DOCSLIB.ORG

Historisk Tidskrift FÖR SKÅNE HALLAND OCH BLEKINGE

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Historisk Tidskrift FÖR SKÅNE HALLAND OCH BLEKINGE NR 3 2013 Historisk tidskrift FÖR SKÅNE HALLAND OCH BLEKINGE TEMANUMMER KNÄREDFREDEN 1613 F Ale Historisk tidskrift för Skåne, Halland och Blekinge utges av De skånska landskapens historiska och arkeologiska förening och Landsarkivet i Lund. Redaktör och ansvarig utgivare universitetslektor Gert Jeppsson, Lund. Redaktionskommitté Professor Lars Berggren, Lund l:e arkivarie fil. dr Elisabeth Reuterswärd, Lund Professor Sten Skansjö, Lund Fil.dr Bengt Söderberg, Lund Innehåll Sid. Mats Dahlbom: Fredsförhandlingarna i Knäred 1612-13 1 Steffen Heiberg: Christian IV og Freden i Knasrpd 15 Aktuellt om antikvariskt Minnet av freden i Knäred 1613 högtidlighållet i Laholm 30 En dös vid Ales stenar 31 TRYCKTJÄNST, 2013 Fredsförhandlingarna i Knäred 1612–13 Av Mats Dahlbom Civilingenjör, Falkenberg Det så kallade Kalmarkriget mellan Danmark och Sverige pågick 1611–13. I slutet av 1612 samlades fredsdelegationer från de båda länderna i Knäred (Knæröd) respektive Ulvsbäck. I den danska kommissionen ingick riksrådet Eske Brock och det är bland annat anteckningar från hans efterlämnade dagböcker som ligger till grund för denna uppsats. Eske Brock – »mannen med korsen» huvudgårdar och var därmed Danmarks Eske Brock (1560–1625) var en dansk adels- godsrikaste adelsman. Han utnyttjades av man med stora godsegendomar. Han var en Christian IV för olika uppdrag, bland annat av de ledande i danska rigsrådet och länsman deltog han i Flabäcksmötet 1603. Det som över Dronningborgs slott och län omkring gör honom sympatisk i våra ögon är att han Randers i Jylland, ett av Danmarks »fetaste» skrev omfattande dagböcker. I dessa kan man län. Som godsägare hade Brock också an- läsa om hans familj, hans affärstransaktioner, knytning till Skåneland. Med sin fru Chris- hans jakter och resor samt om de uppdrag tence Viffert (1561–1624) fick han Alnarp han fullgjorde åt kungen. och längre fram i livet ärvde han Ellinge och En egenhet han hade var att han noggrant Örtofta i Skåne och Vallen i södra Halland. bokförde sina rus i dagboken genom att rita Hans fädernegård, Gammel Estrup, övertogs kors. Ju mer av starka drycker, desto fler efter fadern Lave Nielsen Brock. Möderne- tvärstreck fick korset. Höjdpunkten på hans gården, där han var född, var Vemmetofte. dryckesexcesser var då han 14–23 juli 1604 i Inalles hade han ett godsimperium på tolv Bergen i Norge deltog i kungens rättarting. Dagens kartbild av »fredsområdet». Grafik: Lars Dahlbom. 1 Eske Brock. Målat ca 1612 av Laurids Andersen Riber. Bild från Gammel Estrup – Herregårdsmuseet. Inte mindre än sju kors finns antecknade, där- med korsene», och dagböckerna har ibland av flera med mer än ett tvärstreck. Den 20 juli liknats vid »kyrkogårdar». ritar han ett enkelkors i samband med att han Från 1780 till 1894 fann man och utgav nio var gäst vid rådhusrätten och på kvällen ett av hans dagböcker från spridda år under kors med inte mindre än fyra tvärstreck följt 1600-talets tre första decennier. Dagböckerna av »Libera nos Domine» (ung. »Herre rädda är införda i almanackor, var och en omfattan- oss!»). Den 21 juli finns ingenting antecknat, de ett kalenderår. Den första skrevs 1604 och vilket man förstår. Man kan allvarligt ifråga- den sista 1622. De har ett stort historiskt och sätta rättsssäkerheten vid rättartinget. kulturhistoriskt värde för