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JEWISH HISTORY in CONFLICT JEWISH HISTORY in CONFLICT JEWISH HISTORY in CONFLICT MITCHELL FIRST JASON ARONSON INC. Northvale, New Jersey Jerusalem This book was set in 11 pt. Weiss by Alabama Book Compos~tionof Deatsville, Alabama, and printed and bound by Book-mart Press of North Bergen, New Jersey. Copyright O 1997 by Mitchell First All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission from Jason Aronson Inc, except in the case of brief quotations in reviews for inclusion in a magazine, newspaper, or broadcast. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data First, Mitchell, 1958- Jewish history in conflict : a study of the discrepancy between rabbinic and conventional chronology 1 ~MitchellFirst. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978- 1-5682 1-970-7 1. Seder olam rabbah. 2. Jews-History-586 B.C.-70 A.D.- Chronology. 3. Jews-History-586 B.C.-70 A.D.-Historiography. 4. Jewish historians-Attitudes. I. Title. DS 1 14.F57 1997 909'.04924-dc20 96-28086 Manufactured in the United States of America. Jason Aronson Inc. offers books and cassettes For information and catalog write to Jason Aronson Inc., 230 Livingston Street, Northvale, New Jersey 07647. To my wife, Sharon and To our children, Shaya, Daniel, and Rachel and To my parents Con tents Acknowledgments xiii Abbreviations xv Diagram xvii Statement of Purpose xix PARTI: INTRODUCTION TO THE DISCREPANCY The SO Chronology The Conventional Chronology The Discrepancy PART11: THEEARLIEST JEWISH RESPONSESTO THE DISCREPANCY 1 Saadiah Gaon 11 2 Seder Malkhei Romi 13 3 Josippon 14 4 Isaac Abravanel 17 5 Abraham Zacuto 19 Category A-SO Chronology Is Correct: Conventional Chronology Is in Error 2 6 i David Canz 27 2 Judah Loew 2 9 , , . 0111 Con tents 3 Isaac Cantarini 4 Jacob Emden 5 Wolf Pohrille 6 Abraham Yesha~ahuKarelitz 7 David Shmidel 8 Shlomo Rotenberg 9 Saul Lustig 10 Abraham Zuartz 11 Hayyim Dov Rabinovitz 12 David Hayyim Ibn Shalosh 13 Hersh Coldwurrn 14 Isaac Simon Feder 15 Chaim Heifetz 16 Brad Aaronson 17 Sholcm Klass Category B-Conventional Chronology Is Correct: SO Chronology Is in Error 1 Azariah de Rossi 2 Samuel Joseph Fuenn 3 Nachrnan Krochmal 4 Solomon Judah Rapoport 5 Morris Raphall 6 Levi Herzfeld 7 Joseph Derenbourg 8 Moses Z~lckermandel 9 lsidore Loeb 10 Baer Ratner 1 1 Alexander Marx 12 Joseph Jacobs 13 Ahron Marcus 14 Max Seligsohn 15 Eduard Mahler Contents I x 16 Hayyim Bornstein 17 Philip Biberfeld 18 Ephraim Urbach 19 Harold Ginsberg 20 Solomon Zeitlin 21 Pinkas Weis 22 Abraham Akavya 23 Yehezkel Kaufmann 24 Simon Schwab 25 Issachar Jacobson 26 Hayyim Shvilly 27 Elias Bickerman 28 Aryeh Neuman 29 Judah Rosenthal 30 Benny Isaacson 3 1 Mordechai Breuer 32 Elihu Schatz 33 Ben Zion Wacholder 34 Moses Herr 35 Jay Braverman 36 Hayyim Mantel 37 Samuel Kedar 38 Joseph Tabori 39 Berel Wein 40 Henry Cuggenheimer 41 Samuel Hakohen Category C-Both the Conventional Chronology and the SO Chronology Are Correct 1 Azariah de Rossi 2 Anonymous 3 Ze'ev Jawitz x Contents 4 Samuel Krauss 84 5 Hayyim Hirschensohn 8 5 6 Henry Englander 87 7 Jonas Bondi 8 8 8 Jacob Cutkovski 89 9 Jacob Lauterbach 89 10 Hayyim Shvilly 9 1 1 1 Abraham Akavya 9 1 12 Charles Raddock 9 3 13 Adin Steinsaltz 9 3 14 Rahamim Sar-Shalom 94 Category D-Other Responses Dl RESPONSESTHAT PRESENT BOTH THE SO CHRONOLOGY AND THE CONVENTIONALCHRONOLOGY WITHOUT TAKING A POSITIONAS TO WHICHIS CORRECT 1 Aryeh Kaplan 9 5 2 Jacob Meidan 9 6 Dl1 RESPONSESTHAT ADOPT THE SO CHRONOLOGY WITHOUT MENTIONINGTHE CONVENTIONALCHRONOLOGY 1 Meir Loeb ben Jehiel Michael 2 Moses Weinstock 3 Abraham Kurman 4 Avigdor Miller 5 Meir Zlotowitz 6 Zechariah Fendel 7 Yosef Rabinowitz 8 Eliezer Shulman 9 Mattis Kantor 1 Heymann Kottek 2 Simon Glazer 3 Kalman Kahana 4 Joseph Hertz 5 Isaac Halevy 6 Gilbert Klaperman 7 Shelomoh Danziger 8 Meir Herskovics 9 Abraham Bloch 10 Abraham Rosenfeld 1 1 Irving Greenberg 12 Shlomo Riskin 13 Emanuel Rackman 14 Louis Bernstein 15 Haskel Lookstein DIV MISCELLANEOUSRESPONSES 1 Jehiel Heilprin 2 Moses Auerbach PARTIV: EVALUATIONOF THE RESPONSES 113 PARTV: SOMEOBSERVATIONS ~GARD~NC THE RABBINIC RESPONSES139 Addenda Biographical Sketches Bibliography Index Ackno wledgrnen ts The study presented here is a revision of a study submitted to the Bernard Revel Graduate School of Yeshiva University for my M.A. degree in Jewish History in 1995. I am most grateful to Dr. Sid Z. Leiman for so patiently supervising this study from its inception in 1988. Dr. Leiman read the drafts carefully throughout and offered numerous astute criticisms and suggestions, particularly with regard to organization of the material, clarity, and style. I would also like to thank Rabbi Nosson Dovid Rabinowich who introduced me to the topic of this