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Mobility in Ancient Egypt from the Shape and Strength of the Femurs
Herrerín Jesús, Carmenate Margarita Mobility in ancient Egypt Anthropological Review • Vol. 84(2), 181–199 (2021) Mobility in Ancient Egypt from the shape and strength of the femurs Herrerín Jesús, Carmenate Margarita Universidad Autónoma de Madrid ABSTRACT: The aim of the study was to establish the degree of robustness and to infer the level of mobility of a group from ancient Thebes (Middle Egypt). Seventy-one left femurs of adult individuals from the 1st century AD from the tomb of Monthemhat (Luxor) were studied. Metrical, non-metrical variables, shape and size indices of femur were considered. Stature, body mass and Body Mass Index were calculated. All variables showed higher values in males, the vertical diameter of the femoral head was the variable with the highest sexual dimorphism. Non-metric variables also indicated low robustness, with heterogeneous sex distribution. The robustness, pilastric and platymeric indices indicated that the values were close to those of gracile populations in both sexes. Subtrochanteric size and shape showed no sexual dimorphism. The robustness, size and shape in the middle of the diaphysis suggested a mobility related to a daily occupation without intense physical activity in the legs. The results indicate a profile of low robustness, relative sedentarism with apparent sexual division in daily activities. KEY WORDS: mobility, robustness, sexual dimorphism. Introduction recognized the sensitivity of bone to me- chanical stimuli and the capacity to adapt During development, subjects are ex- dimensions of size and shape to external posed to an accumulation of environmen- pressures (Chen et al. 2010). A series of tal variables that can alter their morphol- changes occur in the bone components as ogy, so the interpretation of their physical adaptive responses to functional condi- dimensions permits for an understanding tions, including adopting a posture that of body structural responses to these is repeated or maintained over time (Vila- environmental forces (Niño 2005). -
The Story of the World History for the Classical Child
The Story of the World history for the classical child Volume 1: Ancient Times From the Earliest Nomads to the Last Roman Emperor revised edition with new maps, illustrations, and timelines by Susan Wise Bauer illustrated by Jeff West PEACE HILL PRESS Charles City, VA Peace Hill Press, Charles City, VA 23030 © 2001, 2006 by Susan Wise Bauer All rights reserved. First edition 2001. Second edition 2006. Publisher’s Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bauer, Susan Wise. The story of the world : history for the classical child. Vol. 1, Ancient times : from the earliest nomads to the last Roman emperor / by Susan Wise Bauer ; illustrated by Jeff West.—2nd ed. p. : ill. ; cm. Includes index. ISBN-10: 1-933339-01-2 ISBN-13: 978-1-93339-01-6 ISBN-10 (pbk.): 1-933339-00-4 ISBN-13 (pbk.): 978-1-93339-00-9 1. History, Ancient—Juvenile literature. 2. Greece—History—Juvenile literature. 3. Rome—History—Juvenile literature. 4. History, Ancient. 5. Civilization, Ancient. 6. Greece—History. 7. Rome—History. I. West, Jeff. II. Title. D57 .B38 2006 930 2005909816 Printed in the United States of America Cover design by AJ Buffington and Mike Fretto. Book design by Charlie Park. Composed in Adobe Garamond Pro. For more on illustrator Jeff West, visit jeffwestsart.com. ∞ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992. www.peacehillpress.com Contents Introduction: How Do We Know What Happened? What Is History? 1 What Is Archaeology? -
The City of Aššur and the Kingdom of Assyria: Historical Overview
