C-

The of between Somalis, who are intensely aware of and proud Implementation of their . The delay in deciding on an official in orthography (the choice lay between the Latin, the Language Planning Arabic, or an invented script) was due rather to intense Somalia: A Record of rivalries and fiercely-held opinions than to Achievement indifference, and the decision to introduce the Latin script was taken in 1972 by a government which felt itself strong enough to override objections. B. W Andrzejewski* Somali, the sole medium of instruction in schools Language situation Now, seven later, Somali is the medium of the countries of Subsaharan Africa Somalia is years Among instruction in all education. The in a favored situation since it has a pre-university particularly virtually somalization has been starting with one process gradual, homogeneous population speaking only language, school, and the academic sees its as mother a moreover, primary present year Somali, its tongue, language, in 1970 members of the Somali in which dialect differences are not so as to completion. Already great Commission, which had been set the and in which a standard Language up by impede unification speech were commissioned to write school form, established in times, is government, already pre-colonial textbooks and teachers' handbooks, In of this using any script rapidly gaining ground everywhere. spite liked, on the that when the script fortune, it was not until 1972 that the Somali they understanding good was chosen all the works would be transliterated Somali should be the official finally government decreed that into it. Since the of the members favored the decided on an for it and set majority language, orthography Latin a of material was ready to be used written Somali into the life of script, corpus about introducing Later on, from 1973, the Curriculum the nation. Before 1972 and unofficial immediately. only private of of Education took over made to write Somali, and even Department Ministry attempts had been for the of textbooks, and it after from colonial rule was in responsibility production independence gained now not only acts as a guardian of the standards of the 1960 the of the colonial that is powers, substance and methods of presentation, but through in the north of the and Italian in the English country seminars with teachers and reports from school south, were used in all written communications and at inspectors monitors the classroom impact with the aim all levels of education; Arabic was also known widely of making improvements and adjustments in and used. This confusion of caused tongues many later editions. difficulties and for it could impeded progress, happen In education languages that one civil servant educated in would pre-university foreign English, say, continue to be as and not be able to write a memorandum to another who taught, though separate subjects not as the medium of instruction. and Arabic knew Italian. However, these English only foreign languages are in schools and intensive courses in were used in communications taught special very rarely spoken Italian are run for students about to enter those university departments in which Italian is used as the medium *The author is Reader in Cushitic Languages, School of Oriental and of instruction. African Studies, University of London. (continued on page 4(

NOW 2 (1979) [volume NOW AVAILABLE-Directory of Language Planning AVAILABLE-Sprhkvdrd, Press of number not indicated]. Available for Skr 20.00 Organizations by Joan Rubin. University issues from Svenska Sprhknamnden, Hawaii, (2840 Kolowalu Street, Honolulu, Hawaii (four yearly) the Swedish Language Council, Birger Jarlsgatan 9, 96822), 1979, $3.50. 5-111 45 Stockholm. This is the first edition of a directory listing The issue includes Sigurd, "Abbreviations and involved in language planning. Bengt organizations modern [trans.], between the The lists the name and address of the society" "Language directory the individual" and "Better the name of the director and/or authorities and [trans.] organization, in the Nordic Countries" executive secretary, the year of founding, source of language comprehension [trans.] Work in Sweden on the elimination of legalese authorization, funding and major affiliations, goals, and bureaucratese in writings intended for the general internal organization and number of professional and work in especially in forms and questionnaires, is far support staff', publications and periodicals and public, are to advanced, and the second paper gives some striking progress. The main purposes of this directory "before-and-after" of such. "Better language laypersons and scholars alike examples (1) help practitioners, that an discover how rich and varied the world of language comprehension" suggests interdisciplinary of on the mutual intelligibility of Danish, Norwegian planning activities is, (2) to encourage exchange study and Swedish is needed. Preliminary findings, however, experiences between organizations that might otherwise find it difficult to learn about each other's indicate that Norwegians are in the most central understand both their and existence and (3) to provide empirical data for position-they neighbors are understood both to a than others. language planning theorizing. The directory lists over by greater degree for that reason, the article, in an otherwise 100 organizations from over 50 areas. Apparently Swedishjournal, is written in Norwegian. Icelanders and Faroese learn an old-established spelling NOW AVAILABLE-"Language in Education: A pronunciation of Danish, rather than the actual of standard Danish. To be Singapore Perspective" by S. Gopinathan in The English contemporary Language in Singapore ed. by William Crewe, Eastern understood by their neighbors, Danes are urged Universities Press, Singapore. to adopt a degree of spelling pronunciation. (Richard F. Wood) Shows how four major policies are at work in determining language in the school system in NOW AVAILABLE-"Singapore's Language Policies: Singapore: (I) In a multi-ethnic community with 4 Strategies for a Plural Society" by S. Gopinathan in major languages, equal treatment in education is Southeast Asian Affairs 1979, Institute of Southeast essential, (2) English is to be learned for its utilitarian Asian Studies, Singapore, 1979, pages 280-295. value, for employment and for guaranteeing access to the science and technology of the West, (3) The An analysis of some of the variables impinging on rationale offered for mother tongue learning is that language policy in the education system of Singapore. it would give pupils insights into their ethnic and Includes a consideration of the political, language cultural identity and thus enable the maintenance situation, and cultural factors which affect policy. and development of multi-culturalism, and (4) The role Discusses some recent innovations in policy, changes of Malay as the sole national language is accepted as which attempt to make such policy more relevant to being largely symbolic in nature. Hence, the author changed circumstances. Concludes that language shows how Singapore has tried to meet the many policies have contributed in a positive fashion in the demands on policy and to resolve the points of conflict. transformation of Singapore population into one which identifies with the nation.

