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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76365-3 - The Aurelian Wall and the Refashioning of Imperial Rome, AD 271-855 Hendrik W. Dey Index More information Index Adomnan, De locis sanctis 261–2 solar cult, propagation of 85 see also Rome – adventus 140–1 architecture and topography – temple Aigilulf (Lombard king) 136 of Sol Aistulf (Lombard king) 64, 232 suppresses Imperium Galliarum 129 Alaric I (Visigothic king) Aurelian Wall besieges and sacks Rome in 410 50, 136, as “agent” 9, 173, 189, 270 138, 154 as customs boundary 108, 115–16, 239 defeated at Pollentia 137 as ecclesiastical boundary 217–29, 257–9 invades Italy in 401 137 as juridical/legal boundary 213–17 Alberic 275 as pomerium 209–13, 217, 307 Alcuin as legal, administrative and religious boundary epitaph for Hadrian I 265–7 209 see also Rome – boundaries Versus de patribus regibus et sanctis as “object” 9 Euboricensis ecclesiae 262–4 as “subject” 9–10, 10–11 Ambrose of Milan Aurelianic construction phase apocalyptic exegesis 143 architects, role of 72–3, 91 Ammianus Marcellinus, Res gestae bricks and brick production , 93–7 adventus of Constantius II 140 chronology 13, 17–18 descriptions of sieges 134 configuration and dimensions 13, 18–32, Goths ignorant of siege warfare 132 283–4 transport of obelisk to Circus Maximus 191 course and placement 72–87, 81–2, Anglo-Saxon Britain, links with Rome 261 84–6, 314 annona 186 n79, 188, 192, 193, 213–14 defensive viability 83–4, 121, 135–7 see also Aurelian – administrative demolitions and ground-clearance reforms; Rome – civic administration – 163–9 praefectus annonae earthworks 165–6, 166–9 annona militaris 129 funding 87–9, 109 Apocalypse of John 141–3, 144, 152 gates 29–30 see also Aurelian Wall – see also Celestial Jerusalem features and landmarks Augustine of Hippo military and political context apocalyptic exegesis 143 110–15 De civitate Dei 154 organization of labor 98–9, 101–5, Aurelian (Roman emperor, 270–5) 113–14 see also Aurelian Wall – Aurelianic posterulae 13, 31–2, 194, 195 phase raw materials 91–3 administrative reforms 101–5, 105–7, relationship to customs-boundary 115–16, 185–92 see also annona 81–2, 83 conflict with senate 114–15 relationship to pomerium expands pomerium 209–13, 217 81–2, 83 fortifies cities 128, 130 reuse of existing structures 74–81 plans Wall 87–8 see also Aurelian Wall – features and repels barbarian incursions 111 landmarks represses dissent at Rome 112–13 towers 27–9, 283 353 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76365-3 - The Aurelian Wall and the Refashioning of Imperial Rome, AD 271-855 Hendrik W. Dey Index More information 354 Index Aurelian Wall (cont.) pyramid (tomb) of Gaius Cestius 79 ballista see defensive artillery Sessorian Palace 17, 74 defensive artillery 28, 38, 138, 167–8 Tiber river walls 23–7, 190–1, 194, 308 eighth- and ninth-century construction phase tomb of M. Vergilius Eurysaces 79 brick production 254–5 tomb of Platorinus 173 chronology and technical characteristics tomb of Quintus Haterius 79 13–14, 63–70, 252–3 tomb of Sulpicius Maximus 79 ideological/symbolic resonances of turris omnium perfectissima 39 235–40, 260, 271 fifth-, sixth- and seventh-century organization of labor 250–3, 255–7 construction phase political and military context 247–8, administration and maintenance 245 248–52, 255–60, 272 chronology and technical characteristics raw materials 253–4 13–14, 48–62, 292–303 features and landmarks see also Rome – earthworks 167 architecture and topography ideological/symbolic resonances of 224–5 Acqua Felice 36 military and political context 57–9, Amphitheatrum