Assurlular Dicle'den Toroslar'a Tann Assur'un Kralhg1 The Assyrians .hm11.dum uf tltc (;,,._[ l ur ltm•J T1g1l '' Trmru~ Assur Kenti ve Assur Krall1g1 Tarihine Genel Baki§ The City of Assur and the Kingdom of Assyria: Historical Overview KAREN RADN ER* Assur medeniyetinin arkeolojik ke~fi MS 19. yüz}'ll ortalannda Tb.: a1< h.tcologu:al discoven ol A•sH ra brWJn m tlat mi•ll\1'1' et·tlf1H Y \0 (L1.rsen l!l\11)) >\1 rhat ume, ba~lamt~tJr (Larsen 1996). 0 zamanlarda Osmanh imparator frcnc h nnd Ar iri~h dip1om m ;md 1racl.- eh if•galt''i sta lugu topraklarmda görev yapan Franstz ve ingiliz diplomatlar uotwrl in thc Olll man Emp1re us d theu spare llme ile ticari temsilciler bo~ zamanlannda Musul kenti ~evresinde 10 c.;xplort' tht• rq~ion .mmnd Iht> < ity ot Mosul :md ke§if gczileri yaparken; inive, Kalhu ve Dur-~arrukin'de ki tlllcU\ercd the r<:mö&ins nftht' tO):&I cilie' ol ~mt wh, k.raliyet kentlerinin k.almulanm ortaya <;tkarmt§lardL Eski K.. ll•u nml Dur-~aa rukcn. Thc• cll~ro\• ry ot a lo5t civ1 Ji?~tinu wr1h .1 ~troug Bihlir .tl comwnion com Ahit ile gü~lü bir baglantlSt olan bu kaytp medeniyetin ke~ cidcd w1th thc creation of gr ancl nun. urns in l'.urs fi, Paris ve Londra'da bir yandan halk1 egiten bir yandan ,tnd l.onrlon tlr.•I '"11~h1 to t>dtiCllll' !Iw puhlic \\lalle da imparatorluklarm dünyayt sarsan gücünü orlaya koyma simuh.m.. uush clemtHISII.tling 1h• impt:tl.tl p<mer s' Y' ama<;layan büyük müzelerin kurulmaslyla aynt zarnanda hold OH'r the wotld, and '\ss} aan galletrc 1\"de Cle ated iu holh tht Lolll~< 31111!111' lhitish l\ ln~cum . -
Islands in the Nile Sea: the Maritime Cultural Landscape of Thmuis, an Ancient Delta City
ISLANDS IN THE NILE SEA: THE MARITIME CULTURAL LANDSCAPE OF THMUIS, AN ANCIENT DELTA CITY A Thesis by VERONICA MARIE MORRISS Submitted to the Office of Graduate studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS May 2012 Major Subject: Anthropology Islands in the Nile Sea: The Maritime Cultural Landscape of Thmuis, an Ancient Delta City Copyright 2012 Veronica Marie Morriss ISLANDS IN THE NILE SEA: THE MARITIME CULTURAL LANDSCAPE OF THMUIS, AN ANCIENT DELTA CITY A Thesis by VERONICA MARIE MORRISS Submitted to the Office of Graduate studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Approved by: Chair of Committee, Shelley Wachsmann Committee Members, Deborah Carlson Nancy Klein Head of Department, Cynthia Werner May 2012 Major Subject: Anthropology iii ABSTRACT Islands in the Nile Sea: The Maritime Cultural Landscape of Thmuis, an Ancient Delta City. (May 2012) Veronica Marie Morriss, B.A., The Pennsylvania State University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Shelley Wachsmann In ancient Egypt, the Nile was both a lifeline and a highway. In addition to its crucial role for agriculture and water resources, the river united an area nearly five hundred miles in length. It was an avenue for asserting imperial authority over the vast expanse of the Nile valley. River transport along the inland waterways was also an integral aspect of daily life and was employed by virtually every class of society; the king and his officials had ships for commuting, as did the landowner for shipping grain, and the ‘marsh men’ who lived in the northernmost regions of the Nile Delta. -
East-West Orientation of Historical Empires and Modern States Peter Turchin Jonathan M
East-West Orientation of Historical Empires and Modern States Peter Turchin Jonathan M. Adams Th omas D. Hall introduction n a chapter entitled “Spacious Skies and Tilted Axes” Jared Diamond (1997) Iargues that crops and domestic animals are spread more easily along lines of latitude (along an East-West axis) rather than along lines of longitude (along a North-South axis). Diamond suggests that East-West spread is easier because similar climates and soil types tend to be arranged in east-west oriented bands. Th is geographic pattern is fundamental to natural vegetation types and wild animal distributions, and is best illustrated by a map of the global distribution of biomes (Figure 1). A biome is a major type of ecological community such as the grassland, desert, or temperate seasonal forest (Ricklefs 2001). Although Diamond focused primarily on the spread of crop cultivars and domesticated animals, the same principle should infl uence the military/politi- cal, demographic, and cultural dynamics of societies. An obvious example which seems to fi t this pattern is the Mongol empire under Chinggis Khan and his Peter Turchin Jonathan M. Adams Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Biological Sciences Department University of Connecticut Boyden Hall 75 N. Eagleville Road, U-43 195 University Avenue Storrs, CT 06269-3043 Rutgers University [email protected] Newark, NJ 07102 [email protected] Thomas D. Hall Department of Sociology and Anthropology DePauw University abstract: 106 Asbury Hall Jared Diamond (1997) hypothesized that Our analysis of the 62 largest empires in his- Greencastle, IN 46135 if environment is important in limiting the tory supports this conjecture: there is a sta- [email protected] spread of cultures, cultural units would also tistically significant tendency to expand more tend to extend more broadly along lines of east-west than north-south. -