NOW AVAILABLE-Sociolinguistic Problems in NOW AVAILABLE-"Language Strategists: Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania and Redefining Political Frontiers on the Basis of Linguistic Yugoslavia. Eolia Slavica 1-3 (December, 1978). Of interest to Choices" by Brian Weinstein. World Politics students of are the 1979) XXXI:3:345-364. language planning following (April, articles: This paper attempts to answer the following Damir Kalogjera, "On Serbo-Croatian Prescriptivism" questions: Why do languages become symbols of Milan Fryiiák, "The Two Official Languages groups? What linguistic choices are made by strategists of Czechoslovakia" to realize this potential? How do we know that their Kenneth E. Naylor, "The Eastern Variant of Serbo- motives are and not political solely artistic? What are Croatian as the Lingua Communis of Yugoslavia" their political goals, and whose interests are promoted? (Richard F. Wood)

2 Language Planning Newsletter " Volume 6 " Number 1

i NordenlSprog i NOW AVAILABLE-The Politics of Language. V0'Nord~AVALABLE_Sprelk1979. Yearbook of the Language Commissions Studies on Language Planning and Policy.Journal of in the Nordic Countries and the Nordic Language Communication (Spring, 1979), 29:2:47-133. Can be Secretariat. Oslo: J. W. Cappelcns Forlag, and ordered from; Annenberg School of Communication, Copenhagen; Gyldendal, 1979. 159 pp., paper. P.O. Box 13358, Philadelphia, PA. 19101, U.S.A. for This annual for the $5.00) year's language planning Articles of interest are; Nordic Countries is principally devoted to Nordic William F Mackey "Language Policy and cooperation in language planning and cultivation, and contains a coordinated of articles on "The Language Planning" group Alison "French in Nordic in activities in d'Anglejan Quebec" Argument" language planning I. Bresnahan in the Denmark, Sweden, and the Swedes of Mary "English Philippines" Norway, among Alexander in California; A Finland; there is a related article on standardization Sapiens "Spanish Historical Perspective" and argumentation (reasoning) in Finnish language Alicia Pousada "Bilingual Education in the U.S." cultivation. The Finn Esko Koivusalo presents Rose Lee Hayden "Toward a National Foreign "Language cultivation, society and politics," while Language Policy" Lise Ettrup and Inger Madsen present "Cooperation Edward Keller and Ronald Roël "Foreign between mother-tongue teachers' organizations in Language and U.S. Cultural Policy: the Nordic Countries." Issues covered passim include An Institutional Perspective" terminological development, orthographic reform, the Richard E. Wood "Language Choice in Translational teaching of "neighbor languages," e.g., Norwegian in Radio Broadcasting" Sweden, and dealing with the public demand for Humphrey Tonkin "Equalizing Language" linguistic guidance. Examples are given of forms which have been adopted with, or contrary to, the advice of various language planning agencies. The issue includes, NOW AVAILABLE-Sprâhnytt, 7:3 (1979) as every year, bibliographies of recent Nordic This issue of the Norsk Sprákrád's newsletter of interest to language cultivators, and of notes the in of a from the oublicationsrecent dictionaries and word lists. (Richard E. Wood) appearance print report Nordic Language Secretariat on problems of mutual intelligibilities between the Nordic language and NOW AVAILABLE-Linguistic Minorities and discusses what can be done to improve what is lacking. National Unity. Compare (special number 1) 8:1 (April, In addition to many comments on the coordination 1978). (Can be ordered from; Carfax Publishing of use and appropriateness of lexical items, Vinje Company, Haddon House, Dorchester-on-Thanies, indicates that Norwegian philologists are being trained Oxford 0X9 8JZ, England). to become consultants on language training and counselling in government departments. (B. Jernudd). Of interest to language planners are the following articles; Richard D. Heyman "A Political Economy of Minority Group Knowledge Demands?" G. E Graves "Social Control and the Use of English"

