Winfried R. Garscha Achtzig Jahre Ungewissheit Die Nisko-Aktion 1939 Und Ihre Verschollenen Opfer

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Winfried R. Garscha Achtzig Jahre Ungewissheit Die Nisko-Aktion 1939 Und Ihre Verschollenen Opfer www.doew.at – Christine Schindler (Hrsg., im Auftrag des DÖW), Nisko 1939. Die Schicksale der Juden aus Wien, Wien 2020 (= Jahrbuch 2020) 19 Winfried R. Garscha Achtzig Jahre Ungewissheit Die Nisko-Aktion 1939 und ihre verschollenen Opfer Unmittelbar nach der nationalsozialistischen Machtüberahme und dem Ein- marsch der Deutschen Wehrmacht in Österreich im März 1938 setzten die neuen Machthaber eine gewaltige Welle von Flucht und Vertreibung in Gang: Durch eine Kombination von administrativen Schikanen, öffentlichen Demü- tigungen, staatlich sanktioniertem Raub und physischer Gewalt gelang es den Nationalsozialisten in nicht einmal zwei Jahren, 130.000 ihrer Rechte und ih- res Eigentums beraubte Österreicher und Österreicherinnen dazu zu bewegen, das Land zu verlassen. Der Großteil von ihnen war jüdischen Glaubens, viele waren erst durch die NS-Gesetze zu „Juden“ gemacht worden. Wem die er- forderlichen finanziellen Mittel zur „Auswanderung“ gefehlt hatten oder wem es aus anderen, unterschiedlichsten Gründen – wozu in vielen Fällen auch die moralische Verpflichtung, pflegebedürftige Angehörige nicht im Stich zu las- sen, gehörte – nicht gelungen war, dem nationalsozialistischen Machtbereich zu entkommen, geriet ins Visier der NS-Vernichtungspolitik. Der größte Teil von ihnen wurde zwischen Herbst 1941 und Ende 1942 aus Wien in die Ghettos und Vernichtungslager deportiert. Damit gelang den Nationalsozialisten innerhalb von viereinhalb Jahren die fast völlige Zerstörung einer der bedeutendsten jüdischen Gemeinden Europas: Die Wiener Gemeinde hatte sich durch religiös-kulturelle Vielfalt ausgezeich- net und einen relevanten Faktor der Gesellschaft gebildet. In jahrzehntelanger Arbeit ist es – in erster Linie durch die namentliche Erfassung der Holocaust-Opfer von Seiten des Dokumentationsarchivs des ös- terreichischen Widerstandes1 – gelungen, Todesdatum und Ort der Ermordung 1 Brigitte Bailer / Gerhard Ungar, Die namentliche Erfassung der österreichischen Holocaust- opfer, in: Dokumentationsarchiv des österreichischen Widerstandes (Hrsg.), Opferschick- sale. Widerstand und Verfolgung im Nationalsozialismus. Jahrbuch 2013, Wien 2013, S. 63–73. Siehe auch: Gerhard Ungar, Erhebung, Erfassung und Bearbeitung der Quellen. Quellenbestände und Auswertung, in: Dokumentationsarchiv des österreichischen Wider- standes (Hrsg.), Schwerpunkt: Namentliche Erfassung von NS-Opfern, Jahrbuch 2007, www.doew.at – Christine Schindler (Hrsg., im Auftrag des DÖW), Nisko 1939. Die Schicksale der Juden aus Wien, Wien 2020 (= Jahrbuch 2020) 20 Winfried R. Garscha des Großteils der österreichischen Deportierten zu eruieren. Zu mehr als 64.000 der vermutlich mehr als 66.500 Ermordeten sind die Daten auf der Website des DÖW abfragbar. Es gibt eine Ausnahme: Jene fast 1.600 Männer, die im Okto- ber 1939 mit den ersten beiden Deportationszügen vom Wiener Aspangbahnhof nach Nisko am San transportiert wurden. Bisher konnte erst für wenige Hun- dert von ihnen ihr weiteres Schicksal rekonstruiert werden. Bei allen anderen ist