSADialogue the can createIf new“region”of kind a 25 Politically, the IBSA Dialogue Forum is unique in its in unique is Forum Dialogue IBSA Politically, the 21 This is an opportunity as well as a necessity in necessity a as well as opportunity an is This if it holds together, it could create could together,it holds it 22 n h cret global current the In 24 Furthermore,given - Journal of Global Journal of Analysis 91 Integration in the Global South: What role for IBSA Dialogue Forum? 92 Integration in the Global South: What role for IBSA Dialogue Forum? Analysis Global Journal of worldwide responsibilities in the years to come. to years the in responsibilities worldwide with behemoths regional emerging political three these of bea successful interests the representing to format was expected IBSA the Initially, categories. spelled-out organizationthe if and works issues held to on commonly realizefocuses within goals andexternal internal their promote to strengths. In order to tailor a mutually beneficial framework, the IBSA can be effective regions, respective their within positions have countries the three linked what they do have in common, namely socio-economicbecause conditions and political simply organization regional average any than some capacity to contribute to the production of international order, regionally and order, regionally international of production the to contribute to capacity some have they thus resources, power political and military economic, of range a possess to seem powers middle pivotal system, political and economic global current the In Conclusions produce oroffer new alternatives. to them prevents that framework theoretical dominant and existing the within work They system. ongoing of tenets main the keep to want way.They any in whole a as might offer some modest changes in ongoing system, but do not challenge the system IBSA. They all embrace and support neo-liberal the policies in in international link economy. weakest the They is this perspective, philosophical a From too. them for work has a normative political philosophy or agenda to propose. They all want globalization time and coherently. Lastly, neither the IBSA members nor the IBSA as an organization same the at level down and upper both focusstates should member IBSA, of success a possible For politics. domestic/regional other’s each understand less probably also They advantages. comparative other’s each neglect and level, (international) upper on much too focus they that seems secondly,it IBSA, the of weakness Toas register system. economy-political international existing the of side negative some changing of belief a such togethersystem.reallyhad haveand the memberschange not IBSAalone The revolutionaries can that belief or chance a seem there however,when mostly arise it conditions, bad very a in or poor are people the when arise not do revolutions that thoughts of Alex de Tocqueville on the nature of revolutions/changes. He once argued could they that believe not did members IBSA the beginning, the Evenfrom ones. material ratherthan elements psychological to related directly is This politics. global in power and potential their underestimate do they that possible highly is It pro-active. being and agendas their pushing in enough brave not are They issues. to approach apologetic, or passive, a the IBSA member states do not know or realize their real potential. They seem to take One can speak of two fundamental weakness of the IBSA. Firstly, there is a feeling that its success. for seriously with dealt be to needs weaknesses This fronts. several on weaknesses its to attributed be may This beginning. the at was it as observers among high that 26 27 See Kaia Lai, “India-Brazil-South Africa: The Southern Trade Powerhouse Makes its Debut”, Council on Hemi- on spheric Affairs, 15March 2006, Council Debut”, its Makes Powerhouse Trade Southern The Africa: “India-Brazil-South Lai, Kaia See Journal ofInternational Studies,no.5,2006,pp.79-100. Africa”,Research in Africa South of Case The Order: World Global and Security “Regional Ozkan, Mehmet See 27 really www.coha.or be successful. This can be best explained by the by explained best be can This successful. be g (Accessed30June2008). 