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ABSTRACT Carl Nicholas Reeves STUDIES in the ARCHAEOLOGY

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ABSTRACT Carl Nicholas Reeves STUDIES IN THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE VALLEY OF THE KINGS, with particular reference to tomb robbery and the caching of the royal mummies This study considers the physical evidence for tomb robbery on the Theban west bank, and its resultant effects, during the New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period. Each tomb and deposit known from the Valley of the Kings is examined in detail, with the aims of establishing the archaeological context of each find and, wherever possible, isolating and comparing the evidence for post-interment activity. The archaeological and documentary evidence pertaining to the royal caches from Deir el-Bahri, the tomb of Amenophis II and elsewhere is drawn together, and from an analysis of this material it is possible to suggest the routes by which the mummies arrived at their final destinations. Large-scale tomb robbery is shown to have been a relatively uncommon phenomenon, confined to periods of political and economic instability. The caching of the royal mummies may be seen as a direct consequence of the tomb robberies of the late New Kingdom and the subsequent abandonment of the necropolis by Ramesses XI. Associated with the evacuation of the Valley tombs may be discerned an official dismantling of the burials and a re-absorption into the economy of the precious commodities there interred. STUDIES IN THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE VALLEY OF THE KINGS, with particular reference to tomb robbery and the caching of the royal mummies (Volumes I—II) Volume I: Text by Carl Nicholas Reeves Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Oriental Studies University of Durham 1984 The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. -1. iii CONTENTS OF VOLUMES I-II VOLUME I List of text figures vi List of tables xii List of abbreviations xiii Addenda xlii Preface xliii Introduction: the burial of Amenophis I 1 Part I Chapter 1: the burials of Tuthmosis I-II, Hatshepsut, Tuthmosis III and Hatshepsut- Meryetre 8 Chapter 2: the burials of Tuthmosis IV, Amenophis III, Tiye and Akhenaten 28 Chapter 3: the burials of Tutankhamun, Ay and Horemheb 54 Chapter 4: the burials of Ramesses If Sethos If Ramesses II and Merenptah 88 Chapter 5: the burials of Amenmesse, Sethos II, Siptah, Tawosret and Sethnakhte 100 Chapter 6: the burials of Ramesses III-XI 113 Chapter 7: burials of lesser royalty 127 Chapter 8: private burials 139 Chapter 9: miscellaneous tombs and'pits 168 Contents iv Part 2 Chapter 10: the royal caches 183 Chapter 11: the dockets 238 Chapter 12: the routes to the caches 264 Conclusions 292 Appendices A-C: excavations in the Valley of the Kings, 1898-1922 303 Appendix D: extracts from the Weigall MSS 379 VOLUME II Notes to preface 1 Notes to introduction 2 Notes to chapter 1 7 Notes to chapter 2 21 Notes to chapter 3 43 Notes to chapter 4 65 Notes to chapter 5 72 Notes to chapter 6 77 Notes to chapter 7 85 Notes to chapter 8 90 Notes to chapter 9 108 Notes to chapter 10 114 Notes to chapter 11 131 Notes to chapter 12 138 Notes to conclusions 152 Notes to appendices 156 Declaration No part of the material offered in this thesis has previously been submitted by the candidate for a degree in the University of Durham or any other university. Copyright The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. The candidate is willing that this thesis, if approved for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and deposited in the University Library, at the discretion of the Librarian - (i) be made available for consultation by bona fide scholars after a period of five years; (ii) be photocopied when it appears to the Librarian reasonable that consultation should be allowed outside Durham, but preferable that the original work should not be lent; (iii)be photocopied by the British Library Lending Division, so that the photocopy might be stored centrally by this Library and copies made more readily available to scholars on loan or by purchase. Signature. • • Date.I.4. vi LIST OF TEXT FIGURES Fig. 1: AN B (after Thomas, Necropoleis, fig. 15) 2 Fig. 2: Dra Abu s l Naga and el-Taraf (based on P-M I 2/ii, plan IV) 6 Fig. 3: the Valley of the Kings (based on BTMP, Prelim. Report 1978) 9 Fig. 4: KV20 (after Thomas, Necropoleis, fig. 10) 10 Fig. 5: KV38 (ibid., fig. 9) 13 Fig. 6: DB358 (ibid., fig. 15) 15 Fig. 7: Deir el-Bahri (based on P-M I2/ii, plan