THE EAST-WEST CENTER is a national educational institution NOW AVAILABLE-The Ethnic Mother Tongue School established in Hawaii the U.S. Congress in WhO to proismte better in America; by Assumptions, Findings, Directory by Joshua relations and understanding between the United Slates and the Fishman and Barbara Markman, 1979. nations of'Asia and the Pacific through cooperative study, training, arid research. Each year more than 1,500 nien and women front This volume is available from Fishman (Ferkauf the many nations and cultures work together in pi oblein orientetl Graduate School, Yeshiva 55 Fifth Avenue, University, institutes or on ''open" grants as they seek solutions to problems N.Y., 10003) as long as the supply lasts; however, of mutual consequence to East and West. For- each Center participant Fishman has only a limited supply and preference will from the United States, two participants are sought from the Asian and Pacific area. The U.S. basic hot be given to others doing research on the same or a Congress provides funding programs and a variety of awards to participants. Because of the related topic (please specify when making request). As cooperative nature of Center programs, financial support and indicated in the title, the volume lists some of the basic cost-sharing are also provided by Asian and Pacific governments, assumptions connected to language arid ethnicity, regional agencies, private enterprise, and loundations.The Center i's administered a reports on the location, number, type, accomplishments by public, nonprofit corporation with an international Board of (ovetnot s. and future of ethnic mother tongue schooling in the U.S., and provides a directory, state by state and 1777 East-West Road, language of ethnic mother tongue schools in the U.S. Honolulu, Hawaii 96848