ungewiss, ob sie im Generalgouvernement für die besetzten polnischen Ge- biete an Hunger und Krankheiten zugrunde gingen, ob sie von den National- sozialisten nach dem deutschen Überfall auf die Sowjetunion in Lemberg oder einem anderen Zufluchtsort in den besetzten Gebieten der Sowjetunion ermor- det wurden, ob sie als Häftlinge oder Zivilinternierte in einem sowjetischen Lager starben – oder ob sie überlebten und nach 1945 in der UdSSR blieben. Die Nisko-Aktion als Teil der frühen Vertreibungen (1938 bis 1941) Die Zwangsumsiedlung von 4.800 bis 4.900 jüdischen Männern aus Mäh- risch-Ostrau/Ostrava, Wien und Kattowitz/Katowice nach Nisko am San im Ok tober 1939 war ein – maßgeblich von Adolf Eichmann gesteuertes – Projekt in der Übergangsphase von der Vertreibung zur Vernichtung der jüdischen Be- völkerung.2 Eine große Vertreibungsaktion hatte ein Jahr zuvor, Ende Oktober 1938, polnische Juden und Jüdinnen betroffen, die teilweise seit Jahrzehnten in Deutschland und im nunmehr annektierten Österreich gelebt hatten. Binnen weniger Stunden schoben die Nationalsozialisten 17.000 Menschen per Bahn über die polnische Grenze ab, wo sie einfach „ausgeladen“ wurden. Als die pol- nischen Behörden darauf mit der Abschiebung von in Polen lebenden Jüdinnen und Juden in die Gegenrichtung antworteten, stoppten die NS-Machthaber die Aktion.3 Wien 2007, S. 30–35. Die Opferdaten werden laufend aktualisiert: https://www.doew.at/ per sonensuche. 2 Der Übergangscharakter dieser Zwangsumsiedlung wurde argumentiert in: Winfried R. Garscha, Deportation als Vertreibung – Eichmanns Nisko-Experiment 1939 im Kontext der nationalsozialistischen „völkischen Flurbereinigung“, in: Dokumentationsarchiv des ös- terreichischen Widerstandes (Hrsg.), Forschungen zu Vertreibung und Holocaust. Jahrbuch 2018, Wien 2018, S. 117–142. Zu den widersprüchlichen Zahlenangaben siehe den Exkurs „Kann Brunner nicht zählen?“ weiter unten. 3 Alina Bothe / Gertrud Pickhan (Hrsg.), Ausgewiesen! Berlin, 28. 10. 1938. Die Geschich- te der „Polenaktion“, Berlin 2018; Jerzy Tomaszewski, Auftakt zur Vernichtung. Die Ver- www.doew.at – Christine Schindler (Hrsg., im Auftrag des DÖW), Nisko 1939. Die Schicksale der Juden aus Wien, Wien 2020 (= Jahrbuch 2020) 80 Jahre Ungewissheit 21 Hintergrund dieser ersten Massenausweisung war, dass zahlreiche europäische Staaten nach der Annexion Österreichs die Einreisebestimmungen für Deutsche verschärften, um den vor allem jüdischen Flüchtlingen den Grenzübertritt zu erschweren. Die effektivste Maßnahme war der so genannte „Judenstempel“, dessen Einführung die schweizerische Regierung im September 1939 nach mehrtägigen Verhandlungen mit Hitler-Deutschland durchgesetzt hatte.4 Die Ab schottungspolitik der Republik Polen unterschied sich von jener anderer europäischer Staaten dadurch, dass sie nicht nur deutsche, sondern in erster Li- nie eigene Staatsangehörige traf. Schon im März 1938 hatte der polnische Sejm ein Gesetz verabschiedet, das die Aberkennung der Staatsbürgerschaft nach mehr als fünfjährigem Aufenthalt außerhalb Polens erlaubte. In Deutschland bzw. Österreich waren davon 30.000 bzw. 20.000 polnische Jüdinnen und Juden betroffen. Nachdem die polnischen Konsulate in den darauf folgenden Mona- ten mehrere Hundert Pässe für ungültig erklärt hatten, verordnete