forskningen. Origi- Eske Brock kallas, inte utan orsak, av naldagböckerna bevaras i danska riksarkivet danska forskare, t ex Christian Larsen, »ham och finns numera också i tryckt version. Under Kalmarkriget var Brock krigskom- årige Christian IV, intresserad av. En mera missarie och han blev en av de fyra freds- traditionell medling hade erbjudits av James kommissionärer som kungen utsåg som I (Jakob I) av England (tillika regent över fredsförhandlare med svenskarna. Han förde Skottland under namnet James VI; Jakob VI). noggranna anteckningar från förhandlingar- Svenskarna accepterade, men Christian IV na och dessa anteckningar ger en god inblick avvisade detta. Han ville utnyttja sitt militära i förhandlingsspelet. Vi har också möjlighet övertag och med jus belli (enligt krigets rätt) att kika i motspelarens kort genom att studera som skäl tillägna sig de erövrade områdena, Axel Oxenstiernas dagbok. Brocks dagboks- medan svenskarna helt naturligt höll på prin- anteckningar ger en närhet till händelserna, cipen om status quo ante bellum (förhållan- sedda ur danska ögon, och är därför värda att det som rådde före krigsutbrottet), något som refereras. man räknade med att få respons för från ut- omstående medlare.1 Så småningom blev man överens om att James I skulle tillåtas Läget inför fredsförhandlingarna medla, men enbart om det var risk för ett Sverige hade tvingats föra krig med såväl sammanbrott i förhandlingarna. Polen som Danmark och dessutom upp­ Inte heller ville Christian IV ingå stille- rätthålla en beredskap gentemot Ryssland. stånd inför de kommande förhandlingarna. Kriget mot Danmark hade gått dåligt för De danska trupperna bestod av främst tyska, Sverige, danskarna hade erövrat Kalmar med värvade, dyra soldater, som inte riskfritt kun- omliggande område jämte Öland och stora de avvecklas förrän en fred slutits, medan delar av Västsverige, inklusive den viktiga den svenska armén huvudsakligen utgjordes Älvsborgs fästning. Svenskarna hade lyckats av inhemska, utskrivna soldater, som skulle sätta sig fast i det mindre betydelsefulla kunna hemförlovas och snabbt återinkallas Jämtland med Härjedalen. Sverige var utar- om förhandlingarna bröt samman. mat och tvingat till fred. Men även Christian Christian IV:s förhållande till sitt rigsråd IV kände trycket från såväl den inhemska var spänt. Han fick ständigt mothugg på sina adeln som från Protestantiska unionen, Ne- välformulerade propositioner. Kalmarkriget derländerna, England och Lübeck, att få slut hade han startat mot rigsrådets avrådan ge- på kriget. Kriget hade därtill blivit mycket nom att hota med att gå in i kriget som hertig dyrt för Danmark. av Schleswig och Holstein. Gustav Adolf I samband med freden i Stettin (Szczecin) hade däremot sitt riksråd med sig tack vare 1570 hade överenskommits om en procedur samarbetet med rikskanslern Axel Oxenstier- för hur tvister mellan de båda länderna skulle na, som trots sin ungdom (29 år) var den le- lösas. Delegationer från båda sidor skulle dande i rådet. förhandla på gränsen, lösta från sina trohets- eder till monarkerna. Kom man inte överens, skulle man utfärda varsin »dom» och en obe- Knäred? roende, främmande furste skulle avgöra vil- Freden har fått namn efter Knäred, men det ken dom som skulle gälla. Om någon kung var inte där den slöts. Man förhandlade på vägrade att acceptera skiljedomen, löstes riksgränsen mellan Sjöared i Danmark och hans undersåtar från deras trohetsed. Detta Sjöryd i Sverige, som enligt uppgift i