Volume 6 Number I Language Planning Newsletter 3

Somali in higher education from international usage; they are mostly borrowed from English, but their pronunciation and orthography At the National University only the Department of are adapted to Somali phonology, so that 'logarithm', and Literature uses Somali as the and 'atom' and 'hydrogen' appear as logardam, atam medium of instruction in all subjects, including and haydarojiin. linguistics and literary theory. The medium of instruction for all the other subjects is either Italian or English, except for the courses in Arabic philology and literature, which are taught in that language. Plans Reasons for success of Somali are being made to somalize the university courses, language planning it is not certain how this will take. Some though long While the lexical of Somali into the field textbooks have been translated in expansion already preparation, of mathematics and science has in and students often to their first parallels many append degree the with which it was is dissertations a full or summarized version in Somali. languages, speed accomplished certainly unusual, if not unique in history. We can find It is envisaged, however, that foreign languages will several reasons for this highly successful language continue to play an important role in university planning program. One is the all-out commitment to it education and that the students will have at least a good on the part of the Somali government, for financial knowledge of them so that they can use foreign resources and personnel have been allocated to it on a books andjournals in their studies, and in some cases scale rare in developing countries. The fact that it was a enter foreign universities as graduate students. result of centralized planning also helped: all forms of education are controlled by the government and the Creation of new terminology Ministry of Education sets the curricula for the whole The task of creating the new Somali terminology for country and is the sole publisher of schoolbooks. The school subjects, as well as for administration, law and somalization of the education system met with a great technology, was tackled centrally and with great vigor. deal of support and even enthusiasm among the A good deal of expertise had been accumulated over general public, who think of their mother tongue with more than thirty years by broadcasters, who had taken pride and affection and are glad to see it adapted to the initiative in the oral translation into Somali of modern needs and become the vehicle of mathematical those and words concepts connected with world affairs, and scientific thought. Finally, it must be observed that modern politics and economics which are used in Somali has had for several decades a very good cadre journalism, and they had taken pride in using the of teachers and educationalists, trained both at home resources of their own language to make the meanings and abroad. The National Teacher Training Centre at clear to their listeners. looked They to Somali poets Lafoole, which later became the College of Education for inspiration and approval, for the heavy demands of the National University, not only trained teachers made by the rules of alliteration and scansion, but was a center for debate and innovation in curricula particularly in the classical genres, have always development, and with the advent of written Somali its the to make obliged poets use of neologisms or to close cooperation with the Curriculum Department of revive archaisms. the Ministry of Education proved of inestimable value. In the field of education, the subjects of mathematics The authors of school textbooks and teachers' manuals and science perhaps presented the greatest vocabulary are recruited from among these highly trained and problems because of the sheer number of new terms experienced men and women, who are given time off needed. The main method used was composition, that from their duties in order to write and are rewarded is the formation of new words by combining existing financially on completion and approval of their books. roots and affixes into sequences not previously used: It should be noted that collective rather than individual thus heerkulbeeg 'thermometer' is derived from heer authorship is the norm. 'level', kul 'heat' and beeg-id 'measuring', and weyneeye The language planners succeeded in many other 'magnifying glass' from weynee 'cause to he big' and tasks apart from the somalization of pre-university -e, a suffix meaning 'the performer of some action'. education. Their first priority was the introduction of Semantic shift was another method of vocabulary- written Somali into government administration, and coining: the archaic word danab 'thunderbolt' is used the method used might be considered draconian, but it for while 'one which has a 'electricity', saabley basket worked. Civil servants of all grades had to learn how to milk or [for carrying water vessels]' means 'quadratic', write their language within three months (October 1972 for such a basket resembles in its parabolic shape the to January 1973), and a condition for continued a graph produced by quadratic equation. Somalis are employment in government service was the passing not to chauvinism and also borrow given linguistic they of an examination; it is interesting to observe that from for foreign languages, especially terms familiar some of the lowlier employees fared better in this than

4 Language Planning Newsletter " Volume 6 0 Number 1

~ir senior colleagues who had received a foreign correspondence, literacy is a condition for all who wish kheducation. Adult literacy campaigns were started in the to enter public life and advance their career and social towns, supported by radio courses and newspaper prestige. This also applies to trade union activities articles, and encouraged by the plugging of a catchy and to cooperative movements in agriculture and the alphabet song. A later rural literacy and numeracy manufacturing trades. campaign was conducted by older schoolchildren arid The national daily newspaper, Xiddigta Okloobar university students, who were released from studies (October Star), and various journals, as well as wall and sent for several months into the interior with newspapers and duplicated news sheets, provide a chalk and blackboard to teach the nomads. This varied reading diet for the general public, while the movement was not compulsory, but those young people Somali Academy of Arts and Sciences has published a who refused to go had their names published in the number of literary and historical works as well as two newspaper and read out over the radio. In towns, in monolingual dictionaries. An additional incentive for addition to regular courses, much was achieved by members of the public to stay (or become) literate lies voluntary effort. People who responded to the slogan in the fact that the written word is ubiquitous: public "If you know how to read and write, teach it to records, documents, tickets, licenses, certificates, others!" and presented a sizable number of successful money; postage stamps, price-lists, menus, students at the literacy tests, were rewarded with advertisements, street signs are all in Somali. diplomas of honor handed to them at public meetings by local government officials. This incentive proved successful. remarkably Relevance of the Somali experiment The use of the mother tongue in all aspects of life In Subsaharan Africa, Somalia is now one of the has created a link between the general public and the nations in the use of an African in school population which could never exist when leading language education and life, or even in some education was in a foreign language. There is no public matching, and lhnzania, where longer any danger of creating an elite possessing aspects surpassing, Ethiopia Ambarie and Swahili have a knowledge inaccessible to the masses, a danger which it respectively very long be nust be said, however, was less close to Somalia than in tradition. Somalia has set an example which could followed other countries; while some other developing countries, owing to the by developing of these have associated homogeneity as well as the inherently egalitarian admittedly many problems with at least the Somali nature of Somali society. multi-lingualism, language have shown them how modern The pride which Somalis have in their own language planners swiftly can be created and introduced into the and their confidence in its ability to match any other in terminology and how false is the idea, still held even the world for expressiveness and beauty has been an language, some inhabitants of the countries essential part of the undoubted success of the whole by developing themselves, that their mother are venture. In only seven years Somalia has progressed, tongues inherently inferior to are of without foreign help and almost without notice from European languages, incapable and are not fit to the outside world, from a position of practically rapid vocabulary expansion express modern ideas and mathematical and scientific concepts. nil literacy in Somali and low literacy in English, In Somalia this kind of internalized receives Italian or Arabic, to a position of remarkably high prejudice as of a sometimes in Somali, even the nomadic severe censure part syndrome literacy among people of of the interior. described by the mass media there as 'colonization the brain' (gurneysi maskazeed,).