Castrense 20, 21, 75–6 245, 300 Aqua Claudia-Anio Novus 23, 34, 75, 76–7 historiography of 5–7, 117 n24, 162–3 Aqua Marcia-Tepula-Julia 23, 34, 76–7 Honorian construction phase Aqua Virgo 181, 183 administration and maintenance Castel Sant’Angelo 18, 58, 61, 76, 177–8 100–1, 107–8 Castra Praetoria 75, 86, 115, 298 chronology and technical characteristics cellae vinariae nova et arruntiana 18, 13, 32–43, 43–5, 48, 69 173, 194 dedicatory inscriptions 42, 45 n60, Domus Lateranorum 17, 74 107, 166–7 inscribed keystones 295–7 defensive viability 138–9 latrines (necessaria) 36 earthworks 166–7 Mausoleum of Hadrian see Castel ideological/symbolic resonances 139–41, Sant’Angelo 153–5, 223 muro torto 225 military and political context 137–8 necessaria see latrines posterulae 139, 199 Porta Appia (S. Sebastiano) 13, 14, 29, 42, intra/extra muros (vel sim.) 214, 226, 52–5, 205–6, 292–7 229, 230–5 Porta Ardeatina 199 intra/extra urbem (vel sim.) 215, 217, 218, Porta Asinaria (S. Giovanni) 20, 21, 23, 226, 229, 230–5 30, 41, 42, 225 Maxentian and fourth-century construction Porta Aurelia (S. Pancrazio) 225 phase Porta Chiusa 199 administration and maintenance 100 Porta Flaminia (del Popolo; S. Valentini) chronology and technical characteristics 13, 14, 18, 23, 24, 29, 42, 52, 225, 292, 293 13, 14, 43–5, 48, 69, 285–91 Porta Latina 30, 42 military and political context 289–91 Porta Metronia 20, 30 subsequent history 272–8 Porta Nomentana 30, 42, 79, 108 technical vocabulary and characteristics Porta Ostiensis (S. Paolo) 18, 29, 42, see also spolia 53, 225 agger 166 Porta Pinciana 20, 41, 42, 199 bonding courses 16, 42 Porta Portuensis 29 brickstamps 51–2, 94, 95–6, 255, 293, 294 Porta Praenestina-Labicana (Porta decorative motifs in brickwork 48, Maggiore) 23, 42, 79, 292 149–51 Porta S. Petri 180, 223, 225 feritoia (archer’s slit) 21 Porta Salaria (S. Silvestri) 42, 79, 225 fossa/fossatum 43 n59, 167, 168–9 Porta Tiburtina (S. Lorenzo) 23, 42, intervallum 165 64, 225, 292 merlons 19, 21, 34, 46, 58, 289 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76365-3 - The Aurelian Wall and the Refashioning of Imperial Rome, AD 271-855 Hendrik W. Dey Index More information Index 355 module 16, 25, 42–3, 284 Trier putlog holes 16, 25, 43, 65, 298 emulation of Rome 123–4 sectors and alphanumeric designators 16–17 York 262–4 “standing stratigraphy” 15 “city-gate sarcophagi” 144 topographical impact of 163–208 city walls (outside Rome) 27, 118–20 see also Aurelian Wall – Aurelianic phase – see also cities and urbanism demolitions and ground clearance Adraha 72 road- and river-communications 174–80, Albenga 128 181–3, 185–92, 194–5, 199–202, 304–6, Amiens 126 310–14 Angers 126 settlement patterns 170–2, 172–4, 185, Antioch 119 195, 204–8, 306–9 Aquileia 119, 122, 128 Ausonius, de ordo nobilium urbium 122 taken by Huns in 452 133 Arles 126 Belisarius as urban ideal 123–4, 131, 158, 260 barricades Tiber 311 metaphorical walls 224–5, 266 defends Rome 132, 138 n112, 168, 256 n64 Astorga 127 repairs wall and fossa 14, 57–9, 167, 225 Athens 119–20 Benedict of Soracte, Chronicon 276–7 Augsburg 118 Berlin Wall, the 1 Bazas 126 Borsari, L. 310–11 Bologna 128 Bordeaux 122, 126, 169 Cardilli, L. 93 Bourges 126, 135 Cassiodorus, Variae Braga 127 brick-production 51 Burgo de Osma 127 repairs to Wall 50, 69 Carcassonne 152 Celestial Jerusalem 141–3, 152–3, 153–5, 223 Clermont-Ferrand 126 see also Apocalypse of John Cologne 118, 153 depictions of 143–9, 156 Constantinople Charlemagne land walls (Constantinian) 156, 269 epitaph of Hadrian I 265 land walls (Theodosian) 91, 99, 101 numismatic representations of Rome 267 Porta Aurea 55 n84, 57 royal residence