VIII) 16 Fig. 8: KV34 (after Thomas, Necropoleis, fig. 9) 18 Fig. 9: reconstructed burial-chamber grid (KV34) 20 Fig. 10: reconstructed burial-chamber grid (numbered) (KV34) 20 Fig. 11: KV42 (after Thomas, Necropoleis, fig. 9) 25 Fig. 12: KV43 (ibid.) 29 Fig. 13: the West Valley (based on Lef6bure, Hypogees II, pl. 1) 36 Fig. 14: WV22 (after Thomas, Necropoleis, fig. 9) 37 Fig. 15: WV A (ibid., fig. 14) 39 Fig. 16: WV25 (ibid., fig. 9, with corrections) 41 Fig. 17: KV55 (ibid., fig. 14) 43 Text figures vii Fig. 18: reconstructed layout (KV55) (after Reeves, JEA 67 (1981), fig. 1) 45 Fig. 19: small seal impressions (KV55) (Ayrton photograph, courtesy EES) 47 Fig. 20: relative positions of KV55 and KV6 {based on Carter, MSS, I.G.52) 51 Fig. 21: KV62 (after Thomas, Necropoleis, fig. 14) 54 Fig. 22: large seal impressions (KV62) (based on Carter, MSS, unnumbered) 60 Fig. 23: small seal impressions (KV62) (ibid.) 60 Fig. 24: KV54 (after Thomas, Necropoleis, fig. 14) 68 Fig. 25: WV23 (ibid., fig. 11, with corrections) 69 Fig. 26: KV58 (ibid., fig. 15) 75 Fig. 27: distribution of finds (KV58) (after Reeves, GM 53 (1982), fig. 1) 79 Fig. 28: KV57 (after Thomas, Necropoleis, fig. 11) 81 Fig. 29: graffiti (KV57) (Gardiner, Notebook 70, 68 f., courtesy Griffith Institute) 84 Fig. 30: KV16 (after Thomas, Necropoleis, fig. 11) 88 Fig. 31: KV17 (ibid.) 90 Fig. 32: KV7 (ibid., fig. 12) 94 Fig. 33: KV8 (ibid.) 97 Fig. 34: 1(1110 (ibid.) 100 Fig. 35: KV15 (ibid.) 103 Fig. 36: KV47 (ibid., fig. 13, with'corrections) 105 Fig. 37: section at entrance (1(1/47) 106 Fig. 38: KV14 (after Thomas, Necropoleis, fig. 12) 109 Text figures viii Fig. 39: KV11 (after Thomas, Necropoleis, fig. 13) 114 Fig. 40: KV2 (ibid.) 115 Fig. 41: KV9 (ibid.) 117 Fig. 42: KV1 (ibid.) 119 Fig. 43: KV6 (ibid., with corrections) 120 Fig. 44: KV18 (ibid.) 121 Fig. 45: KV4 (ibid., with corrections) 122 Fig. 46: KV5 (ibid., fig. 14) 127 Fig. 47: KV12 (ibid.) 129 Fig. 48: KV56 (ibid., fig. 15) 130 Fig. 49: layout of deposit (KV56) {after Davis, Siphtah, 30) 132 Fig. 50: KV13 (after Thomas, Necropoleis, fig. 12) 134 Fig. 51: KV3 (ibid., fig. 14) 135 Fig. 52: KV19 (ibid.) 137 Fig. 53: KV60 (ibid.) 139 Fig. 54: KV48 (ibid., fig. 15) 140 Fig. 55: KV36 (ibid.) 142 Fig. 56: reconstructed layout (KV36) 143 Fig. 57: mummy and coffins (KV36) 146 Fig. 58: KV45 (after Thomas, Necropoleis, fig. 15) 153 Fig. 59: KV46 (ibid., fig. 14) 153 Fig. 60: layout of burial (KV46) (after Quibell, Yuaa & Thuiu, iv) 159 Fig. 61: section at entrance (KV46) (after Greene, Century Magazine (November 1905), 75) 161 Fig. 62: KV21 (after Thomas, Necropoleis, fig. 14) 163 Fig. 63: WV24 (ibid., fig. 15) 164 Fig. 64: KV27 (ibid., fig. 14) 165 Text figures ix Fig. 65: KV28 (after Thomas, Necropoleis, fig. 14) 165 Fig. 66: KV39 (ibid., fig. 9) 166 Fig. 67: KV44 (ibid., fig. 15) 167 Fig. 68: KV26 (ibid.) 168 Fig. 69: KV29 (ibid.) 168 Fig. 70: KV30 (ibid.) 169 Fig. 71: KV31 (ibid.) 171 Fig. 72: KV32 (ibid., fig. 9) 169 Fig. 73: KV37 (ibid., fig. 14) 170 Fig. 74: KV40 (ibid., fig. 15) 171 Fig. 75: KV41 (ibid.) 171 Fig. 76: KV49 (ibid., fig. 14) 171 Fig. 77: KV50 (ibid., fig. 15, with corrections) 173 Fig. 78: KV51 (ibid., with corrections) 173 Fig. 79: KV52 (ibid.) 173 Fig. 80: KV53 (ibid.) 174 Fig. 81: KV59 (ibid., fig. 14) 174 Fig. 82: KV61 (ibid., fig. 15) 176 Fig. 83: unnumbered tombs and pits (main Valley) 178 Fig. 84: KV F (after Thomas, Necropoleis, fig. 14) 179 Fig. 85: unnumbered tombs and pits (West Valley) 180 Fig 86: DB320 (after Thomas, Necropoleis, fig. 15) 184 Fig. 87: large seal impressions (DB320) (after Maspero, Momies royales, 521 f.) 186 Fig. 88: reconstructed layout (DB320) 186 Fig. 89: WN A (after Thomas, Necropoleis, fig. 16) 199 Fig. 90: relative positions of WN A and DB320 (based on P-M I 2/ii, plan I) 199 Text figures Fig. 91: KV35 (after Thomas, Necropoleis, fig. 9) 202 Fig. 92: reconstructed antechamber grid (KV35) 203 Fig. 93: reconstructed antechamber grid (numbered) (KV35) 203 Fig. 94: reconstructed burial-chamber grid (KV35) 205 Fig. 95: reconstructed burial-chamber grid (numbered) (KV35) 205 Fig. 96: reconstructed layout, (Jb) cache (KV35) 210 Fig. 97: the routes to the caches 290 Fig. 98: Antiquities Service excavations, 1898-1904 307 Fig. 99: Chassinat excavations, 1905/6 (West Valley) 308 Fig. 100: Antiquities Service excavations, 1898/9, the annotated Loret map (courtesy Wilbour Library) 309 Fig. 101: Davis excavations, 1902-1914 319 Fig. 102: Davis excavations, 1902-1914 (West Valley) 320 Fig. 103: Davis excavations, 1905/6, the Ayrton sketch map (after the original, courtesy John Romer) 327 Fig.
