Georgios Gemistos Plethon the Byzantine and the Latin Renaissance

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Georgios Gemistos Plethon the Byzantine and the Latin Renaissance Georgios Gemistos Plethon The Byzantine and the Latin Renaissance Edited by Jozef Matula Paul Richard Blum Georgios Gemistos Plethon The Byzantine and the Latin Renaissance Edited by Jozef Matula Paul Richard Blum The Pantanassa Monastery in Mistra. Photo Courtesy of Jozef Matula Oponenti: Dr. Gergely Mohay Dr. Péter Lautner Dr. Evangelos D. Protopapadakis Publikace vznikla v rámci projektu Centrum pro práci s renesančními texty CZ.1.07/2.3.00/20.0026. Projekt je spolufinancován Evropským sociálním fondem a státním rozpočtem České republiky 1. vydání Eds. © Jozef Matula, Paul Richard Blum, 2014 © Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci, 2014 Neoprávněné užití tohoto díla je porušením autorských práv a může zakládat občanskoprávní, správněprávní, popř. trestněprávní odpovědnost. ISBN 978-80-244-4423-9 Content Preface 9 An honorary paper Wilhelm Blum München, Germany Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta (1417–1468): Stadtherr von Rimini, Neuheide und Verehrer Plethons 11–38 Plethon’s philosophy in the Byzantine context László Bene Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary Constructing Pagan Platonism: Plethon’s Theory of Fate and the Ancient Philosophical Tradition 41–71 George Arabatzis University of Athens, Greece Plethon’s Philosophy of the Concept 73–111 Sergei Mariev Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany Plethon and Scholarios on Deliberation in Art and Nature 113–142 John A. Demetracopoulos University of Patras, Greece Hermonymos Christonymos Charitonymos’ Capita decem pro divinitate Christi: A Posthumous Reaction to Plethon’s Anti-Christianism 143–259 Plethon and the Latin Renaissance Mikhail Khorkov Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation How to Make a New Philosophy From an Old Platonism: Plethon and Cusanus on Phaedrus 261–272 Vojtěch Hladký Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic From Byzantium to Italy: “Ancient Wisdom” in Plethon and Cusanus 273–292 Jozef Matula Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic & Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Seoul, South Korea The Fate of Plethon´s Criticism of Averroes 293–322 Davide Amendola Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, Italy Plethon’s Opuscula de historia Graeca and Bruni’s Commentarium rerum Graecarum: Rewriting Greek History Between the Byzantine and the Latin Renaissance. 323–351 Walter Seitter Wien, Austria Plethon in Duplicate, in Triplicate … The Question of Portraits 353–373 Preface Post-Byzantine Plethon Georgios Gemistos Plethon (1352–1452) was a representative of 14th/15th-cen- Brigitte Tambrun-Krasker CNRS, Paris, France tury Byzantine thought, which manifested itself in three basic forms: Greek Are Psellos’s and Plethon’s Chaldaean Oracles Genuine? 375–389 Christian Orthodoxy, interchange with the western European strains of thought (e.g., translation of scholastic works into Greek, but also evident in Paul Richard Blum Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic the Council of Ferrara-Florence), and a revival (“renaissance”) of Greek cul- & Loyola University Maryland, USA ture, which has been variously named proto-nationalism in the 19th century, Plethon the First Philhellene: Re-enacting the Antiquity 391–413 paganism from the Christian standpoint, and Hellenism for its parallels with Niketas Siniossoglou Athens, Greece 19th-century Greek nostalgia. Plethon and the Philosophy of Nationalism 415–431 This volume contains contributions from the international conference that Jacek Raszewski Faculty of “Artes Liberales“, University of Warsaw, Poland explored those facts: “Georgios Gemistos Plethon: The Byzantine and the Lat- George Gemistos Plethon and the Crisis of Modern Greek Identity 433–456 in Renaissance,” which took place at the Center for Renaissance Texts at the th th Index 457–462 Palacký University, Olomouc (Czech Republic), from the 10 through the 12 of May, 2013. The Center is supported by the European Social Fund (ESF) and the Czech Republic. The organizers and participants express their gratitude for this generous support. The editors decided to publish the first article, Sigismondo Pandolfo Malat- esta (1417–1468): Stadtherr von Rimini, Neuheide und Verehrer Plethons, by Dr. Wilhelm Blum, despite the fact that Dr. Blum could not participate in the conference. The editors are delighted to include his article in the volume, as he is a leading scholar within the area of Plethon’s thought. His study on Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta is a valuable paper and the editors decided to publish it in its original length and style, without any changes. The editors are grateful to the following persons who each proofread some of the contributions: Vincent Castaldi, Kaitlyn Henry, and Steven Silvestro of Loyola University Maryland in Baltimore, David