26 However, now this optimism is not is However,optimism this now general, and in the South in particular, to watch in coming years with possible far- fetching possible implications. with years coming in watch to particular, in South the in and general, in economy global the in grouping key the is IBSA the seen, be to yet is it Although substantial providea leadershipmight existing support counterweight and system.to technical and entrepreneurial innovative sometimes Group, Cairn of analysis their in building in the South is much greater and vivid. As Higgott and Cooper and Higgott As vivid. and greater much is South the in building show nothing else, they show that the prospect for innovation and variety in coalition agenda of developing world in the the global economic system. advance If the activities of the and IBSA South the represent to beginning the from imperatives economic world affairs. world in role influential more a play to entitled are they that belief the globally.share They hold together, without distractions from the third parties, as Taylor parties, third the from distractions together,without hold can such groupings If imperative economic creating South. an the development in for FDI, more attract will zone a such that likely highly is it security opportunities, economic and by characterized zone” “inter-regional an create can they if Furthermore, appropriately.with dealt been have weaknesses the if world developing the in voice on. ouig pe ad on ee i a oeet a ad nelnig hm is them interlinking and way another policythat shouldbe followed. coherent a in level down and upper Focusing point. individually and together, rather than underestimating them, could be a good starting potentials their Realizing success. its for change discursive psychologicaland a needs but wants to stay close to newly developing powers of the south. In any case, the IBSA membership, IBSA an get toforceful not is China that say could one angle, this from more in order to be more influential in international politicsthan China needs. Looking China need might IBSA power.the Therefore,global increasing an economically and Council Security UN of member is China members. IBSA the of those than economy context. Today China has more structural influence on the existing international political With regard to China’s possible entry to the IBSA, the to entry China’sregardpossible to With but alsopolitically. Forum today, if it wants to be a new power-base in global politics not only economically, with the new members (such as China) are possibly the key issues of the IBSA Dialogue expanding and together Holding development. and economy global to related those on especially global politics, for implications important and interesting have might 32 31 30 29 28 auh Niu “h Cia atr n BA, 5 coe 2008, ment/5120 October 15 IBSA”, in factor China “The Naidu, Sanusha and 2010; April 16 Express, soup”,Indian alphabet new the churns China BRICSA: to “IBSA Mojan, C. Raja See ernance”, p.20. Gov Global Future Implications for Forum: Dialogue IBSA the Taylor,and Ian G-20+ the G-20, the Africa, “South yet”, TheHindu,16April2010. Not BRICS? to CHIBSA? BRIC to Siddharth IBSA Varadarajan, “From see example, for judgment, this for qualifies There are debates whether China wants to be part of the IBSA Dialogue Forum. If that happens, the IBSA certainly Group, andtheUruguay Round ofTrade Negotiations”, International Organization, vol.44,no.4,1990,p.632. Cairn Australia, the Andrew Building: and Coalition Cooper,Higgott and F. Leadership A. Power Richard “Middle tional Affairs, vol.82,no.1,2006,p.2. Powers?”,Interna- Great would-be for Space What Order: Global and “Hegemony,Liberalism Hurrell, Andrew 28 The India-Brazil-South Africa Dialogue Forum based its existence on existence its based Forum Dialogue Africa India-Brazil-South The 8 (Accessed20September 2010). 30 They could be the engine(s) of the economic development and 32 one needs to look at the broader the at look to needs one http://www.pambazuka.org/en/category/com- 31 aptly argues, it argues, aptly 29 concluded - Journal of Global Journal of Analysis 93 Integration in the Global South: What role for IBSA Dialogue Forum? 94 Integration in the Global South: What role for IBSA Dialogue Forum? Analysis Global Journal of Great Powers?”, International would-be for Space What Order: Global and “Hegemony,LiberalismHurrell, Andrew International Organization, vol.44, no.4,1990,pp.589-632. TradeNegotiations”,of Round Uruguay the and Group, Cairn the Australia, Building: Coalition and Leadership Power “Middle Cooper, F. Andrew and Higgott A. Richard for Global Governance?”, BuenosAires, Argentina, 19-21May 2004. at United Nations University conference on “Learning from the Crisis: Where do we go Richard Higgott, (Accessed 30May 2007). collections/internationalTradePolicyUnit/Events/May2005/draper-sallyjnu1.doc 2005, Unit, Policy Trade International LSE May, Negotiations, Sally, Razan and Draper Peter Press IPS-Inter South”, Global 2004. Service, Lead to Ready Africa South Brazil, “India, Devraj, R. ofCommunication Role The Cooperation: Services”, IndiaQuarterly, Trilateral IBSA “Deepening De, Prabir Cambridge University Press, 1996. Sinclair), J. Timothy (with Cox W. Robert Columbia Press, 1993. Order World Changing a in Canada and Australia Andrew F. Cooper, Richard A. Higgott and Richard K. Nossal, Affairs, vol.75, no.1,1996,pp.33-51. Strategy”,US and StatesKennedy, “PivotalPaul and Hill Emily Chase, Robert Boulder, CO, Lynne Rienner, 1998. Wilde, de WæverJaap Ole and Buzan, Barry 2003, (Accessed 20May 2007). 