Creativity and Innovation in the Reign of Hatshepsut
iii OCCASIONAL PROCEEDINGS OF THE THEBAN WORKSHOP Creativity and Innovation in the Reign of Hatshepsut edited by José M. Galán, Betsy M. Bryan, and Peter F. Dorman Papers from the Theban Workshop 2010 2014 studies in ancient ORientaL civiLizatiOn • numbeR 69 THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE of THE UNIVERSITY of CHICAgo chicagO • IllinOis v Table of Contents List of Abbreviations .............................................................................. vii Program of the Theban Workshop, 2010 Preface, José M. Galán, SCIC, Madrid ........................................................................... viii PAPERS FROM THE THEBAN WORKSHOP, 2010 1. Innovation at the Dawn of the New Kingdom. Peter F. Dorman, American University of Beirut...................................................... 1 2. The Paradigms of Innovation and Their Application to the Early New Kingdom of Egypt. Eberhard Dziobek, Heidelberg and Leverkusen....................................................... 7 3. Worldview and Royal Discourse in the Time of Hatshepsut. Susanne Bickel, University of Basel ............................................................... 21 4. Hatshepsut at Karnak: A Woman under God’s Commands. Luc Gabolde, CNRS (UMR 5140) .................................................................. 33 5. How and Why Did Hatshepsut Invent the Image of Her Royal Power? Dimitri Laboury, University of Liège .............................................................. 49 6. Hatshepsut and cultic Revelries in the new Kingdom. Betsy M. Bryan, The Johns Hopkins -
Classical Roles of the Nile Religion and Politics During Ptolemaic Egypt (305-30 BCE)
University of California, Irvine Classical Roles of the Nile Religion and Politics during Ptolemaic Egypt (305-30 BCE) Karla Milicich 6-6-2019 Milicich 1 Abstract The ancient Egyptians had an incredibly complex understanding of the Nile River. There are two inseparable associations that the Nile has been involved with: religion and politics. Evidence from ancient Pyramid Texts demonstrate how incredibly complex and inseparable these two roles are throughout Ptolemaic Egypt. The Nile’s mythological and religious significance was spread through the teachings and popularity of Graeco-Egyptian religions. The Nile’s political significance accompanied the great power that the Ptolemies had. The Nile empowered both religion and politics in a way that has not been seen before. This research project will investigate how the Nile’s political symbolism and religious significance were so important during Pharaonic Egypt to the beginning of the Roman Empire’s control over Egypt. Keywords: Classical Nile, Mythology, Pharaonic Egypt, Graeco-Egyptian Religions, Politics Milicich 2 Introduction "I saw that old father Nile without any doubt rises in the Victoria N'yanza, and as I had foretold, that lake is the great source of the holy river which cradled the first expounder of our religious belief."1 – John Hanning Speke, Journey of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile The Nile has always produced a sense of wonder and awe. John Hanning Speke, the man who discovered the link between Lake Victoria and the Nile in 1858, was certainly in awe of this river. His use of “holy river” and “the first expounder of our religious belief” resembles how ancient Egyptians perceived the Nile as a holy being of mystical origins. -
University of Hawaii at Manoa University of Tyumen 2020/21 Season
