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An Outline History of Architecture for Beginners and Students : With UCSB LIBRARY AN OUTLINE HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE BEGINNERS AND STUDENTS COMPLETE INDEXES AND NUMEROUS ILLUSTRA TIONS BY CLARA ERSKINE CLEMENT " AUTHOR OF FAINTING FOR BEGINNERS AND STUDENTS," "SCULPTURE FOR BEGINNERS " AMD STUDENTS," HANDBOOK OF LEGENDARY AND MYTHOLOGICAL ART," ETC., ETC. FOURTH EDITION NEW YORK FREDERICK A, STOKES COMPANY MDCCCXCIII COPYRIGHT, 1886, WHITE, STOKES, & ALLEN. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. PACK ANCIENT OR HEATHEN ARCHITECTURE. 3000 B.C. to A.D. 328, i EGYPT, 2 ASSYRIA, 20 BABYLON 29 PERSIA, 34 JUDEA, 44 GREECE, 46 ETRURIA, 71 ROME, 74 CHAPTER II. CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE. A.D. 328 TO ABOUT 1400, . 87 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE, . 93 BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE, 117 SARACENIC ARCHITECTURE 123 CHAPTER III. MODERN ARCHITECTURE. A.D. 1400 TO THE PRESENT TIME, 133 ITALY, . 134 SPAIN-, 145 Vl CONTENTS. PAGE FRANCE, 153 ENGLAND 166 GERMANY, .......... 172 THEATRES AND Music HALLS, ...... 179 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 181 GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS 191 INDEX, 195 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE The Pyramids of Ghizeh, ..... Frontispiece The Ascent of a . Pyramid, . -4 View of in the Gallery Great Pyramid, .... 5 Poulterer's Shop, ........ 6 Rock-cut Tomb (Beni-Hassan), ..... 6 The Hall of Columns at Karnak, . .10 Pillar from Thebes (showing the Three Parts), . II Sculptured Capital, . .12 Palm Capital, ........ 12 Pillar from Sedingse, . .12 The Great Sphinx, ....... 13 Cleopatra's Needles, . .15 Pavilion at . Medinet Habou, . .17 Temple on the Island of Philae, . .18 Gateways in Walls of Khorsabad, ..... 21 Entrance to Smaller Temple (Nimrud), . .22 Pavement Slab (from Koyunjik), ..... 23 Remains of Propylaeum, or Outer Gateway (Khorsabad), . 24 Plan of Palace (Khorsabad), ...... 25 Relief from Khorsabad. A Temple, . .26 Restoration of an Assyrian Palace, ..... 28 Elevation of the Temple of the Seven Spheres at Borsippa, . .31 Birs-i-Nimrud (near Babylon), ..... 33 Masonry of Great Platform (Persepolis), . .36 Parapet Wall of Staircase. Persepolis. (Restored), ... 37 Ruins of the Palace of Darius (Persepolis), . .38 Gateway of Hall of a Hundred Columns, . 3Q Viii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE Double-horned Lion Capital, ...... 40 Complex Capital and Base of Pillars (Persepolis), . .40 Base of Another Pillar (Persepolis), ..... 40 Ground-plan (Restored) of Hall of Xerxes (Persepolis), . 41 Part of a Base of the Time of Cyrus (Pasargadae), ... 42 The Tomb of Cyrus, . .43 Roof of One of the Compartments of the Gate Huldah, . 45 Temple of Diana (Eleusis), . .48 Gravestone from Mycenae (Schliemann), . .49 Small Temple at Rhamnus, . .5 The Parthenon. Athens. (Restored), . 51 2 Plan of Temple of Apollo (Bassae), . * . 5 From the Parthenon (Athens), . 53 Ionic Architecture, . 55 Ionic Base, ........ 55 Attic Base, ......... 55 Base from Temple of Hera (Samos), ..... 56 Ionic Capital (front view), . 56 Ionic Capital (side view), ...... 56 From Monument of Lysicrates (Athens), . .57 Corinthian Order, . .58 Caryatid, .... ..... 59 Chair . Stool, or (Khorsabad), . 59 The Acropolis. Athens. (Restored), . * .63 The Erechtheium. Athens. (Restored), .... 66 Choragic Monument of Lysicrates. Athens, . .68 The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus (Restored), ... 69 Tombs at Castel d'Asso, . 71 Principal Chamber of the Regulini-Galeassi Tomb, ... 72 Arch at Volterra, . .73 Gateway (Arpino), ....... 73 Arch of Cloaca Maxima (Rome), . .74 Composite Order, from the Arch of Septimius Severus (Rome), . 75 Doric Arcade, . .76 Ground-plan of Pantheon (Rome), ..... 77 Interior of the Pantheon, . .78 Longitudinal Section of Basilica of Maxentius, ... 79 Arch of Constantine (Rome), . .82 Arch of Trajan (Beneventum), . 83 Tomb of Cecilia Metella, . .84 Columbarium near the Gate of St. Sebastian (Rome), . 85 Interior of Basilica of St. Paul's (Rome), . .88 Cathedral of . The Chartres, . .91 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. ix Church of St. Nicholas (Caen), . -95 Fa9ade of Cathedral of Notre Dame (Paris), .... 96 Clustered Pillar, . -97 Buttress, ........ 97 Hinge, ......... 97 Iron-work, ........97 Gargoyle, . -97 Nail-head, ........ 9& Scroll, ......... 98 Section of Church (Carcassone). With Outer Aisles Added in Four- teenth Century, . -99 Spires of Laon Cathedral, ...... 100 Portal of the Minorites' Church (Vienna), .... 101 External Elevation, Cathedral of Paris, .... 102 Wheel Window, from Cathedral (Toscanella), .... 103 Collegiate Church. Toro. (From Villa Amil), ... 105 St. Paul, Saragossa, ....... 106 Cloister (Tarazona), . 107 Rood-screen, from the Madeleine (Troyes), . loS Palace of Wartburg, ....... 109 Tower of Cremona, ....... in St. Mark's Cathedral (Venice), . .113. Section of San Miniato (near Florence), . 115 San Giovanni degli Eremiti (Palermo), . .116 Church of St. Sophia. Constantinople. (Exterior View), . 118 Lower Order of St. Sophia, . .119. Upper Order of St. Sophia, ...... 120- Interior View of Church of St. Sophia, .... 121 Mosque of Kaitbey, ....... 