Ort- förfarande var ingen av de båda kungarna, namnsregistret var två delar av samma by, den 17-årige Gustav II Adolf och den 35- skilda åt av gränsen. Platsen är nu markerad Utdrag ur karta från 1652 av Kettil Classon Felterus. Obs, norr åt vänster på kartan. Krigsarkivet. med en minnessten. Strax öster om denna De båda förhandlingsdelegationerna hade finns i dag ett dike med en enkel stenbro som sina uppehållsplatser I Knäred i Halland, res- av traditionen utpekas som den plats där för- pektive Ulvsbäcks prästgård i Småland, båda handlingarna skedde. Om diket är en naturlig på drygt en mils avstånd från gränsen. För bäckfåra eller ett grävt gränsdike är svårt att svenskarnas säkerhets skull hade Christian avgöra. På en svensk karta från 1652 av Kettil IV den 24 oktober 1612 gett order om att Classon Felterus finns en sjö markerad med hans ryttare och knektar inte fick härja vid namnet Hackebäk, vilket på dagens karta Ulvsbäck.3 Gustav II Adolf hade gett mot­ motsvaras av Flacke sjö. Vid bron står i dag svarande besked. en milsten från 1779 som av någon anledning Vid förhandlingsplatsen hade vardera i sen tid flyttats från ett läge ca 900 meter ­sidan ett tält, »paulun», på bekvämt gång­ längre åt sydost. Platsen var, tillsammans med avstånd och utom hörhåll från gränsbron. Flabäck mellan Kållered och Lindome, en ofta vald förhandlingsplats mellan länderna. Förhandlingar om fångutväxling hade skett Förhandlingarna inleds på platsen i juli och september 1612, och plat- Den 28 september 1612 fick Eske Brock sen skulle nyttjas till förhandlingar 1619 och brev från kungen. Det var daterat den 21 1624. Även under Nordiska sjuårskriget hade september och kungen meddelade honom att 1569 skett ett gränsmöte i närheten, vid Träls- han utsetts till kommissionär i en delegation hult ca tre km norr om Sjöaryd.2 som skulle förhandla om fred med svensk- arna »paa grænsen ved Knærødt» med start en muntlig begäran om ett möte nästa dag den 28 oktober. Han skulle infinna sig hos vid gränsen kl 11. Strax därefter fick man en kungen i Köpenhamn åtta dagar i förväg. skrivelse från svenskarna i vilket de medde- Även övriga utsedda kommissionärer, Chris- lade att Niels Bielke (friherre och riksråd) tian Friis (rigskansler), Manderup Parsberg och Henrik Horn (riksmarskalk) redan anlänt (rigsråd och länsman i Ålborg som bland och att de övriga svenska delegaterna för­ ­annat gjort sig känd för att vid en duell sku- väntades komma under dagen. Venstermand rit bort en del av astronomen Tyge Brahes återkom senare med besked om att svensk- näsa), Axel Brahe (rigsråd och länsman för arna inte kunde möta upp förrän halv tolv. Dalums kloster, senare guvernör i Skåne, Den 29 november kom danskarna vid 12- bror till Tyge Brahe) var kallade i likalydan- tiden till gränsen, svenskarna var då redan de brev.4 Eske Brock var yngst (53 år) bland där. Delegaterna skakade hand, varefter de fyra. De övriga var 57, 67 respektiver 63 svenskarnas rikskansler (Axel Oxenstierna) år gamla. höll ett anförande. Detta ansåg Brock förmä- Den 23 oktober anlände Brock till Köpen- tet; hälsningstalet borde danske kanslern ha hamn något försenad på grund av stiltje i hållit! Denne fick nöja sig med att svara på Stora Bält. Han fick förmodligen då besked Oxenstiernas tal.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Holy Roman Empire