Functionality of Somali literacy Bibliographical note can be There are factors in the present Somali society Further information and bibliographies which prevent the possibility of any substantial lapse found in my article "The development of a national back into illiteracy. Literacy is linked to the Somali orthography in Somalia and the modernization of the government policy of involving the public on an Somali language" in Horn ofAfrica, 1978, 1, 3, 35-45 unusual scale in the running of local and national (published at POB 803, Summit, New Jersey 07901 affairs. The old centralized system of adiuinistration U.S.A.), and in "Language reform in Somalia: been changed to one of government by local The official adoption of a vernacular" by John I. Wascouncils, many members of which, especially the Saeed, an article to appear shortly in African Languagesi women, know no foreign language and received their Langues AJricaines, VI, 1980 (published by the education through literacy and adult training courses. International African Institute, 210 High Holborn, Since these councils use Somali in all their records and London WC1V 7BW England).

Volume 6 0 Number 1 0 Language Planning Newsletter 5

Language Plannin

STIGHTING VOOR privileged position that individuals and groups may INTERNATIONALE KOMMUNIKATIE have in society if their language is the dominant one. (Group for International Communication) The group has found that it is difficult to change the deeply-rooted attitudes of citizens. Often they The political awakening that stirred youth dismiss the claims of smaller groups by calling them during the sixties did not leave young Esperanto "fanatics" who "foolishly insist on their limited speakers untouched. A nucleus in the "World peculiarities." The school programs and booklets are Organization of Young Esperantists" (Tutmoudo written entirely in Dutch in a popular manner. Esperantistajunulara Organizo or TEJO) started to Although SIK does not actively defend the attract the attention of those young people already interests of particular nationalities or ethnic in action against political suppression to the engaged communities, it does maintain good relations with and cultural of such linguistic aspects suppression. several of the nationalities or ethnic communities that In the of 1969-1976, this nucleus period have in the Netherlands--friends of a series of international seminars, representatives sponsored the Kurds, the Indians of Latin and North America, distributed booklets, held street demonstrations to call the Bretons and others. the attention to the facts of "cultural and public's SIK feels that it has been difficult to the Some of the booklets promote linguistic imperialism." produced interests of small communities in Holland because at that time are still available for sale from the Sticking Holland has been on international voor Internationale Kommunikatie. the titles always dependent Among commerce and therefore has been to still available are: "In Defense of African Cultures," very adaptive demands from abroad. In particular, the Dutch do not "Linguistic and Cultural Imperialism... "1The Role of appreciate these strivings toward 'national identity' or Language in Power Relations within Europe," and" 'cultural autonomy.' On the contrary, fluency in the between Europe and other continents," "Language current vehicular language is considered proof in Multinational Voluntary Service," reports of the of openmindedness, even to the extent of forgetting seminars "Language and Society" and "Language and their mother SIK that its success has been Decolonization." These booklets, $2.00 at most, tongue. says costing limited to now, but maintains that common sense are available in English, French, Esperanto, and a few up in German or Dutch. will prevail in the end. (H. Bakker) For further information about SIK and its This movement also aroused some interest in the which are Netherlands. A small group of (mostly) students publications (please specify languages you able to read), contact: constituted the "Stiehting voor Internationale Kommunikatie" which although no longer having any 51K link with the Esperanto movement and not advocating Kastelenstraat 231 that international language as the sole solution to 1082 EG Amsterdam the problem, still directs people's attention to the The Netherlands underlying problem. The problem as SIK and others see it is that not only the ex-colonies, reborn as new SLANT-A Newsletter states in the early sixties, but also the ethnic minorities in Europe and elsewhere provided ample evidence of SLANT is a newsletter for researchers and the important influence of language on the process teachers in of the acquisition of autonomy. SIK feels that the working the field of second language acquisition. It is twice with the administrative languages of the big powers support the neo-colonial published yearly process both on the international scene as well as within assistance of the English Department at San Francisco individual states. State University. Subscriptions, based on a calendar are N. America) and To promote this concern, SIX engages in a year, $2.00 (in $5.00 (elsewhere) for individuals, and N. America) and number of activities. It is particularly concerned with $5.00 (in $8.00 for institutions. Please address all bringing people's attention to and working to prevent (elsewhere) and back linguistic and cultural suppression wherever it occurs. correspondence regarding subscriptions issues to: Since the basis for using a "major" language as the Tom sole and most appropriate language often laid in the Nunnelley schools, SIK tries to call the attention of students English Department San Francisco State and their teachers to the pernicious effects of University San Francisco, CA 94132 USA learning in some languages and not in others. Simple and understandable programs have been developed for All other correspondence should be sent to: the schools based on an analysis of the precise and Judith Chun recognizable effects that language learning Box 2651 and language policy/planning have on the more or less Stanford, CA 94305 USA