die polnische Regierung am 5. Oktober 1938, dass mit 30. Oktober alle Pässe ihre Gültigkeit verlieren würden, die bis dahin keinen Kontrollvermerk des zuständigen polni- schen Konsulats trugen. Das offensichtliche Kalkül war, einer Massenauswei- sung mehrerer Zehntausend Jüdinnen und Juden aus Deutschland nach Polen zuvorzukommen: Indem diese Menschen zu Staatenlosen gemacht wurden, ka- men sie für eine mögliche „Rückführung“ in ihren ursprünglichen Heimatstaat nicht mehr in Frage. Dem wiederum wollte Deutschland mit der so genannten Polenaktion zuvorkommen. Zu dieser Zeit war die nationalsozialistische Führung noch daran interes- siert, Deutschland als einen „zivilisierten“ Staat erscheinen zu lassen, der seine expansiven Ziele mit „friedlichen“ Mitteln verfolge. Doch nur so lan- ge die Ausgewiesenen noch polnische Staatsangehörige waren, ließ sich die Maßnahme noch irgendwie mit geltendem internationalen Recht vereinbaren. Auch die Annexion der so genannten „Sudetengebiete“ vier Wochen zuvor war treibung polnischer Juden aus Deutschland im Jahre 1938, Osnabrück 2002. Zum Öster- reich-Bezug der polnischen Maßnahmen siehe: Garscha, Deportation als Vertreibung, S. 132 f. – Wie viele Menschen mit ständigem Wohnsitz im annektierten Österreich davon betroffen waren, ist nicht bekannt. Die „Polen-Aktion“ vom Oktober 1938 war bisher kein Gegenstand der österreichischen Zeitgeschichtsforschung. 4 Siehe die zusammenfassende Darstellung der Verhandlungen zwischen der Schweiz und dem Deutschen Reich in einem Schreiben der Schweizerischen Gesandtschaft in Deutsch- land an das Auswärtige Amt vom 14. 11. 1938. Abgedruckt in: Die Verfolgung und Er- mordung der europäischen Juden durch das nationalsozialistische Deutschland 1933–1945 (künftig: VEJ), hrsg. v. Institut für Zeitgeschichte München–Berlin, der Albert-Ludwigs- Uni versität Freiburg und dem Bundesarchiv, Bd. 2: Deutsches Reich 1938 – August 1939, Berlin 2009, Dok. 127, S. 369. www.doew.at – Christine Schindler (Hrsg., im Auftrag des DÖW), Nisko 1939. Die Schicksale der Juden aus Wien, Wien 2020 (= Jahrbuch 2020) 22 Winfried R. Garscha noch nicht als offener Gewaltakt erfolgt, sondern der Tschechoslowakei unter maxi malem diplomatischen Druck abgepresst worden: Am 29. September 1938 hatte sich das Deutsche Reich mit Italien, Frankreich und Großbritannien im so genannten Münchner Ankommen darauf verständigt, dass diese Mächte der Abtrennung der mehrheitlich von Deutschen bewohnten Grenzgebiete der ČSR zustimmten. Derartige Rücksichten waren bei der Nisko-Aktion im Oktober 1939 nicht mehr erforderlich: Deutschland befand sich im Krieg, das Ziel der Deporta- tionstransporte lag auf soeben erobertem polnischen Territorium. Bereits sechs Wochen zuvor, wenige Tage nach Beginn des Krieges, hatten die Nationalsozialisten begonnen, die letzten noch in Wien wohnenden polni- schen Juden aus der Stadt zu „entfernen“. Die Gestapo verhaftete über tausend polnische Staatsangehörige5 sowie Staatenlose, die in der Republik Polen Hei- matrecht hatten. Unter ihnen waren auch 122 Bewohner des jüdischen Alters- heims in Wien-Alsergrund (Seegasse 9).6 Die Menschen wurden zunächst in ver schiedenen Gefängnissen eingesperrt und anschließend in einem improvi- sierten
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