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Earliest Eocene Mammalian Fauna from the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum at Sand Creek Divide, Southern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming

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Earliest Eocene Mammalian Fauna from the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum at Sand Creek Divide, Southern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming EARLIEST EOCENE MAMMALIAN FAUNA FROM THE PALEOCENE-EOCENE THERMAL MAXIMUM AT SAND CREEK DIVIDE, SOUTHERN BIGHORN BASIN, WYOMING KENNETH D. ROSE et al. EARLIEST EOCENE MAMMALIAN FAUNA FROM THE PALEOCENE-EOCENE THERMAL MAXIMUM AT SAND CREEK DIVIDE, SOUTHERN BIGHORN BASIN, WYOMING PAPERS ON PALEONTOLOGY — RECENT NUMBERS 26. The Clarkforkian Land-Mammal Age and Mammalian Faunal Composition across the Paleocene-Eocene Boundary by Kenneth D. Rose (1981) 27. The Evolutionary History of Microsyopoidea (Mammalia, ?Primates) and the Relationship between Plesiadapiformes and Primates by Gregg F. Gunnell (1989) 28. New Earliest Wasatchian Mammalian Fauna from the Eocene of Northwestern Wyoming: Composition and Diversity in a Rarely Sampled High-Floodplain Assemblage by Philip D. Gingerich (1989) 29. Evolution of Paleocene and Eocene Phenacodontidae (Mammalia, Condylarthra) by J. G. M. Thewissen (1990) 30. Marine Mammals (Cetacea and Sirenia) from the Eocene of Gebel Mokattam and Fayum, Egypt: Stratigraphy, Age, and Paleoenvironments by Philip D. Gingerich (1992) 31. Terrestrial Mesonychia to Aquatic Cetacea: Transformation of the Basicranium and Evolution of Hearing in Whales by Zhexi Luo and Philip D. Gingerich (1999) 32. Fishes of the Mio-Pliocene Ringold Formation, Washington: Pliocene Capture of the Snake River by the Columbia River by Gerald R. Smith, Neil Morgan, and Eric Gustafson (2000) 33. Paleocene-Eocene Stratigraphy and Biotic Change in the Bighorn and Clarks Fork Basins, Wyoming by Philip D. Gingerich (ed.) and others (2001) 34. Form, Function, and Anatomy of Dorudon atrox (Mammalia, Cetacea): An Archaeocete from the Middle to Late Eocene of Egypt by Mark D. Uhen (2003) 35. The Tiffanian Land-Mammal Age (Middle and Late Paleocene) in the Northern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming by Ross Secord (2008) 36. Earliest Eocene Mammalian Fauna from the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum at Sand Creek Divide, Southern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming by Kenneth D. Rose, Amy E. Chew, Rachel H. Dunn, Mary J. Kraus, Henry C. Fricke, and Shawn P. Zack (2012) Museum of Paleontology The University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1079 EARLIEST EOCENE MAMMALIAN FAUNA FROM THE PALEOCENE-EOCENE THERMAL MAXIMUM AT SAND CREEK DIVIDE, SOUTHERN BIGHORN BASIN, WYOMING Frontispiece: View looking east at Sand Creek Divide, southern Bighorn Basin, showing most of the PETM section. Prominent red band near the foot of the outcrop marks the base of the Eocene and the beginning of the PETM (see Figure 2B). ii EARLIEST EOCENE MAMMALIAN FAUNA FROM THE PALEOCENE-EOCENE THERMAL MAXIMUM AT SAND CREEK DIVIDE, SOUTHERN BIGHORN BASIN, WYOMING Kenneth D. Rose Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland 21205, U.S.A. Amy E. Chew Department of Anatomy College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific Western University of Health Sciences Pomona, California 91766, U.S.A. Rachel H. Dunn Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences University of Missouri, Columbia Columbia, Missouri 65212, U.S.A. Mary J. Kraus Department of Geological Sciences University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado 80309-0399, U.S.A. Henry C. Fricke Department of Geology Colorado College Colorado Springs, Colorado 80903, U.S.A. Shawn P. Zack Department of Basic Medical Sciences College of Medicine-Phoenix University of Arizona Phoenix, Arizona 85004, U.S.A. UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN PAPERS ON PALEONTOLOGY NO. 36 2012 Papers on Paleontology No. 36 Museum of Paleontology The University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1079 Daniel C. Fisher, Director Philip D. Gingerich, Editor ISSN 0148-3838 Published February 15, 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS Frontispiece....................................................................... ii Tillodontia....................................................... 15 Carnivora......................................................... 16 Title Page.......................................................................... iii Condylarthra................................................... 16 Table of Contents............................................................... v Rodentia.......................................................... 17 Wa-0 Fauna of Sand Creek Divide......................... 17 List of Figures................................................................... vi Multituberculata.............................................. 17 List of Tables................................................................... viii Marsupialia............................................. 