    WAR & CONQUEST THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648 1 V1V2 WAR & CONQUEST THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648 CONTENT Historical Background Bohemian-Palatine War (1618–1623) Danish intervention (1625–1629) Swedish intervention (1630–1635) French intervention (1635 –1648) Peace of Westphalia SPECIAL RULES DEPLOYMENT Belligerents Commanders ARMY LISTS Baden Bohemia Brandenburg-Prussia Brunswick-Lüneburg Catholic League Croatia Denmark-Norway (1625-9) Denmark-Norway (1643-45) Electorate of the Palatinate (Kurpfalz) England France Hessen-Kassel Holy Roman Empire Hungarian Anti-Habsburg Rebels Hungary & Transylvania Ottoman Empire Polish-Lithuanian (1618-31) Later Polish (1632 -48) Protestant Mercenary (1618-26) Saxony Scotland Spain Sweden (1618 -29) Sweden (1630 -48) United Provinces Zaporozhian Cossacks BATTLES ORDERS OF BATTLE MISCELLANEOUS Community Manufacturers Thanks Books Many thanks to Siegfried Bajohr and the Kurpfalz Feldherren for the pictures of painted figures. You can see them and much more here: http://www.kurpfalz-feldherren.de/ Also thanks to the members of the Grimsby Wargames club for the pictures of painted figures. Homepage with a nice gallery this : http://grimsbywargamessociety.webs.com/ 2 V1V2 WAR & CONQUEST THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648 3 V1V2 WAR & CONQUEST THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648 The rulers of the nations neighboring the Holy Roman Empire HISTORICAL BACKGROUND also contributed to the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War: Spain was interested in the German states because it held the territories of the Spanish Netherlands on the western border of the Empire and states within Italy which were connected by land through the Spanish Road. The Dutch revolted against the Spanish domination during the 1560s, leading to a protracted war of independence that led to a truce only in 1609.
    [Show full text]
  • Sweden in the Seventeenth Century
    Sweden in the Seventeenth Century Paul Douglas Lockhart Sweden in the Seventeenth Century European History in Perspective General Editor: Jeremy Black Benjamin Arnold Medieval Germany, 500–1300 Ronald Asch The Thirty Years’ War Christopher Bartlett Peace, War and the European Powers, 1814–1914 Robert Bireley The Refashioning of Catholicism, 1450–1700 Donna Bohanan Crown and Nobility in Early Modern France Arden Bucholz Moltke and the German Wars, 1864–1871 Patricia Clavin The Great Depression, 1929–1939 Paula Sutter Fichtner The Habsburg Monarchy, 1490–1848 Mark Galeotti Gorbachev and his Revolution David Gates Warfare in the Nineteenth Century Alexander Grab Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe Martin P. Johnson The Dreyfus Affair Paul Douglas Lockhart Sweden is the Seventeenth Century Peter Musgrave The Early Modern European Economy J.L. Price The Dutch Republic in the Seventeenth Century A.W. Purdue The Second World War Christopher Read The Making and Breaking of the Soviet System Francisco J. Romero-Salvado Twentieth-Century Spain Matthew S. Seligmann and Roderick R. McLean Germany from Reich to Republic, 1871–1918 Brendan Simms The Struggle for Mastery in Germany, 1779–1850 David Sturdy Louis XIV David J. Sturdy Richelieu and Mazarin Hunt Tooley The Western Front Peter Waldron The End of Imperial Russia, 1855–1917 Peter G. Wallace The Long European Reformation James D. White Lenin Patrick Williams Philip II European History in Perspective Series Standing Order ISBN 0–333–71694–9 hardcover ISBN 0–333–69336–1 paperback (outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order.
