Modernization Processes in Bulgarian Theatre
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BULGARIAN 20TH CENTURY IN ARTS AND CULTURE БЪЛГАРСКИЯТ XX ВЕК В ИЗКУСТВАТА И КУЛТУРАТА Ingeborg Bratoeva-Darakchieva Irina Genova ИнгеборгClairе Братоева-Даракчиева Levy JoannaИрина Spassova-Dikova Генова Teodora Stoilova-DonchevaКлер Леви ЙоанаStela Спасова-Дикова Tasheva ТеодораElka Стоилова-Дончева Traykova Стела Ташева Елка Трайкова BULGARIANБЪЛГАРСК А АСАDЕMУАКАДЕМИЯ OFНА SCIENCES НАУКИТЕ ИНСТИТУТ INSTITUTEЗА ИЗСЛЕДВАНЕ OF ARTНА STUDIESИЗКУСТВАТА ИнститутInstitute за изследване of Art Studies на изкуствата 2019 2019 11 IN MEMORY THE EDITION IS SUPPORTED BY OF ALEXANDER YANAKIEV THE NATIONAL SCIENCE FUND, BULGARIA (CONTRACT NO. ДФНИ-КО2/9 DD. 12.12.2014) NATIONAL SCIENCE NATIONAL SCIENCE FUND – BULGARIA FUND – BULGARIA MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE BULGARIAN 20th CENTURY IN ARTS AND CULTURE © TEAM, 2019 Scientific editing – Claire Levy, Joanna Spassova-Dikova, Elka Traykova © Editor – Marinelli Dimitrova © Cover – Todorka Draganinska, after the Anna Mihailova‘s painting Nestinarki (Fire Dancers) © Pre-press – Three-Dimensional Prototypes © Institute of Art Studies, Sofia, 2019 ISBN 978-954-8594-77-6 2 3 CONTENTS Introduction ............................................................................................11 PART ONE UNDER THE SIGN OF MODERN EUROPE (1878–1944) From Traditional Folk Music to the Music of Modernity .........................15 Realism in Bulgarian Literature on the Border of Two Centuries ......................................................................................24 The Concept of Realism in Visual Arts .....................................................27 Chitalishta – Functions and Buildings .....................................................30 From Amateurism to Professional Theatre ...............................................33 Academy of Art / State Arts School ..........................................................38 Foundation and Early Years ...........................................................38 The State Arts School in the Architecture of the Capital ..................46 Institutionalization of Theatrical Activities ..............................................50 The City and the Cult Buildings ...............................................................62 Images of War: First Balkan War, Second Balkan War, and World War I ........................................................................................69 Artistic Images ...............................................................................69 The Balkanskata Voyna (The Balkan War) – Documentary Film ..........................................................................76 4 5 Camera’s Choice: the Turkish Legation The Misal Circle ...........................................................................230 and Lyubovta e Ludost (Love is Folly) ......................................................79 Balgaran Newspaper ...................................................................232 Arts and Children .....................................................................................85 Hudozhnik Journal .......................................................................235 School Buildings .............................................................................85 Vezni Journal ................................................................................239 Children’s Literature – from Boring Didactic Zlatorog Journal ...........................................................................243 Models to High Artistic Samples .....................................................90 Hyperion Journal .........................................................................246 Artists and Books for Children ......................................................102 Cinema in Periodic Press ........................................................................250 Theatre for Children .....................................................................108 Music for Children ........................................................................116 School Cinematograph .................................................................120 Women in Modernization of Bulgarian Culture .....................................122 PART TWO Women’s Realization in Bulgarian METAMORPHOSES OF MODERNITY Literature ......................................................................................122 (1944–1989) The Society of Female Artists in Bulgaria ....................................134 Women in Architecture ..................................................................141 The Cold War .........................................................................................255 Women in Early Bulgarian Cinema ...............................................143 Bulgarian Literature after 9th of September 1944 ....................................257 The New Century and the Transition The Capture of Cultural Engineering (1944–1956) ................................260 from Realism to Modernism in Literature ..............................................147 Music under the Pressure of Ideological Censorship ..............................265 Modernism and National Idea in Visual Arts ..........................................159 Baring of the Cinema Artistic Fields, Repressions and Censorship ........272 The Transition to Modernism in Musical Art ..........................................170 The Rejected Rights of Love Lyrics .......................................................278 Modernization Processes in Bulgarian Theatre ......................................182 The Novel Tyutyun (Tobacco) – Sanctions and Consequences ...............282 City and the Entertainment .....................................................................196 Centralized Government of Artistic Institutions. Filming of Literary Works ......................................................................202 Socialist Realism and Socialist Modernism ............................................285 Critical Reflections in Art .......................................................................210 The Socialist Theatrical Canon and Stanislavski’s System .....................287 Bulgarian Engineering and Architecture Society. Imposition of Socialist Realism in Bulgarian Cinema ............................301 Architectural Discussions .............................................................210 Theatrical Iconography of the Party Leader ...........................................303 Expressionism in Chavdar Mutafov’s The Masses and the Youth on Stage ........................................................310 Critical Reflections .......................................................................216 Sirak Skitnik about Art in Everyday Life .......................................221 The Myth Kalin Orelat (Kalin – the Eagle) ............................................316 Periodic Press as Cultural Institution ......................................................227 Ideology versus Architecture ..................................................................319 Journal Misal ...............................................................................227 The New University of Civil Engineering ..............................................326 6 7 The New Man and the New City: Reflections .........................................329 PART THREE Anticonformist Model and Neorealism in Cinema .................................334 CHALLENGES IN TIME OF TRANSITION The Poetry of the 1960s Between Rebellion and Conjuncture ................342 (1989–2000) The Socialist Realism – Norms and Breaches ........................................349 The Aesthetics of the New Wave New Theatrical Directions ......................................................................499 vs. Socialist Realism in Cinema .............................................................363 No More Censorship: Music in the 1990s...............................................521 Film Music and the New Wave in Cinema ..............................................372 Bulgarian Literature Since 1989 .............................................................536 The Spirit of the Place or on the National Identity New Artistic practices in the 1990s ........................................................548 of the Bulgarian Literature .....................................................................379 New Cinema at the End of the Century ...................................................569 Back to Tradition: the 1960s Architecture of the Transition .................................................................589 and the Historical Reconstruction Cinema .............................................382 Contexts, Contacts and Artistic Exchange in the 1960s and 1970s .........387 Bibliography ........................................................................................601 The 1970s: Socialism with a Human Face? ............................................401 Authors .................................................................................................627 Koziyat rog (The Goat Horn) and the Existential Acknowledgements ..............................................................................631 Freedom of Man .....................................................................................403 Repentance and Conflicts in the Literary Criticism ................................407 The Challenges of Modern Critical Interpretations ................................410