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Civilians and Military Supply in Early Modern Finland Brings a Nordic Perspective to the Debate

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Civilians and Military Supply in Early Modern Finland Brings a Nordic Perspective to the Debate Civilians and Military Supply in in Supply and Military Civilians Civilians and uring the early modern centuries, gunpowder and artillery revolution- ized warfare, and armies grew rapidly. To sustain their new military Military Supply in Dmachines, the European rulers turned increasingly to their civilian subjects, making all levels of civil society serve the needs of the military. This volume examines civil-military interaction in the multinational Early Modern Finland Swedish Realm in 1550–1800, with a focus on its eastern part, present-day Finland, which was an important supply region and battlefield bordered by Russia. Sweden was one of the frontrunners of the Military Revolution in Edited by the 16th and 17th centuries. The crown was eager to adapt European models, Petri Talvitie and but its attempts to outsource military supply to civilians in a realm lacking Juha-Matti Granqvist people, capital, and resources were not always successful. This book aims at explaining how the army utilized civilians – burghers, Modern Early Finland peasants, entrepreneurs – to provision itself, and how the civil population managed to benefit from the cooperation. The chapters of the book illustrate the different ways in which Finnish civilians took part in supplying war efforts, e.g. how the army made deals with businessmen to finance its military campaigns and how town and country people were obliged to lodge and feed soldiers. The European armies’ dependence on civilian maintenance has received growing scholarly attention in recent years, and Civilians and Military Supply in Early Modern Finland brings a Nordic perspective to the debate. and Juha-Matti Granqvist and Juha-Matti Talvitie Petri by Edited Petri Talvitie, PhD, is Academy Research Fellow at the Department of Economic and Social History at the University of Helsinki. Juha-Matti Granqvist, PhD, is Visiting Researcher at the Department of Philosophy, History and Art Studies at the University of Helsinki. The contributors of the book are historians specialized in early modern Finnish and Swedish society. Civilians and Military Supply in Early Modern Finland Edited by Petri Talvitie and Juha-Matti Granqvist Published by Helsinki University Press www.hup.fi © the authors 2021 First published in 2021 Cover design by Ville Karppanen Cover: Illustration by C. T. Staaff (1884). The Society of Swedish Literature in Finland, SLSA 1160. Print and digital versions typeset by Siliconchips Services Ltd. ISBN (Paperback): 978-952-369-038-7 ISBN (PDF): 978-952-369-039-4 ISBN (EPUB): 978-952-369-040-0 ISBN (Mobi): 978-952-369-041-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33134/HUP-10 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) License (unless stated otherwise within the content of the work). To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 444 Castro Street, Suite 900, Mountain View, California, 94041, USA. This license allows sharing and copying any part of the work providing author attribution is clearly stated. Under this license, the user of the material must indicate if they have modified the material and retain an indication of previous modifications. This license prohibits commercial use of the material. The full text of this book has been peer reviewed to ensure high academic standards. For full review policies, see http://www.hup.fi/ Suggested citation: Talvitie, Petri, & Granqvist, Juha-Matti (Eds.). (2021). Civilians and military supply in early modern Finland. Helsinki University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33134/HUP-10. To read the free, open access version of this book online, visit https://doi.org/10.33134 /HUP-10 or scan this QR code with your mobile device: Contents Contributors v Chapter 1: Introduction: Military Maintenance in Early Modern Europe – the Northern Exposure Petri Talvitie and Juha-Matti Granqvist 1 Part I: Financing the Wars 19 Chapter 2: Officers as Creditors during the Ingrian War (1609–1617) Jaakko Björklund 21 Chapter 3: The Burghers of Nyen as Creditors and Suppliers in the Great Northern War (1700–1714) Kasper Kepsu 87 Chapter 4: The Sales of Crown Farms and State Finances 1580–1808 Petri Talvitie 119 Part II: Military Supplies and the Countryside 149 Chapter 5: Manufacturing Saltpetre in Finland in the Late 16th and Early 17th Centuries Mirkka Lappalainen 151 Chapter 6: The Supply Challenges of the Swedish Army during the Russo-Swedish War of 1741–1743 Sampsa Hatakka 177 Chapter 7: Maintenance of Armies and Its Impact on Rural Everyday Life: Local Experiences 1550–1750 Anu Lahtinen 203 Part III: Cities and the Provisioning of Armies 227 Chapter 8: Army Maintenance Shaping the Local Burgher Community in 18th-Century Helsinki Juha-Matti Granqvist 229 Chapter 9: Billeted Soldiers and Local Civilians in 1750s Helsinki Sofia Gustafsson 259 Epilogue Petri Talvitie and Juha-Matti Granqvist 291 Index 297 Contributors Jaakko Björklund, MA, MSc, is a PhD candidate in the University of Helsinki Doctoral Program of History and Cultural Heritage. His research interests focus on early modern military history, particu- larly its broader economic and social history. His upcoming disser- tation examines the role of military entrepreneurship in the Swedish Army during the Ingrian War (1609–1617). ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4068-4809 Juha-Matti Granqvist, PhD, is Visiting Researcher at the University of Helsinki. His research has focused on burghers and their eco- nomic, political and social role in early modern Finnish and Swedish society. His doctoral dissertation (2016) discussed the late 18th-century Helsinki burgher community, and he has recently co-authored History of Helsinki, volume 3 (1721–1808), published by the City of Helsinki History Committee. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9785-486X Sofia Gustafsson, PhD, is an independent postdoctoral researcher. She has been studying the economic impacts of the sea fortress of vi Civilians and Military Supply in Early Modern Finland Sveaborg on local communities in the 18th century, as well as Swedish trade on Portugal during the long 18th century. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8637-7364 Sampsa Hatakka, PhD, has research interests including the mil- itary, economic and social history of Sweden and Finland in the early modern period. His doctoral dissertation, Northern Supply Security: The Functioning of the Crown’s Magazine Supply System in Finland during the Construction Period of Sveaborg 1747–1756 (2019), dealt with security of supply in 18th-century Finland (an abstract is available in English). In addition, he has written articles that have examined the population structure of Sveaborg, public grain loans, and the storing of dried grain in the 18th century. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0571-3259 Kasper Kepsu, PhD, is a university lecturer in Nordic history at Åbo Akademi University. He completed his PhD thesis, Den besvärliga provinsen. Reduktion, skattearrendering och bondeoroligheter i det svenska Ingermanland under slutet av 1600-talet, at the University of Helsinki in 2014. His postdoctoral research has focused on the town of Nyen and its burghers. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6754-7700 Anu Lahtinen, PhD, is Associate Professor of Finnish and Nordic History at the University of Helsinki. Her field of expertise is the social history of Northern Europe c.1300–2000. Her international publications include the anthology Dying Prepared in Medieval and Early Modern Northern Europe (2018), edited with Mia Korpiola, and articles ‘Stepfamilies in Sweden, 1400 to 1650’ in Stepfamilies in Europe (2018) and ‘Learning to Read in Rural Finland’ in Nordic Childhoods (2018). ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6016-2253 Mirkka Lappalainen, PhD, works as a university lecturer at the University of Helsinki. She specialises in early modern state- building, legal and criminal history and the impacts of the Lit- tle Ice Age and has published monographs and articles regarding 16th- and 17th-century kings and nobility, Swedish and Finnish witch trials and the famine of 1695–1697 in Finland. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5674-3597 Contributors vii Petri Talvitie, PhD, is currently Academy Research Fellow at the Department of Economic and Social History at the University of Helsinki. His research interests include agrarian history, state formation, and the history of property rights in pre-industrial Scandinavia. Talvitie wrote his thesis (2013) on enclosure in 18th-century Finland, and his recent publications include a mono- graph on the sales of crown farms in Finland and Sweden (Finnish Literature Society, 2020). ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9515-7902 CHAPTER 1 Introduction: Military Maintenance in Early Modern Europe The Northern Exposure Petri Talvitie and Juha-Matti Granqvist University of Helsinki Military and civil spheres are more or less isolated enclaves in our present-day Western world. Soldiers live and operate separate from the rest of the society, and, besides the annual parades and the possible compulsory military service, these two worlds have little contact. Wars are even more remote incidents, as they are mostly fought in far-away countries. In early modern Europe, the situation was different. Not only was the continent war-torn, but the civil and military spheres were also closely interwoven during peacetime. The period from the 16th century onwards has been characterised as the age of military revolution: warfare was modernised, the size of armies grew
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