    [Show full text]
  • Sweden in the Seventeenth Century
    Sweden in the Seventeenth Century European History in Perspective General Editor: Jeremy Black Benjamin Arnold Medieval Germany, 500–1300 Ronald Asch The Thirty Years’ War Christopher Bartlett Peace, War and the European Powers, 1814–1914 Robert Bireley The Refashioning of Catholicism, 1450–1700 Donna Bohanan Crown and Nobility in Early Modern France Arden Bucholz Moltke and the German Wars, 1864–1871 Patricia Clavin The Great Depression, 1929–1939 Paula Sutter Fichtner The Habsburg Monarchy, 1490–1848 Mark Galeotti Gorbachev and his Revolution David Gates Warfare in the Nineteenth Century Alexander Grab Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe Martin P. Johnson The Dreyfus Affair Paul Douglas Lockhart Sweden is the Seventeenth Century Peter Musgrave The Early Modern European Economy J.L. Price The Dutch Republic in the Seventeenth Century A.W. Purdue The Second World War Christopher Read The Making and Breaking of the Soviet System Francisco J. Romero-Salvado Twentieth-Century Spain Matthew S. Seligmann and Roderick R. McLean Germany from Reich to Republic, 1871–1918 Brendan Simms The Struggle for Mastery in Germany, 1779–1850 David Sturdy Louis XIV David J. Sturdy Richelieu and Mazarin Hunt Tooley The Western Front Peter Waldron The End of Imperial Russia, 1855–1917 Peter G. Wallace The Long European Reformation James D. White Lenin Patrick Williams Philip II European History in Perspective Series Standing Order ,6%1KDUGFRYHU ,6%1SDSHUEDFN (outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in the case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBN quoted above.
    [Show full text]
  • Reflections on Denmark As It Was, and Emigration to America by ARLOW W
    The Bridge Volume 9 Number 1 Article 6 1986 Reflections On Denmark As It as,W And Emigration To America Arlow W. Andersen Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/thebridge Part of the European History Commons, European Languages and Societies Commons, and the Regional Sociology Commons Recommended Citation Andersen, Arlow W. (1986) "Reflections On Denmark As It as,W And Emigration To America," The Bridge: Vol. 9 : No. 1 , Article 6. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/thebridge/vol9/iss1/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Bridge by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Reflections On Denmark As It Was, And Emigration To America by ARLOW W. ANDERSEN In the late medieval and modern periods the histories of Denmark and Norway paralleled each other. During much of that interval the Union of Kalmar (1397-1523), which included also a dynastic tie with Sweden, practically insured common political, economic, and religious development. On the threshold of the modern age Sweden broke away from the Union (1523), but Norway was obliged to remain under Danish rule until 1814. For the Dano-Norwegian realm the transition from medieval to modern was marked by the official acceptance of the Lutheran Reformation in 1536 and by the strengthen­ ing of the royal Danish government, which henceforth exercised authority in matters both temporal and spiritual. There was no violent break with Roman Catholicism. Nearly all of the prelates and priests remained in their offices and parishes .
    [Show full text]
  • The University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire A
    THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-EAU CLAIRE “Building an Empire: How Gustavus Adolphus Carried Sweden to the Forefront of European Politics” A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ARTS DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BY CLARK A. FREDRICKSON EAU CLAIRE, WISCONSIN MAY 2011 Copyright for this work is owned by the author. This digital version is published by McIntyre Library, University of Wisconsin Eau Claire with the consent of the author. CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS iii ABSTRACT iv Introduction 1 1. A Vasa King 5 2. Gustavus Adolphus as a Young Ruler 8 3. The Threat of War 10 4. The Search for a Queen 13 5. Beginnings of Thirty Years’ War 15 6. The Polish Conflict, Continued 17 7. The Failure of a Swedish Protestant League 18 8. Danish Intervention in the Thirty Years’ War 21 9. A Swedish King in a Foreign Land 23 10. Destruction at Magdeburg 26 11. Victory at Breitenfeld 30 12. Death at Lützen 33 13. Aftermath 34 Conclusion 35 Bibliography 36 Appendix 41 ii ILLUSTRATIONS Figures: 1. Gustav Vasa 5 2. Gustavus Adolphus 8 3. Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg 14 5. 1630 Dresden Broadside 40 6. Swedish Intervention in Germany, 1630-1632 41 7. Thirty Years’ War, 1618-1648 42 8. Battle of Breitenfeld, Opening Attacks 43 9. Battle of Breitenfeld, Swedish Annihilation 43 10. Battle of Lützen, Main Formations 44 iii ABSTRACT This paper seeks to examine the political, religious and diplomatic impact of Gustavus Adolphus during his reign as King of Sweden (1611-1632).
