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Educator's Guide EXTREME MAMMALS THE BIGGEST, SMALLEST, AND MOST AMAZING MAMMALS OF ALL TIME EDUCATOR’S GUIDE amnh.org/education/extrememammals ! e z i s l a u t ac INSIDE: • Suggestions to Help You Come Prepared • Essential Questions for Student Inquiry • Strategies for Teaching in the Exhibition • Map of the Exhibition • Online Resources for the Classroom • Correlation to Standards • Student Worksheets to Use in the Exhibition ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS This exhibition uses both living and extinct mammals to trace the ancestry and evolution of this remarkable group of animals. It’s a story full of surprises, with quite a cast of characters. What is a mammal? How have mammals evolved in You might have grown up thinking that all mammals response to changing environments? share certain traits, like fur and giving birth to live young As environments change over time, living things — and most living mammals do. But some are hairless, must adapt or go extinct. Different traits are favored in like the river dolphin, while a few others, like the echid- different habitats and are passed on to future genera- na, or spiny anteater, lay eggs. So what defines this tions. For example, when various groups of mammals diverse group of animals? They all are descended from invaded the sea, adaptations like blubber and flippers — a common ancestor shared with no other living animals. which are modified limbs — helped them survive. Gar- Mammals can look radically different from each other, gantuan blue whales can grow far larger than any land but the underlying body plan is still strikingly similar. animal because water helps support their bulk. Their an- cestors lost their teeth but evolved baleen in the upper What’s “normal” for mammals? jaw: rows of flexible plates made of keratin that help The terms “extreme” and “normal” are relative, of them capture vast amounts of small crustaceans. Tails course. In mammals, one way to define normal is in also evolved a wide array of forms to help mammals terms of traits that are inherited from ancestors, such swim, balance, grasp tree limbs, or keep warm. as producing milk, warm-bloodedness, and four limbs for walking, or quadrupedalism. Another way to think How have extreme or specialized about “normal” is what is typically observed in the traits helped mammals adapt and group. For example, today the typical mammal weighs survive? about one pound, although for most of their history they Over millions of years, every part of the mammalian were generally even smaller. All mammals have both body was shaped and reshaped through evolution, normal and extreme, sometimes unique, features. from snout to tail. Sometimes remarkable in form, these adaptations conferred evolutionary advantages, How and why are some mammals like the extremely long premolars of the extinct “extreme”? marsupial Thylacoleo carnifex or rodents’ sharp As species evolve over time, “extreme” traits can arise: incisors, which never stop growing. Echolocation characteristics that differ widely from those found in evolved independently in a few specialized groups, ancestors or from the most common condition. including bats, cetaceans (dolphins and whales), and Examples include the tiny brain of the extinct, two-ton subterranean shrews. Evolving big brains relative to Uintatherium; the bipedal hopping of kangaroos; or body size distinguishes mammals from other verte- the venom of species of Solenodon, large shrew-like brates, and humans from all other mammals. Much of mammals. Humans also have a mix of both normal traits the increase occurs in the cerebrum, the part of the inherited from early ancestors (we’re warm blooded brain largely associated with thought, memory, most and have differentiated teeth and five fingers and toes) senses, and information processing. Some of the most and specialized extreme features (upright bipedalism, remarkable adaptations occurred when mammals and big brains relative to our body size). evolved in isolated areas. How do scientists study mammals? Scientists observe mammals in their environments, and analyze modern and fossil specimens back in the The six-banded laboratory. Combining physical and genetic data helps armadillo is almost completely scientists recognize the relationships between species. covered by bony, Today, nearly 25 percent of living mammal species are keratin-capped armor plates. threatened with extinction, even as new species are still being discovered. Scientists find them by exploring — and helping to protect — remote ecosystems in the ongoing quest to learn more about life on Earth. Come Prepared USEFUL CONCEPTS Before your visit, review the Essential Questions to see how the exhibition’s educational themes connect to your Natural Selection and curriculum. Identify what you’d like your students to learn from Adaptation Extreme Mammals, and how they could continue learning Individuals inherit traits, or features, from back in the classroom. Visit the Extreme Mammals website their parents. Those members of a species with at amnh.org/extrememammals and traits that help them survive in a particular