at Vatican 258, 259 n74 decorative elements 125–6, 152–3 visits Rome 259 depictions of 119, 144, 146, 156, 267–8 Chastagnol, Andre´ 89 n51, 100 Dijon 126, 130 Chavasse, Antoine 226–8 Dura Europus 118, 166 Chronographus see Codex-Calendar of 354 Dyrrachium (Durres) cities and urbanism see also city walls decorative motifs 151 (outside Rome); Rome Elorza 127 Constantinople Fanum Fortunae/Fano 90 n54, 128 Chalke Gate 258 Gerona 127 emulation of Rome 156–8, 269 Gijo´n 127 London (modern) 161 Grenoble 126 Milan Hatra 118 departure of imperial court in 402 137 Irun˜a de Oca 127 emulation of Rome 123–4 Jerusalem 146 in early Middle Ages 234 late-antique proliferation of 124–32, 158 Pompeii 204 Lectoure 126 Ravenna Le Mans 125, 130, 169 emulation of Rome 155–6, 158 Leo´n 127 Sant’Apollinare in Classe 156 London 128 San Vitale 156 Lucca 128, 130, 234 recent scholarly perspectives on 8 Lugo 127 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76365-3 - The Aurelian Wall and the Refashioning of Imperial Rome, AD 271-855 Hendrik W. Dey Index More information 356 Index city walls (outside Rome) (cont.) spolia and spoliation 170 Me´rida 127 urban burials and pomerium 211 n4, 212 Milan 119, 122, 128, 224 Codex-Calendar of 354 (Chronographus) 43, 290 emulation of Rome 123–4, 158 Codex Theodosianus see Theodosian Code Monte Cilda´ 127 Colini, Antonio Maria 15, 45–8, 286 Naissus 133 Constans II (Byzantine emperor, 641–68) 244 Nantes 126 Constantine I (Roman emperor, 306–37) Naples 128 builds churches at Rome 220 Nicaea 120–1 n39 defeats Maxentius 136, 289 Nıˆmes 126 disbands Praetorian Guard 138 Pavia 127 fortifies Constantinople 156 Pe´rigueux 76 n14, 126 mandatory public services 102, 105 Pisaurum/Pesaro 90 n54, 128 restores moenia at Trier 124 Poitiers 126 Constantius II (Roman emperor, 337–60) 140 Orle´ans 126 corpora agrimensorum 146 Ravenna 128, 156 n154 Cozza, Lucos decorative motifs 151 chronology of Wall 6, 15, 46, 48, 298 Rennes 126 decorative motifs in brickwork 48, 149–51 Rimini 128, 130 Tiber bridges 181, 312 Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges 126 Curiosum urbis Romae see Regionary Saintes 130 Catalogues “Saxon shore
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  • Building in Early Medieval Rome, 500-1000 AD

    Building in Early Medieval Rome, 500-1000 AD

    BUILDING IN EARLY MEDIEVAL ROME, 500 - 1000 AD Robert Coates-Stephens PhD, Archaeology Institute of Archaeology, University College London ProQuest Number: 10017236 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest 10017236 Published by ProQuest LLC(2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Abstract The thesis concerns the organisation and typology of building construction in Rome during the period 500 - 1000 AD. Part 1 - the organisation - contains three chapters on: ( 1) the finance and administration of building; ( 2 ) the materials of construction; and (3) the workforce (including here architects and architectural tracts). Part 2 - the typology - again contains three chapters on: ( 1) ecclesiastical architecture; ( 2 ) fortifications and aqueducts; and (3) domestic architecture. Using textual sources from the period (papal registers, property deeds, technical tracts and historical works), archaeological data from the Renaissance to the present day, and much new archaeological survey-work carried out in Rome and the surrounding country, I have outlined a new model for the development of architecture in the period. This emphasises the periods directly preceding and succeeding the age of the so-called "Carolingian Renaissance", pointing out new evidence for the architectural activity in these supposed dark ages.