    [Show full text]
  • The Social Impacts of War: Agency and Everyday Life in the Borderlands During the Early Seventeenth Century
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Springer - Publisher Connector Int J Histor Archaeol DOI 10.1007/s10761-017-0408-3 The Social Impacts of War: Agency and Everyday Life in the Borderlands during the Early Seventeenth Century Martina Hjertman1 & Sari Nauman1 & Maria Vretemark2 & Gwilym Williams3 & Anders Kjellin4 # The Author(s) 2017. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract In this paper, we address some of the social impacts of war, including issues of negotiating identity during displacement caused by war. What it meant to be Swedish or Danish-Norwegian in a town where there was a not insubstantial population of foreign merchants would clearly be an ambiguous situation. Burghers were elected by fellow citizens, who were themselves from other parts of Sweden, Scandinavia, and Northern Europe, including Germany, Holland, England, and Scotland. Allegiances were contingent, and in many cases among aliens probably more local than national. The social impacts of war in modern-day west Sweden extended beyond the towns directly affected, such as Nya Lödöse and Ny Varberg. The degree to which individuals could act with agency and autonomy was contingent and context-specific. Forced migration and the negotiation of identity are issues that remain relevant today; * Martina Hjertman [email protected] Sari Nauman [email protected] Maria Vretemark [email protected] Gwilym Williams [email protected] Anders Kjellin [email protected] 1 University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden 2 Västergötlands Museum, Skara, Sweden 3 Rio Göteborg Natur- och Kulturkooperativ, Gothenburg, Sweden 4 Arkeologerna, Uppsala, Sweden Int J Histor Archaeol questions of memory, property, trauma, history, and narratives are still debated by combatants and non-combatants.
    [Show full text]
  • The Scots and Early Modern Scandinavia: a 21St Century Review
    THE EIGHTH HERMANN PÁLSSON LECTURE (2012) The Scots and Early Modern Scandinavia: A 21st Century Review Professor Steve Murdoch THE members of this Society are perhaps more aware than anyone else that the study of Scottish-Scandinavian interaction has a long pedigree. We have been able to look at the phenomenon from a variety of angles including toponomy, etymology, archaeology and literature. My main interest in the subject broaches all of these, but it is the interactions of Scots with Scandinavia in the early modern period that remains an abiding passion. Given some notable scholarship in recent years, it is perhaps time to reflect on both the origins of the field, and in what ways it has either been advanced, or controversially, become locked into a simplistic and repetitive narrative. Who, we might ask, is discussing this field now, and how has our understanding changed in the 21st century, if at all? Origins of Scottish-Scandinavian Historiography In 1907 Thomas Fisher’s book The Scots in Sweden was posthumously published.1 It fanned an interest in the history of relationships between Scotland in particular, Britain in general, and the various Scandinavian kingdoms ever since. It followed on from Fischer’s earlier works on the Scots in East and West Prussia, and the Scots in Germany;2 these works themselves owed much to the work of A. F. Steuart who opened the door on Scottish-Swedish military links with an article in Scottish Historical Review in 1904.3 An aspect of many of the subsequent works on the relationship between Scotland and Scandinavia is that they often present a linear set of unconnected articles or biographies where the only binding glue is that the word Scotland, or Scandinavia (or any 1 Fischer 1907.