thestoryoftexas.com/extrememammals/ to learn more environment — like the sharp, piercing canines about the exhibition. and slicing molars of carnivores versus the This Guide includes Activities for Before You Visit, flat grinding teeth of mammals that eat tough grasses — pass on these characteristics. During Your Visit, and Back in the Classroom, and Student Generation after generation, individuals with Worksheets. These activities are designed to be used together the advantageous trait, or adaptation, will to focus your visit around one or two themes. Here are some survive longer and produce more offspring, other ways to until most or even all members of the species explore the Extreme Mammals exhibition: possess it. Called natural selection, this is an important mechanism of evolution. • You (and your class chaperones) can use the Teaching in the Exhibition section of this guide as you move through the gallery with students. Convergent Evolution • You can create student worksheets using the Teaching in This refers to situations in which different groups evolve similar adaptations because they the Exhibition section. live in similar environments. These species • You can distribute copies of the Map of the Exhibition may even live on different continents and be to chaperones and/or students, and let them choose their far apart on their family trees. For example, own paths. high-crowned grinding teeth for chewing tough grasses have evolved independently in a diverse Visit thestoryoftexas.com/extrememammals/ for: suite of mammals, including bison, horses, elephants, some rodents, and many extinct • information on field trips, reservations, and other useful tips mammal groups. to help plan your visit • free resources, including activities and references Mammal Reproduction The ancestor of all mammals almost certainly Correlation to the Texas Essential laid eggs, as do most vertebrates and a tiny mi- nority of living mammals, the monotremes — Knowledge and Skills (TEKS) like the platypus and echidnas of Australia and Your visit to the Extreme Mammals exhibition can be correlated New Guinea. But the vast majority of modern to the following Science TEKS: mammals are placentals. They’ve evolved to give live birth to babies that are nourished for (K.10.A) Sort plants and animals into groups based on physical a long time inside the mother’s body, using an characteristics such as color, size, body covering, or organ called a placenta. A few hundred other leaf shape. living species (and many more fossil forms), (1.10.A) Investigate how the external characteristics of an like koalas and kangaroos, are marsupials; animal are related to where it lives, how it moves, and their young are born very immature and much what it eats. of their development occurs while drinking milk, typically inside (2.10.A) Observe, record, and compare how the physical a pouch on their mother’s characteristics and behaviors of animals help them belly. The group Mammalia meet their basic needs such as fins help fish move is named for mammary and balance in the water. glands, which produce (3.10.A) Explore how structures and functions of plants milk — as all mammal and animals allow them to survive in a particular species do. environment. Koala, a marsupial Continued Correlation to the Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS) (4.10.A) Explore how adaptations enable organisms to survive in their environment such as comparing birds’ beaks and leaves on plants. (5.10.A) Compare the structures and functions of different species that help them live and survive such as hooves on prairie animals or webbed feet in aquatic animals. (7.11.C) Identify some changes in genetic traits that have occurred over several generations through natural selection and selective breeding such as the Galapagos Medium Ground Finch (Geospiza fortis) or domestic animals. (7.12.A) Investigate and explain how internal structures of organisms have adaptations that allow specific functions such as gills in fish, hollow bones in birds, or xylem in plants. (8.11C) Explore how short- and long-term environmental changes affect organisms and traits in subsequent populations. (Biology.7) The student knows evolutionary theory is a scientific explanation for the unity and diversity of life. (Biology.8.B) Categorize organisms using a hierarchical classification system based on similarities and differences shared among groups. TEACHING IN THE EXHIBITION The Extreme Mammals exhibition uses fossils, models, live animals, interactives, videos, and more to engage individuals with all learning styles. This guide divides the exhibition into ten areas, which are indicated on the map and described below. 1. Introduction Exploration: Overview: Living and fossil mammals exhibit a huge • Human, Uintatherium, and opossum skeletons: range of shapes and sizes. Ask students to distinguish between normal and extreme characteristics in each of these species. Exploration: • Animal models: Have students compare and contrast Guiding Questions: these life-size models of the largest land mammal and • What are some examples of extreme and normal the smallest mammal that have ever lived.
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