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Relations Phylogénétiques Chez Les Termites Du Genre Reticulitermes En Europe. Description D'une Nouvelle Espèce

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Relations Phylogénétiques Chez Les Termites Du Genre Reticulitermes En Europe. Description D'une Nouvelle Espèce Relations phylog´en´etiqueschez les termites du genre Reticulitermes en Europe. Description d'une nouvelle esp`ece. Paolo Uva To cite this version: Paolo Uva. Relations phylog´en´etiqueschez les termites du genre Reticulitermes en Europe. Description d'une nouvelle esp`ece.. Ecologie, Environnement. Universit´eFran¸coisRabelais - Tours, 2002. Fran¸cais. <tel-00114554> HAL Id: tel-00114554 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00114554 Submitted on 17 Nov 2006 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destin´eeau d´ep^otet `ala diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publi´esou non, lished or not. The documents may come from ´emanant des ´etablissements d'enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche fran¸caisou ´etrangers,des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou priv´es. UNIVERSITÉ FRANÇOIS RABELAIS TOURS École Doctorale : Santé, Sciences, Technologies Année Universitaire : 2001/2002 THÈSE POUR OBTENIR LE GRADE DE DOCTEUR DE L'UNIVERSITÉ DE TOURS Discipline : Sciences de la Vie présentée et soutenue publiquement par : Paolo UVA Le 8 novembre 2002 Relations phylogénétiques chez les termites du genre Reticulitermes en Europe. Description d'une nouvelle espèce Directeur de thèse : Dr. BAGNÈRES-URBANY Anne-Geneviève Jury : CARIOU Marie-Louise, Directeur de Recherche CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette ROISIN Yves, Professeur Université de Bruxelles (Belgique) BAGNÈRES-URBANY Anne-Geneviève, CR1 CNRS Université de Tours CLÉMENT Jean-Luc, Professeur CNRS, Paris / Université de Tours ERRARD Christine, Maître de Conférence Université de Tours MARINI Mario, Professeur Université de Bologne (Italie) Remerciements Ce manuscrit est la conclusion de mes trois années en tant qu'étudiant de troisième cycle à l'Université François Rabelais de Tours. Le travail a été réalisé au sein du laboratoire de Neurobiologie du CNRS de Marseille, et pour la dernière année à l'Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de Insecte (IRBI) de Tours. Je voudrais exprimer ma gratitude envers Marie-Louise Cariou et Yves Roisin qui ont accepté d'être les rapporteurs scientifiques de ce travail, ainsi que les autres membres de mon jury. Je voudrais tout d'abord remercier la ville de Domène (Isère), le CNRS, le Ministère de l'Équipement, le Conseil Général de l'Isère et la Métro (Communauté de communes de l'agglomération grenobloise) qui ont co-financé cette thèse. Cette étude m'a permis de m'investir dans le côte appliqué de la recherche. J'adresse mes remerciements à Anne-Geneviève Bagnères pour son soutien et nos discussions fructueuses tout au long de mon travail. Je tiens également à la remercier pour sa confiance et sa disponibilité "sans horaire" que j'ai énormément appréciées. Je tiens à remercier Jean-Luc Clément pour m'avoir accueilli dans son laboratoire et pour la curiosité et l'énergie qu'il a toujours témoignées. Je remercie toutes les personnes qui m'ont aidé avec sympathie pendant mon séjour à Marseille : Marielle Renucci et Alain Tirard pour leurs conseils et leur patience pour ce nouveau collègue de paillasse ; Leam Sreng pour sa disponibilité et son humour ; Eric Provost pour sa gentillesse et sa sympathie ; George Dusticier pour son support technique ; Bernadette Besson pour son rôle de guide dans l'enchevêtrement de papiers à remplir, et enfin Sandrine et Sylvie pour tous les moments que j'ai pu partager avec elles. Je remercie également Marc Ohresser pour sa sympathie et tous ses conseils astucieux que l'on ne trouve pas dans les manuels. 1 Je remercie Josiane Aubert pour m'avoir aidé dans les premières étapes de ce travail, ainsi que toute l'équipe du laboratoire de Systématique Évolutive de Marseille pour son accueil. Merci à toutes les personnes de l'IRBI qui m'ont accueilli lors de mon déménagement à Tours : leur chaleur humaine a su largement compenser le changement climatique ! Je tiens à remercier James Austin pour notre collaboration fructueuse dans l'étude des relations phylogénétiques des termites européens. Merci également à Alexandre Quintana, pour sa collaboration et tous les échanges qu'on a eu au cours de notre parcours de thésards. Des échantillons de termites ont été obtenus grâce à la collaboration de DowAgrosciences, Hygiène et Charpentes (Marseille), Mr. Landrin (DDE13) et Dani Simon (Université de Tel Aviv, Israël) que je remercie vivement. Merci à l'Association des Villes Termitées et à la Section Française IUSSI pour leur aide financière concernant ma participation au congrès international au Japon. Je ne pouvais