University of Hawaii at Manoa Dept. of Languages and Literatures of Europe and the Americas University of Tyumen School of Advanced Studies _______________________________ 2020/21 Season TELL TIMAI Location: EGYPT Season Estimated Dates: Summer June 19-July 24, 2020 Winter: December 8, 2020 to January 21, 2021 Application Deadline 1 December 2019 Program Type Geophysical Survey/Lab Analysis/ Excavation/Conservation Affiliation University of Hawaii, USA University of Tyumen, Russia Project Directors Prof. Robert Littman, University of Hawaii Prof. Jay Silverstein, University of Tyumen Description A call for archaeologists, participants, and a few supervisors interested in the Winter 2020/2021 archaeological study of the site of Tell Timai in the Nile Delta region of Egypt. The ruins of the Greco-Roman Egyptian city of Thmuis are found at Tell-El Timai in the Nile Delta of Egypt near the modern city of El-Mansoura. Thmuis is first mentioned in Classical texts by Herodotus (Histories of Herodotus 2.166) based on his visit in the middle of the 5th century BC. By Ptolemaic times the city was flourishing, having assumed administration of the Mendesian nome from its sister city at nearby Mendes. Historical references to the city in Josephus (Jewish Wars 4.656), Pliny (Natural History 13.2.4), Ammianus Marcellinus (Roman History 22.16) and other sources attest to the importance of the city in the Classical world. The city earned its greatest fame as the source of Mendesian perfume which was prized throughout the Mediterranean. The city played an important role in the rise of early Christianity, serving as an episcopal see during the Late Roman Period (3rd - 4th centuries AD). -
The Amarna South Tombs Cemetery
The Amarna South Tombs Cemetery: Biocultural Dynamics of a Disembedded Capital City in New Kingdom Egypt by William Charles Schaffer A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Approved November 2018 by the Graduate Supervisory Committee: Jane E. Buikstra, Chair Christopher M. Stojanowski Michael E. Smith Jerome C. Rose ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY December 2018 ABSTRACT The Egyptian New Kingdom city of Akhetaten (modern: Tell el-Amarna, el- Amarna, or simply Amarna) provides a unique opportunity to study ancient biocultural dynamics. It was a disembedded capital removed from the major power bases of Memphis and Thebes that was built, occupied, and abandoned within approximately 20 years (c. 1352–1336 BCE). This dissertation used the recently excavated Amarna South Tombs cemetery to test competing models for the development of disembedded capitals, such as the geographic origin of its migrants and its demographic structure in comparison to contrastive models for the establishment of settlements. The degree to which biological relatedness organized the South Tombs cemetery was also explored. The results suggest that the Nile Valley into the New Kingdom (1539–1186 BCE) was very diverse in dental cervical phenotype and thus highly mobile in respects to gene flow, failing to reject that the Amarna city was populated by individuals and families throughout the Nile Valley. In comparison, the Amarna South Tombs cemetery contained the least amount of dental phenotypic diversity, supporting a founder effect due to migration from larger, more diverse gene pools to the city or the very fact that the city and sample only reflect a 20- year interval with little time to accumulate phenotypic variation. -
Creativity and Innovation in the Reign of Hatshepsut
iii OccasiOnal prOceedings Of the theban wOrkshOp creativity and innovation in the reign of hatshepsut edited by José M. Galán, Betsy M. Bryan, and Peter F. Dorman Papers from the Theban Workshop 2010 The OrienTal insTiTuTe OF The universiTy OF ChiCaGO iv The Oriental Institute, Chicago © 2014 by The university of Chicago. all rights reserved. Published 2014. Printed in the united states of america. series editors Leslie Schramer and Thomas G. Urban with the assistance of Rebecca Cain Series Editors’ Acknowledgment Brian Keenan assisted in the production of this volume. Cover Illustration The god amun in bed with Queen ahmes, conceiving the future hatshepsut. Traced by Pía rodríguez Frade (based on Édouard naville, The Temple of Deir el Bahari Printed by through