    [Show full text]
  • 1576447490005.Pdf
    Credits Special Thanks Written By: Jacob Klünder Edited By: Dixie Cochran (Chapter 1), Jacob Klün- To my Beta readers — assume any mistakes and gram- der, Maiken Klünder matical errors are because I did not listen to them: Anne Christine Tvilum Erichsen, Dixie Cochran, Jakob Søgaard, John Bishop, Jonas Mose, Petra Ann, Rasmus Nicolaj West, and Shannon Barritt To Lars Rune Jørgensen, who created the cover art for this book. You can see more of his work at http://larsrune.deviantart.com/ This book is dedicated to my first Vampire: The Mas- querade group: Thomas, Søren and Bjarne. The days in my parents’ basement are not forgotten. And finally, as always, a special thanks to my wife Maiken Klünder, who is always available for alpha- reading, inspiration and ideas-sparring. 2 INTRODUCTION Introduction 5 Chapter One: Denmark by Night 7 Chapter Two: Copenhagen by Night (coming) 43 Chapter Three: Children of the Kingdom (coming) XX Denmark by Night 3 4 INTRODUCTION Introduction “Danskjävler!” — Doctor Stig Helmer, Riget (The Kingdom) Greetings, dear reader. So, the book got divided into Denmark by Night, My name is Jacob Klünder and in addition to being Copenhagen by Night and Children of the Kingdom a Dane, I have been a Vampire player for over 20 (Storyteller Characters). The other chapters will be years. In that time, I have been fortunate enough to added to the book when they are finished. contribute to a few World of Darkness books. I have In writing this book, I had to strike a balance be- also always wondered about my own country in the tween getting enough information and not making it World of Darkness.
    [Show full text]
  • Money in Sweden – from Gustav Vasa Until Today
    Money in Sweden – from Gustav Vasa until Today The sovereigns of the Scandinavian kingdoms began to mint "national" coins about 1000 AD. Initially, a significant coinage system could only develop in Denmark, however. In Sweden and Norway, the minting of coins was soon given up again. Sweden resumed coinage after the middle of the 12th century. The pennings (pennies) issued then were so thin and fragile that they could not have played a significant role in economy; notwithstanding over the following decades, they slowly but surely became objects of daily use even in northern Scandinavia. It took another century before the Swedish economy developed a need for multiple pennings. These so- called örtugar (singular: örtug) remained the major Swedish coins until the alliance with Denmark in the Kalmar Union in 1397. From then on, Swedish coins were minted in the name of the Danish kings. When Sweden became independent under Gustav I Vasa in 1523, a regular monetary system was developed. Gustav introduced the mark as currency and had the first øre and daler struck, modeled on the German thaler. 1 von 16 www.sunflower.ch Kingdom of Sweden, Gustav I Eriksson Vasa (1523-1560), Daler 1534 Denomination: Daler Mint Authority: King Gustav Eriksson Vasa of Sweden Mint: Stockholm Year of Issue: 1534 Weight (g): 29 Diameter (mm): 43.0 Material: Silver Owner: Schweizerisches Landesmuseum With Gustav I Eriksson's ascendance to the Swedish throne in 1523 began a new era in Swedish history. That year, the Swedes managed to shake of Danish rule over their country. Gustav Eriksson was proclaimed as first Swedish king, and introduced Sweden to the circle of modern European states.
    [Show full text]
  • Political Language and Wartime Propaganda in Denmark, 1625–1629
    02_EHQ 31/1 articles 30/11/00 1:53 pm Page 5 Paul Douglas Lockhart Political Language and Wartime Propaganda in Denmark, 1625–1629 In recent years, the study of political theory in early-modern European history has largely been replaced by the study of ‘political language’ and ‘political discourse’, a shift that demon- strates, in the main, a greater appreciation for the complexity of European political thought before the Enlightenment. Historians of political language have turned increasingly to heretofore neglected sources, including lesser writings and pamphlet litera- ture, to discern change and continuity in political mentalities; in addition, the study of court culture has at least highlighted the iconographic and constitutional significance of visual display and court patronage of the arts. For a state with a rich tradition of political literature — early Stuart England, for example — such sources provide an important ancillary to conventional constitu- tional history. For a state without such a tradition, like pre- absolutist Denmark, sources such as these are nearly all that we have. Oldenburg Denmark lacked a significant political literature before 1660, and the nature of the Danish constitution precluded the lengthy interchanges between monarchy and elites over the nature of sovereignty which appear so frequently in English history. An understanding of the Oldenburg constitution requires an examination of court ceremonial, court culture, and the popular press; only through these means can we discern the way in which the Danish monarchy presented itself, or the ways in which its subjects perceived it. While historians of early-modern Denmark may not have yet uncovered what Malcolm Smuts termed ‘a visual language of power and authority’ in the seventeenth-century Oldenburg state,1 the study of court culture has at least begun to figure prominently in early-modern Danish historiography.