6 Language Planning Newsletter 0 Volume 6 " Number 1

OFFICIAL SCRIPT REFORM FOR TAMIL Non-English Language Resources of the USA Fishman, Yeshiva New York, On October 19, 1978, the of Education -Joshua University, Department N.Y., 1979 of the Government of Tamil Nadu, India, promulgated an order to adopt the script changes introduced by The Office of Education, U.S.A., has asked E. V. Ramaswamy (EVR) in 1934. The changes were Professor Joshua Fishman to reinvestigate a topic accepted by the government on the recommendations that he pioneered 20 years ago: detailed information of the EVR centinary committee. This reform was on the size and fluency of America's non-English accepted over ten other proposals because, according to language resources. "Non-English languages have S. V. Shanmugan, among the various proposals for been spoken and written here continuously since long script reform in Tamil the only one which is somewhat before our national independence was established," familiar to everyone is EVR's and this reduces the said Professor Fishman, and OF has asked rue to effort involved in the propagation of the intended locate and study the periodic press, radio and t.v., reform and helps get it implemented immediately. ethnic-community schools and the ethnic community Further, according to Professor Shanmugam, another churches through which these languages function to factor is in the choice of this script is that the this very day in the USA." Fishman feels that "These innovator of it is a mass leader accepted by a majority languages are a valuable national resource for our national of the people. country-easily as valuable as any of our other resources-and it is for us to be able to Professor Shanmugan notes that there are four important and them because of their major major defects generally noted by scholars interested in safeguard strengthen cultural, diplomatic, commercial and educational script reform especially from a pedagogical point of view. However, the new order accounts for one of contributions to our well-being." DL Fishman is only leaders to send the four defects. appealing to all ethnic-community him the names and addresses of the non-English All those who the reform are support present publications, programs, schools or churches with which that the will the expecting government implement they are associated and of which they are aware so that other necessary reforms in due course. Public opinion he can contact them. Leaders should send a letter or also in favor of the additional reforms although post card, care of Language Resources 111, Yeshiva one sector is the present reform. Two W-is totally opposing University, 55 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10003. major universities have also accepted this reform. The script reform is to take immediate effect in all government offices, government sponsored institutions, corporations, local bodies (panchayats, municipalities, corporations) and in the schools and colleges. The Tamil Nadu textbook society, a government institution, has been asked to print all new books in the new script as and when they are reprinted or printed for the first time. tditor--Joau Robin Associate Editor--.Bjdro IL ,leriiuiIld Professor Shanmugam is preparing a detailed Editorial tloard article taking into consideration the reactions in the H. H. Abdulaiii newspapers and journals. As well, he is conducting a Joshua Iisluoan Bend Molde survey to ascertain the attitudes of various groups in l',/hstiSiii Musa the and in a nearby town. university Jiti Neustupirc (Abstracted from a paper by Professor S. V. Shanmugam, Professor of Linguistics and u of address to in Director, Centre of Advanced Study in Linguistics, Copies are available tree o1 elsai ge. (Ia gus requests lot Annamalai University, Annamalainagar-618101, India) to he placed on the mailing list should he addressed William Feltz Language Planning Newsletter East-West Culture institute PLANNING AT THE Learning LANGUAGE East-west Center UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA Honolulu, Hawaii 96848 USA All other should be addressed to [lie editor: Professor Moshe Nahir writes that the Department of correspondence Dr. Joan Robin of the of Manitoba, Canada has Linguistics, University Language & Reading Division its PhD. the resources and will permit and encourage Department of Education students to do research in or related to any aspect of University of California CA 94720 USA language planning. Berkeley,