Four Colour Imports, by Lifetouch, Loves Park, Illinois USA The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of american national standard for information services — Permanence of Paper v table of contents Preface. José M. Galán, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid ........................................... vii list of abbreviations .............................................................................. xiii Bibliography..................................................................................... xv papers frOm the theban wOrkshOp, 2010 1. innovation at the Dawn of the new Kingdom. Peter F. Dorman, American University of Beirut...................................................... 1 2. The Paradigms of innovation and Their application -
The Origin and Development of Mosaics to the Time of Augustus
THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF MOSAICS TO THE TIME OF AUGUSTUS In Memory of my Teacher Michael Avi-Yonah In the search for the origin of mosaic art, the close relationship between mosaic and inlay work cannot be ignored since both techniques are based on the same principle, i.e. the fitting together, side by side, of small pieces of one or several kinds of materials, of one or more colours. This close relationship has already been noted by Hinks: “The connexion between the mosaics proper, composed of terra cotta cones differing in colour but uniform in shape, and the inlaid work in which pieces of various shapes are fitted together, is worth recording... The columns from Al-‘Ubaid, however, seem to stand halfway between the architectural craft of terra-cotta cone-mosaic and the ornamental art of shell and lapis inlay; and to show that in Sumerian times, at all events, the two processes were closely related.”1 The art of decorating a surface by means of an inlay of coloured stones or other material, was already known in ancient Mesopotamia. The palace at Warka (Uruk, Erech) in Chaldaea, of the 4th millennium B.C.E., contains a decoration of this type. It is carried out in geometric patterns (triangles, lozenges, zigzag lines and bands),2 composed of small 1 R.P. Hinks, Catalogue of the Greek, Etruscan and Roman Paintings and Mosaics in the British Museum, (London, 1933) p. XLIV. 2 V. W.K. Loftus, Travels and Researches in Chaldaea and Susiana (New York, 1857) pp. 187ff.; G. -
ABSTRACT Carl Nicholas Reeves STUDIES in the ARCHAEOLOGY
ABSTRACT Carl Nicholas Reeves STUDIES IN THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE VALLEY OF THE KINGS, with particular reference to tomb robbery and the caching of the royal mummies This study considers the physical evidence for tomb robbery on the Theban west bank, and its resultant effects, during the New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period. Each tomb and deposit known from the Valley of the Kings is examined in detail, with the aims of establishing the archaeological context of each find and, wherever possible, isolating and comparing the evidence for post-interment activity. The archaeological and documentary evidence pertaining to the royal caches from Deir el-Bahri, the tomb of Amenophis II and elsewhere is drawn together, and from an analysis of this material it is possible to suggest the routes by which the mummies arrived at their final destinations. Large-scale tomb robbery is shown to have been a relatively uncommon phenomenon, confined to periods of political and economic instability. The caching of the royal mummies may be seen as a direct consequence of the tomb robberies of the late New Kingdom and the subsequent abandonment of the necropolis by Ramesses XI. Associated with the evacuation of the Valley tombs may be discerned an official dismantling of the burials and a re-absorption into the economy of the precious commodities there interred. STUDIES IN THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE VALLEY OF THE KINGS, with particular reference to tomb robbery and the caching of the royal mummies (Volumes I—II) Volume I: Text by Carl Nicholas Reeves Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Oriental Studies University of Durham 1984 The copyright of this thesis rests with the author.