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Percutaneous Ultrasound-Guided Renal Biopsy; a Comparison of Axial Vs

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Percutaneous Ultrasound-Guided Renal Biopsy; a Comparison of Axial Vs Percutaneous ultrasound-guided renal biopsy; A comparison of axial vs. sagittal probe location FARNAZ SHAMSHIRGAR1, SEYED MORTEZA BAGHERI2* 1Resident of Radiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2Department of Radiology, Hasheminejad Kidney Center (HKC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Background. Renal biopsy is an important method for diagnosis of renal parenchymal abnormalities. Here, we compare the effectiveness and complications of percutaneous ultrasound- guided renal biopsy using axial vs. sagittal probe locations. Methods. In a cross-sectional survey, in 2012, patients with a nephrologist order were biopsied by a radiology resident. Renal biopsy was done on 15 patients using axial (A group) and the same number of biopsies done with sagittal probe location (S group). The two groups were compared in term of the yields and complications of each method. Results. In the A group, the ratio of glomeruli gathered to the number of obtained samples was significantly higher than in the S group. Nine patients in the A group (60%) required only two samplings, whereas 66.7% in the S group required more than two attempts. Microscopic hematuria was more common in the A; conversely, gross hematuria was less common in the A group. Meagre hematomas were more frequent in the S group .When compared with hemoglobin level before biopsy, its level 24 hours after biopsy was similar within groups. Conclusion. Our study shows that percutaneous ultrasound-guided renal biopsy using axial probe provides better yield with fewer efforts and fewer serious complications. Keywords: Percutaneous renal biopsy, Ultrasound-guided renal biopsy, Ultra-sonography probe location. INTRODUCTION plications and related post therapeutic side effects may cause another complication such as vascular Percutaneous renal biopsy is an important occlusion, acute obstruction of renal output, renal method to diagnose most kidney diseases. This failure, septicemia or even death [1, 2]. However, method was first used in 1934 and it has turned into due to the need to achieve final and certain a quite common method. Of all the imaging photos diagnosis in all renal diseases, conducting biopsy to determine the location of kidney before biopsy, seems necessary [3]. For example, in the case of sonography is a safe and easy method. Using the diagnosing the malignancies, it is just through the automatic biopsy needle, this can be achieved result of biopsy that the appropriate treatment can rather simply today. The ability of guiding the be selected. On the other hand, due to low needle to the appropriate location for biopsy depends sensitivity and large cases of non-diagnostic samples, on the skill of the radiologist. However, the percutaneous cytological biopsy is not agreed upon location of sonography probe also plays a major by everyone [4, 5]. Although this method is role in revealing the appropriate site. Despite all the claimed to have great sensitivity and specificity [6, 7], advantages, we need to keep in mind that per- the results of other studies indicate the advantages cutaneous renal biopsy also has side effects. These of surgical methods for sampling to be used in side effects are quite limited including hematoma pathology reviews [8]. However, one must keep in around the kidney or subcapsular hematoma and do mind that imaging guided biopsy has been used not require medical intervention and will be absorbed only in limited cases to diagnose the renal masses; naturally within three months [1, 2]. There are however, this method can be a good and ap- other side effects such as macroscopic hematuria, propriate choice in studying the small renal masses arteriovenous fistula, aneurysm, acute obstruction which are mostly benign. Today, fine needle of urinary tract by blood clots and ruptured kidney aspiration (FNA) and needle core biopsy (NCB) are that require medical intervention (such as blood used for sampling. Due to the shortcomings of transfusion, or invasive interventions). These com- FNA for interpreting the cell samples acquired, ROM. J. INTERN. MED., 2017, 55, 2, 96–102 2 Percutaneous ultrasound-guided renal biopsy 97 most pathologists prefer to use the biopsy samples While conducting the biopsy, care was taken to let acquired by NCB method for the accurate inter- the needle tip to move the junction of renal pretation of the tissue structure [9]. parenchyma and renal sinus. The standard method is to conduct biopsy Cases whose kidneys were smaller than 9 cm under local anesthesia and through the lower bridge or the thickness of their cortex was less than 1 cm of the kidney while the patient is lying on his or did not agree to take part in the research were abdomen [10]. In this position, the kidney gets excluded from the study. In the other cases, the closer to the posterior