    [Show full text]
  • Princess Hedvig Sofia’ and the Great Northern War ‘Princess Hedvig Sofia’ and the Great Northern War
    ‘Princess Hedvig Sofia’ and the Great Northern War ‘Princess Hedvig Sofia’ and the Great Northern War e d i t e d b y r a l f b leile and Joachim Krüger St i f t u n g S c h l e Sw i g - h o l St e i n i S c h e l a n d e S m u S e e n S c h lo ss g ot to r f S a n d St e i n V e r l a g Contents 8 alFreDo pérez De armiñán 90 melanie GreinerT 206 Jakob Seerup V. Foreword Hedvig Sofia, princess of Sweden, The material culture of Danish naval ships The Great Northern War – Duchess of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp of the 18th century memorial culture 9 ClauS von Carnap-bornHeim Foreword 101 inGa lena ÅnGSTröm GranDien 214 Dan H. anDerSen 332 JoHanna WaSSHolm nicodemus Tessin the Younger’s plans for a castrum p eter Wessel Tordenskiold The Great northern War in Finnish memory culture 10 Tiina merTanen doloris and a sarcophagus for Hedvig Sofia a naval hero from the Great northern War Foreword 339 miCHael breGnSbo 106 anJa Silke WieSinGer 224 THomaS eiSenTrauT Two naval heroes with admirable qualities 12 l ra F bleile anD JoaCHim krüGer Duke Frederick iv of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp The life of simple sailors after 1700 The Great northern War in memorial culture e ditors’ foreword and the rebuilding of the south wing of Gottorf in Denmark Castle 236 THomaS eiSenTrauT architecture as a demonstration of princely rule The diary of nils Trosner, 1710–1714 350 Tilman plaTH lost victory? 120 T u a kuHl I.
    [Show full text]
  • Download/?Id=92} Accessed on 26 July 2013
    INTERNATIONAL ORDER IN THE OCEANS: TERRITORIALITY, SECURITY AND THE POLITICAL CONSTRUCTION OF JURISDICTION OVER RESOURCES AT SEA by James Stephen Baker M.A. (hons), The University of St Andrews, 2004 M.A., The University of British Columbia, 2006 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in The Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies (Political Science) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) October 2013 © James Stephen Baker Abstract The desire for territory has been a frequent cause of conflict. Latterly, a territorial integrity norm has emerged, rendering conquest illegitimate and contributing to peace. Studies of this development have not examined the politics of maritime space, despite the construction of a territorial-like order at sea last century. The oceans are materially, legally and politically distinct to land, making the extrapolation of a norm of territorial integrity to the oceans problematic. Nevertheless, this thesis concludes that the history of, and standards relating to land have conditioned the practices of states at sea. In particular, it has been assumed that the forceful acquisition of offshore zones and resources belonging to other states would breach an important international standard. I demonstrate this through a study of the changing practices of states towards marine space and by analysing the perspectives of decision-makers as they constructed the contemporary maritime property rights order. In contrast to the past, today states almost exclusively do not seek to expand beyond those offshore areas to which they are entitled. Concerns about the possibility for territorial conflict to take place at sea drove the creation of the present-day marine property rights order.
    [Show full text]