0 0 Newsletter Volume 6 Number 1 Language Planning

Conferences,

SEMINAR: Language Planning and Ethnicity: during the summer vacation of 1980. The sponsors will Theories, Cases, Approaches set the exact dates after eanvasing the participants reading papers. Spring, 1979, under the direction ofJonathan Pool countries and under the sponsorship of the Program in Residents of Western Hemispheric wishing to in the section should write to: Comparative Studies in Ethnicity and Nationality, participate general School of International Studies, University of Roger J. Steiner of & Literature Washington, a seminar was held on Language Planning Dept. Languages and Ethnicity. The papers presented were as follows: University of Delaware Newark, Delaware 19711 Jonathan Pool "Towards a Rational Calculus of in the section Ethnic Decisionmaking: The Case of Language All those wishing to participate Jewish of residence) and residents Policy" (whatever their country to Jean Laponce "The City Center as a Factor in of non-Western Hemispheric countries wishing National Disintegration: The Case of Montreal" participate in the general section should write to: Pierre E. Lapnrte "Can Language Behavior Be David Gold Planned? Evaluating the Quebec Experiment" Yiddish Studies Program Jonathan Pool "Some Perspectives on Language University of Haifa Planning and Ethnicity" Mount Carmel, Haifa 31999 Brian Weinstein "The Politicolingual Elite: Israel Types and Careers of Language Strategists" The papers from the First International Conference David Laitin "Language Choice and the Political on General and Jewish Lexicography are now being Dependency of Developing Nations" prepared for publication. Harold Sehiffman "Keeping the Language of Ethnic-Minority Education: Lessons from the American Midwest" CONFERENCE: First International Conference on David K. Jordan "Language arid Heterodoxy: Minority Languages The Strange Case of Esperanto" Rodolfo Jacobson "Language Competence and The First International Conference on Minority as of Incompetence Strategies Interethnic Languages at the Present Day, principally those of the Behavior' British Isles, The Netherlands and Scandinavia will be Robin "From to Joan City Planning Language held in Glasgow. The conference is organized by the Problems in Planning: Methodological Transfer" Association for Scottish Literary Studies. Sections will Franeois Villaneourt "Measuring Linguistic be organized on the basis of titles received, but it is Discrimination: An Introduction to expected that the topics covered will include: Glottoeconomics" -outside pressures on minority languages Brian Silver "Explaining Ethnolinguistic -international sociolitiguistic features Assimilation with Aggregate Data: Findings from the Soviet Union" -bilingualism -variety and norm in minority languages The from this seminar will be papers edited by -minority languages in education Pool and For further Jonathan published. information, -the teaching of minority languages to speakers write: ofother languages Jonathan Pool -language planning of Political Science Dept. -the promotion of minority languages of University Washington -publishing and broadcasting in minority Seattle, Washington 98195 languages

For further information write: CONFERENCE: Second International Conference on J. M. Y. Simpson General and Jewish Lexicography Dept. of Linguistics and Phonetics University of The Second International Conference on Glasgow Glasgow, Scotland General and Jewish Lexicography, sponsored by the Department of Languages & Literature of the I. K. Williamson of Delaware and the Yiddish Studies University Dept. of English Language of the of Haifa, will take Program University place University of Edinburgh on the Newark of the campus University of Delaware Edinburgh, Scotland

8 Language Planning Newsletter " Volume 6 0 Number 1