Livingstone of Palacký Uni- versity, Olomouc, Andrew Bruske of Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Seoul and John A. Demetracopoulos of University of Patras, Greece. Jozef Matula Paul Richard Blum Palacký University, Olomouc, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic Czech Republic & Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, & Loyola University Maryland, Seoul, South Korea USA 9 An honorary paper Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta (1417–1468): Stadtherr von Rimini, Neuheide und Verehrer Plethons Wilhelm Blum München, Germany Abstract: What were the motives of Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta (1417–1468) for revering the Late Byzantine Philosopher Gemistos Plethon (1355–1452)? Why did Malatesta (being rather uneducated) invite the Greek to his court in 1439, and why did he steal Plethon’s corpse in 1465? The only surviving monument of Plethon is the tomb Malatesta erected (and embellished with a Latin inscription) at the main church of Rimini in 1465. First, Cleope Malatesta, the wife of the “Despótes” of the Peloponnese, had known Plethon at Mistra; second, her brother had reported on the philosophical fame of Plethon; finally, Cyriac of Ancona had reported to Malatesta on his conversations with Plethon. In order to understand Sigismondo, this paper provides a summary of his life and character and of his “Muses’ Court” at Rimini. Keywords: Gemistos Plethon; Late Byzantine Philosophy; Mistra, Peloponnese, Rimini; Malatesta family; Sigismondo Pandolfo; Cleope; Laura; Pope Pius II. I. Das Leben des Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta Drei Söhne sind es, die Pandolfo Malatesta (1370–1427) in Brescia, im Norden Italiens, gezeugt hat: Sie sind nicht alle drei von derselben Mutter geboren worden, sind aber allesamt „natürliche“, also uneheliche Söhne, nämlich Ga- leotto Roberto Malatesta, der am 3. Februar 1411 geboren wurde, Sigismondo Pandolfo und Domenico, der bekannt wurde unter dem Namen Malatesta Novello. 11 Wilhelm Blum Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta (1417–1468): Georgios Gemistos Plethon The Byzantine and the Latin Renaissance Stadtherr von Rimini, Neuheide und Verehrer Plethons 1. Galeotto, der Älteste, wurde aufgezogen in Rimini, und zwar von Car- 30 km entfernt von Rimini, unter der tatkräftigen Mithilfe seines Verwandten lo, dem Bruder seines Vaters, und dessen Ehefrau Elisabetta da Gonzaga. Im Antonio Malatesta eine Bibliothek und legt damit den Grundstein für die spä- Jahre 1427, also mit gerade erst 16 Jahren, verheiratete ihn sein Onkel mit ter so berühmte Biblioteca Malatestiana von Cesena. In dieser seiner Stadt ist Margherita, einer der vielen Töchter des Markgrafen Niccolò III. von Ferrara er dann auch verstorben, am 20. November 1465. – er wird uns noch mehrmals begegnen –, doch der Ehe lag gewiss nicht Lie- be zugrunde, sie war ausschließlich aus dynastischen Gründen in die Wege 3. Bei den drei Brüdern Malatesta fühlt man sich unwillkürlich erinnert an geleitet worden. Das hatte die peinliche Konsequenz, dass Galeotto, wie man die drei „Brüder Karamasow“ von Dostojewskij: Es gibt auch hier den Heili- sich erzählte1, seine Frau niemals berührt hat, sondern in engelhafter Reinheit gen, den Denker und Intellektuellen sowie den durch Leidenschaft aller Art dahinlebte. Er war Mitglied des Dritten Ordens des heiligen Franziskus und Geprägten. Gewiss, dieser Vergleich trifft nicht in allen Bereichen zu, aber dass huldigte mehr und mehr einem monastisch-kontemplativen Leben. Er ver- Sigismondo der Vertreter des Leidenschaftlichen ist, das lässt sich nicht leug- starb nach noch nicht 21 Lebensjahren am 10. Oktober 1432. Recht bald nach nen. Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta ist in Brescia am 19. Juni 1417 geboren, seinem Tod hatte sich sein heiligmäßiger Lebenswandel herumgesprochen, sein gesamtes Leben ist mehr oder minder das eines Condottiero, also eines dafür sorgte auch eine Legende über den „frommen gottseligen Galeotto Ro- Anführers einer Truppe von Söldnern. Er war Stadtherr von Rimini und hatte berto Malatesta“, die ein Franziskaner aus Rimini verfasst hatte; dafür sorgte die Ehre, von Kaiser Sigismund, der am 3. Mai 1433 von Papst Eugen IV. zum ebenfalls das Wissen darum, dass seine Frau Margherita sich nach seinem Kaiser gekrönt worden war, in eben diesem Jahr in seiner Heimatstadt zum frühen Tod als Nonne in ein Kloster ihrer Heimatstadt zurückzog. Ritter geschlagen zu werden. Seine militärischen Unternehmungen brauchen wir hier nicht aufzuführen, denn er verdingte sich grundsätzlich nur bei jenen 2. Galt also Galeotto Roberto allseits als Heiliger, so kann man das von seinen Herren, die ihn zahlten, und zwar besser zahlten als andere (das Wort „solda- zwei (Halb-)Brüdern gewiss nicht behaupten. Domenico Malatesta Novello to“ heißt ja nichts anderes als „der in Sold = Geld Genommene“). So finden wurde ebenfalls in Brescia geboren, und zwar von der Mutter des Sigismondo,
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