pas terminer sans remercier la petite "équipe termites" qui m'a accepté dans la salle des étudiants même si porteur d'un chromosome Y. Alors, merci à Fanny, Magda et Armelle. Je leur souhaite de garder toujours leur vitalité spontanée et d'être heureuses dans ce qu'elles entreprendront dans leur futur. Merci à toutes les personnes que j'ai eu l'occasion de rencontrer et qui ont marqué mon expérience en France dont la liste ne rentrerait pas dans cette page, et merci également à mes amis en Italie qui m'ont fait comprendre que l'amitié ne considère pas les distances. Et grazie à ma famille pour tout son soutien, et qui continue à se poser la question "Est-ce vraiment nécessaire de partir pendant si longtemps et si loin pour étudier des organismes aussi petits ?". 2 Sommaire Figures ........................................................................................................... 5 Avant-propos.................................................................................................. 6 Structure de l'ouvrage ...................................................................... 6 Annexe confidentielle de la thèse........................................................ 7 Introduction ............................................................................................... 8 Le genre Reticulitermes en Europe : une taxonomie en évolution .................. 8 Systématique moléculaire du genre Reticulitermes ...................................... 10 Les Reticulitermes en GenBank ........................................................ 10 Le concept d'espèce – Le cas de R. sp. nov. .................................................. 11 Outils pour l'identification des espèces ........................................................ 14 Les hydrocarbures cuticulaires ......................................................... 14 Structure et fonctions de la cuticule.......................................... 14 Variations intra- et inter-coloniales........................................... 15 Les substances défensives des soldats .............................................. 16 Les marqueurs génétiques............................................................... 16 Le génome mitochondrial........................................................ 17 Le génome nucléaire : les ITS (Internal Transcribed Spacer)........ 19 De la recherche à l'application : le cas de Reticulitermes sp. nov. ................ 20 Matériel et méthodes ............................................................................. 22 Matériel biologique ....................................................................................... 22 Morphologie.................................................................................................. 23 Hydrocarbures cuticulaires........................................................................... 23 Procédure d'extraction des composés cuticulaires ............................... 23 Analyse des données ...................................................................... 24 3 Analyse en composante principale (ACP) ................................... 24 Analyse génétique moléculaire ..................................................................... 25 Analyse phylogénétique .................................................................. 25 Terminologie......................................................................... 25 Alignement des séquences ...................................................... 26 Méthodes de reconstruction phylogénétique .............................. 26 Neighbor-Joining (NJ) .......................................................... 27 Maximum de Parcimonie (MP) ............................................... 27 Maximum de Vraisemblance (Maximum Likelihood, ML) ............ 28 Évaluation du support interne.................................................. 28 Utilisation de contraintes ........................................................ 29 Visualisation des arbres phylogénétiques .................................. 30 Analyse "Total Evidence".............................................................................. 30 Résultats et Discussion ......................................................................... 32 Systématique moléculaire de Reticulitermes sp. nov.................................... 32 Analyse comparative et combinée des Reticulitermes européens ................. 34 Analyse comparative des populations italiennes de Reticulitermes lucifugus37 Communications scientifiques ...................................................................... 39 Conclusion générale ............................................................................... 41 Références bibliographiques ........................................................................ 44 4 Figures 1) Aire de répartition des Reticulitermes dans
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