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    1 Who was Who at Amarna Akhenaten’s predecessors Amenhotep III: Akhenaten’s father, who ruled for nearly 40 years during the peak of Egypt’s New Kingdom empire. One of ancient Egypt’s most prolific builders, he is also known for his interest in the solar cult and promotion of divine kingship. He was buried in WV22 at Thebes, his mummy later cached with other royal mummies in the Tomb of Amenhotep II (KV 35) in the Valley of the Kings. Tiye: Amenhotep III’s chief wife and the mother of Akhenaten. Her parents Yuya and Tjuyu were from the region of modern Akhmim in Egypt’s south. She may have lived out her later years at Akhetaten and died in the 14th year of Akhenaten’s reign. Funerary equipment found in the Amarna Royal Tomb suggests she was originally buried there, although her mummy was later moved to Luxor and is perhaps to be identified as the ‘elder lady’ from the KV35 cache. Akhenaten and his family Akhenaten: Son and successor of Amenhotep III, known for his belief in a single solar god, the Aten. He spent most of his reign at Akhetaten (modern Amarna), the sacred city he created for the Aten. Akhenaten died of causes now unknown in the 17th year of his reign and was buried in the Amarna Royal Tomb. His body was probably relocated to Thebes and may be the enigmatic mummy recovered in the early 20th century in tomb KV55 in the Valley of the Kings. Nefertiti: Akhenaten’s principal queen. Little is known of her background, although she may also have come from Akhmim.
  • The Ancient Egyptian Books of the Earth Wilbour Studies in Egypt and Ancient Western Asia

    The Ancient Egyptian Books of the Earth Wilbour Studies in Egypt and Ancient Western Asia

    THE ANCIEN THE Collections of scenes and texts designated variously as the “Book of the Earth,” “Creation of the Solar Disc,” and “Book of Aker” were inscribed on the walls of royal sarcophagus chambers throughout Egypt’s Ramesside period (Dynasties 19–20). This material illustrated discrete episodes from the The Ancient Egyptian nocturnal voyage of the sun god, which functioned as a model for the resurrection of the deceased T king. These earliest “Books of the Earth” employed mostly ad hoc arrangements of scenes, united E by shared elements of iconography, an overarching, bipartite symmetry of composition, and their GYP Books of the Earth frequent pairing with representations of the double sky overhead. From the Twenty-First Dynasty and later, selections of programmatic tableaux were adapted for use in private mortuary contexts, T I often in conjunction with innovative or previously unattested annotations. The present study collects A and analyzes all currently known Book of the Earth material, including discussions of iconography, BOOKSN OF by Joshua Aaron Roberson grammar, orthography, and architectural setting. Joshua Aaron Roberson is an Assistant Professor in the Department of History, Camden County College. Blackwood, NJ. He has worked as an epigrapher and sigillographer with the University of Pennsylvania expeditions to Saqqara and Abydos and as a sigillographer for the French-Egyptian expedition to the Opet temple at Karnak. He earned his PhD in Egyptology from the University of Pennsylvania. T HE HE EA R T H Joshua Aaron Aaron Joshua Wilbour Studies R o berson Brown University Wilbour Studies in Egypt and Ancient Western Asia, 1 Department of Egyptology and Ancient Western Asian Studies LOCKWOOD PRESS www.lockwoodpress.com LOCKWOOD PRESS Wilbour_cover_template.indd 1 1/27/12 10:24 AM The Ancient Egyptian Books of the Earth Wilbour Studies in Egypt and Ancient Western Asia Series Editors James P.