study in 1982, and who first instilled in me a love of Jewish history. If this study makes some contribution towards Jewish scholarship, a large measure of the credit goes to Dr. Leiman and Rabbi Rabinowich I would like to thank Rabbi Menachem Si!ber for his careful reading of the draft and constructive criticism, and for the additional references he pro- vided I would also like to thank Dr. Daniel Schwartz of the Hebrew Univer- sity, Steve Leichman, and Dr. Arvin Levine for the assistance they provided. This study would not have been possible without Dr. Chaim Milikowsky's Seder Olav: A Rabbinic Chronography, and I would also like to thank Dr. Milikowsky for the assistance he personally provided me I am grateful to Arthur Kurzweil and the staff at Jason Aronson for bringing this study to publication. The views expressed in this study are solely my own, and any errors are my responsibility. I am grateful to my beloved wife Sharon for the innumerable sacrifices she made so that I could pursue this study. Finally, I would like to thank the Almighty for enabling me to bring this study to completion. May the Temple be speedily rebuilt in our time. Teaneck, N.J. May 1996 Mitchell M. First Abbreviations The following are the abbreviations used in the study: Encyclopedias and Periodicals :J :J Encyclopaedia Judaica HTR Harvard Theological Review HUCA Hebrew Union College Annual JAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society J E Jewish Encyclopedia JJLG Jahrbuch der juedisch-literarischen Gesellschaft JQR Jewish Quarterly Review MGWJ Monatsschrift her Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judentums PAAJ R Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research RQ Revue de Qumran REJ Revue des Etudes Juives ZNW Zeitschrift fuer die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft Other Abbreviations MS= Minyan Shetarot SO= Seder Olam Rabbah The standard editions of the Babylonian and Jerusalem Talmuds (i.e., Vilna and Krotoschin) have been used throughout. All citations to SO are to Milikowsky's edition, unless otherwise specified. The transliteration of Hebrew has followed the general rules used by mi Abbreviations the Encyclopaedia Judaica, with the following exceptions: we have transliterated n as h and r as tz. When referring to rabbinic figures, the title "Rabbi" (or its abbre- viation "R.") has not been utilized because of the question that arises as to precisely which individuals should be referred to with this title. The decision not to utilize this title does not reflect any intent to detract from the honor or authority of rabbinic figures. The phrase "Persian period has been used in the study to refer to the period of Persian rule over the land of Israel from the return under Cyrus=Koresh until Alexander's wresting of control over the land of Israel from the last Persian king. To refer only to the period of Persian rule during the Second Temple period (i.e.,the period from approximately the second year of Darius=Daryavesh until Alexander's wresting of control over the land of Israel from the last Persian king), the phrase "period of Persian dominion is used." (Occasionally, "period of Persian dominion during the Second Temple period is written out for clarification.) DIAGRAM: Comparison of the SO Chronology with the Conventional Chronology SO Chronology Conventional Chronology c. 1000 ~c~t--KingDavid captures T T Jerusalem and makes it his capital city. I --/- c. 965 BCE-Building of First Temple. 867 BCE-King David captures Jerusalem and makes it his capital city 83 I BCE-Building of First Temple 622 BCE-Josiah repairs First Temple, 586 BCE-Nebuchadnezzar destroys First Temple. 539 BCE-Commencement of reign of Cvrus over the Land of lsrael 520 BCE-Commencement of rebullding of Temple In second year of Daxus I 486 to 465 Bce-Re~gn of Xerxes= Ahashverosh 458 ~c~-Josiahrepairs First Temple. 1421 BCE-Nebuchadnezzar destroys First Tcmple. t 368 BCE- commencement of reign of Koresh over the Land of lsrael 366 to 352 BCE-Reign of Ahashverosh 351 BCE-C~mmenCement of rebullding of Temple in second year of Daryavesh 332 BcE-End of reign of Darius 111 3 17 ~c~-Endof reign of over the Land of lsrael and Daryavesh over the Land of lsrael beginning of Greek rule and beginning of Greek rule. 70 a'--Destruction of Sfcond Temple. 70 CE-Destruction of Second Temple. *If the assumption is made that the date implicit in rabbinic chronology for the destruction of the Second Temple is 68 CE (or 69 CE), then two (or one) years should be subtracted from all the dates in the "SO Chronology" column (i.e.,867 BCE becomes 869 BCE.) tThe scholars do not agree as to the exact year But according to almost all scholars, it was between 1005 BCE and 995 BCE.
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