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The Representation of Black Identities in Hispanic Afro-Caribbean Autobiographical and Biographical Writing Bryn Campbell Doctoral Student, Spanish and Portuguese

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The Representation of Black Identities in Hispanic Afro-Caribbean Autobiographical and Biographical Writing Bryn Campbell Doctoral Student, Spanish and Portuguese University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository Spanish and Portuguese ETDs Electronic Theses and Dissertations Summer 7-16-2018 Revealing Silences: The Representation of Black Identities in Hispanic Afro-Caribbean Autobiographical and Biographical Writing Bryn Campbell Doctoral Student, Spanish and Portuguese Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/span_etds Part of the European Languages and Societies Commons, and the Latin American Languages and Societies Commons Recommended Citation Campbell, Bryn. "Revealing Silences: The Representation of Black Identities in Hispanic Afro-Caribbean Autobiographical and Biographical Writing." (2018). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/span_etds/109 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Spanish and Portuguese ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Bryn Campbell Candidate Department of Spanish and Portuguese Department This dissertation is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication: Approved by the Dissertation Committee: Eleuterio Santiago-Díaz, Chairperson Kimberle Schumock Lopez Kathryn McKnight Claude-Rheal Malary i REVEALING SILENCES: THE REPRESENTATION OF BLACK IDENTITIES IN HISPANIC AFRO-CARIBBEAN AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL WRITING by BRYN CAMPBELL B.A., Education and Spanish, University of New Mexico, 2005 M.A., Spanish, University of New Mexico, 2011 DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Spanish and Portuguese The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico July 2018 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge my dissertation chair, Eleuterio Santiago-Díaz, without whom I never would have completed this project. From the beginning, he supported my work and inspired me with his own work and ideas. His efforts in helping me to edit, revise, and rethink my own work will carry me through the rest of my professional career. I must acknowledge my family who never let me give up on this project. To Matt, who, with remarkable patience, loved and supported me⎯ financially and emotionally⎯ through all the hardships my post-secondary education threw at us. To my son Henry, who had to tolerate his mom throughout this process, but always remained a beautiful boy. To my parents, thank you for providing me with the foundations for success and the courage to pursue this degree. To my friends, who suffered alongside me, pursuing their education, thank you! Without all the love and acceptance my family and friends gave me during the completion of my education, none of this would have been possible. iii REVEALING SILENCES: THE REPRESENTATION OF BLACK IDENTITIES IN HISPANIC AFRO-CARIBBEAN AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL WRITING by Bryn Campbell B.A., EDUCATION, UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO, 2005 M.A., SPANISH, UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO, 2011 PH.D., SPANISH AND PORTUGUESE, UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO, 2018 ABSTRACT This project explores how the historical contexts of the Hispanic Caribbean, including the regions of the Circum-Caribbean and the Caribbean Diasporas in the United States, have sustained dominant racial and nationalist ideologies that continue to silence or negate the identity of Afro-Caribbean subjects in national letters. My research focuses on the autobiographical and biographical writing of four Hispanic Afro-Caribbean men: Autobiografía de un esclavo (1840) by Juan Francisco Manzano⎯ originally published and translated to English in 1840 by Richard R. Madden⎯ Klabel (2002) by Víctor Virgilio López García, Down These Mean Streets (1967) by Piri Thomas, and Las criadas de la Habana (2001) by Pedro Pérez Sarduy. I examine how these authors reproduce, negotiate, and contest notions of race and nation through the representation of their identities. Arguably, in the context of a social history of marginalization and the silencing of black voices in national cultures, these autobiographies and biography iv represent a contestation of modern ideals of national unity as authors call attention to their racial alterity. At the same time, the multiple positionalities of black writers—along lines of gender, class, and national identity—complicate the process of constituting black identities. In other words, resistance to dominant discourses of race and nation is likely to be articulated through dynamics of fragmented reproduction and strategic negotiations with dominant ideas. This work will examine how autobiographical and biographical narrations encode discursive silences that, when read contextually, can uncover black resistance to or acceptance of oppressive ideologies. v TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION: RACE AND NATION IN AFRO-HISPANIC AUTOBIOGRAPHIES AND BIOGRAPHIES .............................................................. 1 Juan Francisco Manzano as an Analytical Paradigm .............................................. 5 Modernity and the Expression of Racial Identity ................................................. 11 CHAPTER 1 JUAN FRANCISCO MANZANO AS A PARADIGM FOR ANALYSIS OF DISCURSIVE SILENCE ................................................................... 21 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 21 Burgeoning Ideas of Independence, Abolition, and a Mulatto Cuban Identity .... 27 Hidden Resistance within Parallel Discourses of Freedom and Servitude 31 Fluctuations Between Ignorance and Awareness and the Process of Becoming .................................................................................................. 41 Mulato Identity as Adherence to White Superiority and Rejection of Blackness .................................................................................................. 50 Conclusions ........................................................................................................... 64 CHAPTER 2 KLABEL: EDUCATIONAL, RACIAL, AND NATIONAL IDENTITY DISCOURSE ................................................................................................................... 66 Introduction: Tradition Versus Modernity in Honduran Garífuna Culture .......... 66 Garífuna Cultural Challenges to Modernization and State Education .................. 71 Discursive Tactics and Strategies to Approach Racial Identity and Marginalization ..................................................................................................... 81 Humility as Trope and a Tactic ................................................................. 86 Euphemistic Metaphors and Dysphemistic Realities ................................ 89 vi Emotional Distancing with Demonstrative Adjectives ............................. 95 Conclusions ........................................................................................................... 99 CHAPTER 3 PUERTO RICAN RACIAL IDENTITY FORMATION IN A UNITED STATES CONTEXT: HEART AND DARKNESS IN PIRI THOMAS’S DOWN THESE MEAN STREETS ............................................................................... 101 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 101 The United States and Puerto Rico: Conflicting Racial Paradigms .................... 106 The Jíbaro and the Whitening of Puerto Rican National Identity ........... 111 Economic Depression, Government Relief, and the Beginnings of an Afro- Hispanic Identity among Puerto Ricans in New York ........................................ 119 Heart and Darkness as Modern Resistance to Oppression.................................. 129 Discursive Masks of Resistance and Acceptance of Racial Paradigms .............. 141 Internal Dialogue Disjunction and Racial Prejudice ........................................... 150 Conclusions ......................................................................................................... 153 CHAPTER 4 ASSERTIONS OF AFRO-CUBAN HERITAGE TO CHALLENGE IDEOLOGIES OF RACIAL DEMOCRACY ............................................................ 155 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 155 Historical Context of Race Relations in Cuba .................................................... 162 Black and White Societies as Purveyors of Racial and Cultural Understanding 165 Slave Discourse to Contest Afro-Cuban Female Invisibility .............................. 173 Disconnecting Ideologies of Class and Race in Order to Expose Racism .......... 183 Ambivalence to Revolution as a Challenge to the Silencing of African Heritage .... ............................................................................................................................. 188 vii Tourism Industry as Reinforcement of Exclusionary Racial Discourses 195 Contesting Racial Exclusion in Tourist Industry with Afro-Cuban Language ................................................................................................. 198 Ellipsis to Expose the Limits of Racial Democracy ........................................... 203 Conclusions ......................................................................................................... 206 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................. 208 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................
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