124 The Call to Prayer, ....... 125 Exterior of the Sanctuary in the Mosque of Cordova, . 127 Court of the Lions (Alhambra), ..... 131 The Cathedral of Florence and Giotto's Campanile, . 135 View of St. Peter's (Rome), ...... 137 Section of St. Peter's, ....... 139. East Elevation of Library of St. Mark, .... 141 The Doge's Palace (Venice), ...... 143 Great Court of the Hospital of Milan, .... 144 The Escurial (near Madrid), ...... 147 Fa$ade of the Church of St. Michael (Dijon), ... 155 Facade of the Dome of the Invalides (Paris), .... 156 The Pantheon (Paris), ....... 157 The Madeleine (Paris), ....... 159. X ^iST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE Pavilion de 1'Horloge and Part of the Court of the Louvre, . 161 Chateau of Chambord, ....... 163 Porte St. Denis (Paris), ...... 164 Arc de 1'Etoile (Paris), . .165 East Elevation of St. Paul's (Covent Garden), . .167 St. Paul's, London (from the West), ..... 168 St. George's Hall (Liverpool), ...... 169 Windsor Castle, ........ 170 The Houses of Parliament (London), . 171 The Brandenburg Gate (Berlin), ...,. 174 The Basilica at Munich, ...... 175 The Ruhmeshalle (near Munich), . .176 The . Museum (Berlin), . .177 The Walhalla 178 The New Opera House (Paris), ..... 180 The United States Capitol (Washington), .... 182 State Capitol (Columbus, Ohio), ..... 183 Sir William Pepperell's House (Kittery Point, Maine), . 185 Old Morrisania (Morrisania, New York), .... 187 Residence at Irvington, New York, ..... 189 ARCHITECTURE. CHAPTER I. ANCIENT OR HEATHEN ARCHITECTURE. 3OOO B.C. TO A.D. 328. A RCHITECTURE seems to me to be the most wonder- -t\ ful of all the arts. We may not love it as much as others, when we are young perhaps we cannot do so, it is so and so but at time of life because great grand ; any one can see that in Architecture some of the most marvel- lous achievements of men are displayed. The principal reason for saying this is that Architecture is not an imita- tive art, like Painting and Sculpture. The first picture that was ever painted was a portrait or an imitation of some, thing that the painter had seen. So in Sculpture, the first statue or bas-relief was an attempt to reproduce some being or object that the sculptor had seen, or to make a work which combined portions of several things that he had observed but in Architecture this was not true. No ; temples or tombs or palaces existed until they had first taken form in the mind and imagination of the builders, and were created out of space and nothingness, so to speak. Thus Painting and Sculpture are imitative arts, but Archi- tecture is a constructive art and while one love ; may pict- 2 ARCHITECTURE. ures or statues more than the work of the architect, it seems to me that one must wonder most at the last. We do not know how long the earth has existed, and in studying the most ancient times of which we have any accurate knowledge, we come upon facts which prove that men must have lived and died long before the dates of which we can speak exactly. The earliest nations of whose Architecture we can give an account are called heathen nations, and their art is called Ancient or Heathen Art, and this comes down to the time when the Roman Emperor Constantine was converted to Christianity, and changed the Roman Capitol from Rome to Constantinople in the year of our Lord 328. The buildings and the ruins which still remain from these ancient times are in Egypt, Assyria, Persia, Judea, Asia Minor, Greece, Etruria, and Rome. Many of these have been excavated or uncovered, as, during the ages that have passed since their erection, they had been buried away from sight by the accumulation of earth about them. These excavations are always going on in various countries, and men are ever striving to learn more about the wonders of ancient and we that in the future as days ; may hope marvellous things may be revealed to us as have been shown in the past. EGYPT. As we consider the Architecture of Egypt, the Great Pyramid first attracts attention on account of its antiquity and its importance. This was built by Cheops, who is also called Suphts, about 3000 years before Christ. At that distant day the Egyptians seem to have been a nation of pyramid-builders, for even now, after all the years that have rolled between them and us, we know of more than sixty of these mysterious monuments which have been opened and explored. ANCIENT ARCHITECTURE EGYPT. 3 Of all these the three pyramids at Ghizeh (Fig. i) are best known, and that of Cheops is the most remarkable among them. Those of you who have studied the history of the wars of Napoleon I. will remember that it was near this spot that he fought the so-called Battle of the Pyra- mids, and that in addressing his soldiers he reminded them that here the ages looked down upon them, thus refer- ring to the many years during which this great pyramid had stood on the border of the desert, as if watching the flight of Time and calmly waiting to see what would happen on the final day of all earthly things. There have been much speculation and many opinions as to the use for which these pyramids were made, but the most general belief is that they were intended for the tombs of the powerful kings who reigned in Egypt and caused them to be built.
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