abdominal wall and it will be patients lay on their abdomen and ultrasonography much easier to access it. Medical experiences and was conducted by placing the probe in the axial or the studies conducted over the past 2 decades [10, sagittal position in order to select the appropriate 11, 12] have proven this method to be suitable for site for biopsy. After choosing the appropriate site, most of the patients. This method, however, is not the site was disinfected using Betadine 10%, and without limitations. As the body mass and fat in the Lidocaine 2% was injected in the path or the spinal patient increases, it gets harder for the researcher needle up to the vicinity of renal capsule surface in and the doctor to see the kidney and diagnose the order to achieve local anesthesia. Then, 16 gauge exact location of the biopsy site [13, 14]. Although TSK semi-automatic needle was used for sampling the ability of sonographist in placing the sono- and after pulling the needle out, the patient used his graphy probe and changing the viewing angle and hand to press on the site of incision to stop the the angle of needle while entering the kidney and bleeding. the state of the patient during biopsy play major After each sampling, the resulting tissue was roles in determining the final results, no research sent to the pathology unit and if the number of has ever been done to study the influence of how glomerules was not enough in the initial studies, a probe is placed on the yield and facilitation of the second sampling was conducted. This procedure sampling methods. Thus, we decided to conduct a was repeated until there were enough glomerules cross-sectional study in order to evaluate the relative for diagnosis, of course if there were no biopsy side advantage of applying sonography probe in both effects. At the end of the procedure, the patient was the axial and sagittal methods and investigate the under supervision for 24 hours for hematuria (micro- prevalence of biopsy side effects in each method. scopic or macroscopic) and pain and, hemoglobin levels were checked 6 hours after the biopsy. All the patients were checked again for formation or MATERIAL AND METHODS development of hematoma around their kidneys and underwent ultrasonography 24 hours after biopsy. The present study was conducted after the The sampling continued until there were consent of the ethics committee of Tehran 15 cases in each group by a radiologist with the University of Medical Sciences had been gained. same method. The information about each patient The patients who were directed to the radiology were recorded in a special questionnaire form center of Shahihd Hasheminejad Hospital for sono- covering variables such as age, gender, frequency graphy-guided renal biopsy in 2012 were selected of sampling, the number of Glomerules in patho- for a prospective study. Sonography was conducted logical analysis, patient’s satisfaction, the physician’s using SIEMENS ACUSON X500 device and satisfaction, length of sampling, the resulting side CURVE 2-6 MHz probe. The method for applying effects (microscopic and macroscopic hematuria, sonography probe (in the axial or sagittal position) early and late hematoma formation), the volume of for the patients was selected randomly. The hematoma immediately and 24 hours after biopsy, samples were taken by a radiology senior assistant and the level of hemoglobin 6 hours after biopsy. under the supervision of a radiologist. Prior to biopsy, coagulation tests and counting of blood Statistical analysis cells was done and appropriate measures were The resulting information was analyzed using taken to correct any existing disorders. For sono- SPSS v.19 in Windows™. Further to the des- graphy-guided biopsy, the length of the kidney and criptive analysis of the results, Chi Square was thickness of renal parenchyma on both sides was used to assess the association between qualitative measured. Biopsy was conducted through the lower variables, and t-test was used to compare quantitative pole of the kidney which was easier to access. variables. The significance level was set to P < 0.05. 98 Farnaz Shamshirgar and Seyed Morteza Bagheri 3 RESULTS patient’s presupposition of biopsy and what had really happened to him. The following results were The present research studied 30 patients who reported about patients’ satisfaction: total satis- were directed to the center for sonography-guided faction in the cases where the procedure was in full biopsy. The patients included 15 male and 15 female accordance with what the patient expected, average participants. The average age among women was for the cases where the level of pain or the length 39 ± 12.15 (ranging from 17 to 65 years old), while of the procedure was more than what was expected the average age of men was 40 ± 11.01 (ranging but did not bother the patient, and low for the cases from 22 to 64 years old). The average age of all the where the level of pain or the length of the participants was 39.5 ± 11.41 years old.
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