17 Cimolesta........................................................ 26 Abstract............................................................................ ix Pantolesta........................................................ 27 Pholidotamorpha............................................. 28 Taeniodonta..................................................... 28 Tillodontia....................................................... 32 Pantodonta....................................................... 36 I. Introduction............................................................. 1 Eulipotyphla.................................................... 36 Materials and Methods............................................ 2 Primates........................................................... 47 Stratigraphy........................................... 2 Creodonta...................................................... 60 Paleontology...................................................... 2 Carnivora......................................................... 64 Abbreviations.............................................. 4 Condylarthra................................................... 70 Acknowledgments............................................... 5 Artiodactyla..................................................... 90 II. The Paleocene-Eocene Boundary at Sand Creek Perissodactyla................................................. 92 Divide....................................................................... 9 Rodentia.......................................................... 96 Locating the Paleocene-Eocene Boundary............. 9 IV. Discussion................................................. 105 Sedimentology of the Paleocene-Eocene Boundary First Appearances during the PETM.............. 105 Interval......................................................... 9 Upper Boundary of the Wa-0 Biozone............ 105 Fossil Vertebrate Localities at Sand Creek Divide 12 Faunal Composition and Diversity.................... 105 III. Systematic Paleontology of the Sand Creek Divide Comparison with other Wa-0 Faunas......... 108 Mammalian Fauna............................................. 15 Comparison with other Land-Mammal Late Paleocene (Clarkforkian) Vertebrates.......... 15 Biozones...................................................... 112 Pholidotamorpha.............................................. 15 Summary and Conclusions.................................. 116 Taeniodonta.................................................. 15 V. Literature Cited....................................................... 119 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 2 1. Map of the Bighorn Basin, showing location of 26. Size distribution of M and M1 in Macrocranion Sand Creek Divide and other PETM faunas... 3 junnei, M. nitens, and cf. Colpocherus sp......... 47 2. Sand Creek Divide outcrops.................................. 4 27. Teeth of the paromomyids Ignacius graybullia- 3. Carbon isotope ratios plotted against stratigraphic nus and Phenacolemur praecox........................ 47 sections from Sand Creek Divide...................... 7 28. Teeth of Arctodontomys wilsoni............................. 49 4. Carbon isotope records from Sand Creek Divide 29. Teeth of Niptomomys, cf. N. doreenae................... 52 and Polecat Bench............................................. 10 30. Size distribution of Niptomomys lower cheek 5. Sand Creek Divide outcrops showing bright- teeth................................................................... 53 colored paleosols interbedded with whitish 31. Size distribution of Niptomomys and Choctawius avulsion deposits............................................... 11 upper molars...................................................... 54 6. Stratigraphic location of fossil vertebrate 32. Teeth of Nanomomys thermophilus, gen. et sp. localities at Sand Creek Divide......................... 13 nov..................................................................... 55 7. Late Clarkforkian fossils........................................ 16 33. Maxillae, dentary, and ungual phalanges of 8. Teeth of Ectypodus tardus...................................... 18 Teilhardina brandti............................................ 57 9. Teeth of Herpetotherium innominatum.................. 19 34. Dentaries of Teilhardina brandti and Teilhardina 58 10. Dentary of Herpetotherium innominatum............. 22 gingerichi, sp. nov............................................. 35. Teeth of Cantius torresi and Cantius ralstoni........ 60 11. Tarsal elements of marsupials................................ 23 36. Upper tooth fragments and foot elements of 12. Teeth of Mimoperadectes labrus........................... 24 oxyaenids........................................................... 61 13. Size distribution of molars in Mimoperadectes la- 37. Dentary and teeth of hyaenodontids...................... 62 brus................................................................... 24 38. Dentary,
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