6 June Declaration, Brasilia (Accessed 17May 2008). 2004, April Institution, Replacing the G-7 with the G-20”,the with G-7 the Replacing Colin I. Bradford and Johannes F. Linn, “Global Economic Governance at the Crossroads: International Finance, London,Zed Books, 2004. PatrickBond, 2008, pp.809-831. Assessment”,An Forum: Dialogue “IBSA Beri, Ruchita Studies, London,2003. Reconciliation Revival?to Pere, le Garth and Alden Chris Bibliography Against Global Apartheid: South Africa Meets the World Bank, IMF and IMF WorldBank, the Meets Africa South Apartheid: Global Against “Multilateralism and the Limits of Global Governance”, , Adelphi Paper 362, The International Institute StrategicThe Paper for 362, Adelphi , vol.61, no.4,2005,pp.71-92. http://www.brookings.edu/comm/policybriefs/pb131.pd Affairs, vol.82, no.1,2006,p. 1-19. Developing-Country Coalitions in Multilateral Trade Multilateral in Coalitions Developing-Country ot Arc’ Ps-prhi Frin Policy-From Foreign Post-Apartheid Africa’s South Policy Briefing 131 Briefing Policy www.ibsa-trilateral.org/brasil_declaration.htm prahs o ol Order World to Approaches Security: A New Framework for Analysis forFramework New A Security: Vnovr Uiest o British of University Vancouver, , , Washington DC, The Brookings The WashingtonDC, , Strategic Analysis, Strategic Relocating Middle Powers: http://www.lse.ac.uk/ paper presented Cambridge, , vol.32, no.5, vol.32, Foreign f , Siddharth Varadarajan, “From IBSA to CHIBSA? BRIC to BRICS? Not yet”, taylor.pd University 2004, May 19-21 Nations Argentina, Aires, United at presented G-20”, the Buenos of Case The Project: Nexus paper Ideas-Institutional “The conferenceon Governance”, Global Future for Ian Taylor, Leaders’ 20Summit,New York, (eds), United Nations University Press, 2005,pp.281-295. Cooper F. Andrew and John Thakur L20”, Ramesh the English, and Order, World Networks, “Government Slaughter, Anne-Marie in Africa”, Research JournalofInternational Studies, Africa South of WorldCase Global The Order:and Ozkan,Security “RegionalMehmet New York, Palgrave Macmillan,2004. Robert O`Brion andMarc Williams, no.1, 2005,pp.1-78. Abdul Nayef, “IBSA Forum: The Rise Non-Alignment”,of “New” 2004, pp.947-966. Developing Ministerial: Countries and Their Evolving Cancun Coalitions in the WTO”, the at G20 “The Tussie, Diana and Narlikar Amrita org/en/category/comment/51208 (Accessed20September 2010). China factor in Sanusha IBSA”,Naidu, “The 15 October 2008, and Challenges”, Constraints Africa Insight, Initiative: IBSA the and Africa “South Miller, Darlene 16 April2010. Raja C. Mojan, “IBSA to BRICSA: China churns the new alphabet soup”, 2008). 2006, March 15 Affairs, Hemispheric on Council Economy, How Governance: of IMF”, the in Patterns Represented are Countries “Uneven Developing Lombardi, Domenica and Woods Ngaire 523-537. Building”,Coalition to Multilateral Relations Bilateral Trade From Relations: Atlantic “South White, Lyal of Governance, Cambridge, Polity, 2003,pp.18-46. ‘Big a Lie’?”,all David Held and Mathiasit Koenig-Archibugi (eds), Is Inequality: and Poverty in Rise Disturbing “The Wade, Hunter Robert April 2010. Kaia Lai, “ Conflict, Katzenstein, J. Peter vol f (Accessed15December2005). vol.13, no.3,2006,pp. 480-515. India-Brazil-South Africa: The Southern Trade Powerhouse Makes its Debut “South “South Africa, the G-20, the G-20+ and the IBSA Dialogue Forum: Implications .31, no.2,1996,pp.123-159. vol.35, no.1,2005,pp.52.57. vol.17, no.3, 2004, pp. 2004, no.3, vol.17, Affairs,International Reviewof Cambridge Regionalism in Comparative Perspective”, Comparative in “Regionalism Global Political Economy, Evolution andDynamics http://cigionline.ca/publications/docs/argentina. www.coha.or no.5, 2006,pp.79-100. The World Economy, Review of International Political International of Review Taming Globalization: Frontiers eomn fo te o: A Top: the from Reforming http://www.pambazuka. India Quarterly, Acse 3 June 30 (Accessed g Cooperation and Cooperation Indian Express, The Hindu vol.27, no.7, no.61, , 16 ”, , Journal of Global Journal of Analysis 95 Integration in the Global South: What role for IBSA Dialogue Forum? www.cesran.org